References
- Barbero, A. 2015. “Contesting Neo-Orientalism: Terrorism Detentions, Migrant Activism, and the Claim for Justice.” In Citizenship After Orientalism: Transforming Political Theory, edited by F. I. Engin, 120–143. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
- Bell, D. A. 2023. “What Does It Mean to Be or to Become Chinese? Interdisciplinary Reflections on Chinese Identity.” China Review 23 (2): 1–11.
- Bol, P. K. 2023. “Reflections on the Zhong Guo and the Yi Di with Reference to the Middle Period.” China Review 23 (2): 87–105.
- Culp, R. 2007. Articulating Citizenship: Civic Education and Student Politics in Southeastern China, 1912–1940. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
- Culp, R. 2021. “Synthesizing Citizenship in Modern China.” In The Routledge Handbook of Chinese Citizenship, edited by Z. Guo, 48–62. Abingdon, New York: Routledge. doi:10.4324/9781003225843-5.
- Desante, C. D., and S. W. Smith. 2020. “Fear, Institutionalized Racism, and Empathy: The Underlying Dimensions of Whites’ Racial Attitudes.” Political Science & Politics 53 (4): 639–645. doi:10.1017/S1049096520000414.
- Dunn, S. 1999. Sister Revolution: French Lightning, American Light. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
- Fang, W. F. 2018. The Historical Weight of Concept: The Study of Conceptual History of Modern Chinese Thoughts. Beijing: Peking University Press.
- The First Historical Archives of Chinese History (the FHACH). 1984. Record of Emperor Kangxi’s Daily Life. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company.
- Fisher, T. S. (1974). Lv Liu-Liang (1629–83) and the Tseng Ching case (1728–33). Ph.D. thesis, Princeton University.
- Fogel, J. A., and P. G. Zarrow. 1997. Imagining the People: Chinese Intellectuals and the Concept of Citizenship, 1890–1920. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe.
- Frankenfeld, P. J. 1992. “Technological Citizenship: A Normative Framework for Risk Studies.” Science, Technology and Human Value 17 (4): 459–484. doi:10.1177/016224399201700403.
- Goldman, M., and E. J. Perry. 2002. “Introduction: Political Citizenship in Modern China.” In Changing Meanings of Citizenship in Modern China, edited by M. Goldman and E. J. Perry, 1–21. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
- Goodrich, L. C. 1935. The Literary Inquisition of Ch’ien-Lung. Baltimore, MD: Waverly Press.
- Guo, Z. 2014. “The Emergence of the Citizen Concept in Modern China: 1899–1919.” Journal of Chinese Political Science 19 (4): 349–364. doi:10.1007/s11366-014-9302-6.
- Guo, Z. 2021. “Introduction: Navigating Chinese Citizenship.” In The Routledge Handbook of Chinese Citizenship, edited by Z. Guo, 1–14. Abingdon, New York: Routledge. doi:10.4324/9781003225843-1.
- Guo, Z. 2022. “Towards de-Westernism in Citizenship Studies: Implications from China.” Citizenship Studies 26 (4–5): 480–490. doi:10.1080/13621025.2022.2091230.
- Guo, Z., and Z. Tao. 2023. “The Boundary Setting of Chinese netizens’ Citizenship Identity: Social Media Responses to the Regulations of the PRC on the Administration of Permanent Residence of Foreigners.” Journal of Chinese Governance 1–26. doi:10.1080/23812346.2023.2166561.
- Harris, P. 2002. “The Origins of Modern Citizenship in China.” Asia Pacific Viewpoint 43 (2): 181–203. doi:10.1111/1467-8373.00172.
- He, X. 1986. “On YongZheng’s Awakening from the Great Truth and His Ethnical Thoughts.” The Study of Manchou 2: 46–52.
- Heater, D. 1999. What is Citizenship?. Malden, MA: Polity Press.
- Hobson, J. M. 2004. The Eastern Origins of Western Civilization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Huawen Book Company. 1970. Records of the Qing Dynasty. Vol. 2 & 3. Beijing: Huawen Book Company.
- The Institute of History, CASS. 1983. Historical Archives of Qing Dynasty. Vol. 4. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company.
- Isin, E. F. 2002. “Citizenship After Orientalism.” In Handbook of Citizenship studies, edited by I. F. Isin and S. T. Bryan, 117–128. London: Sage Publications Ltd.
- Isin, E. F. 2015. “Transforming Political Theory.” In Citizenship After Orientalism: Transforming Political Theory, edited by F. I. Engin, 1–14. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
- Isin, E. F., and P. Nyers. 2014. “Introduction: Globalizing citizenship studies.” In Routledge Handbook of Global Citizenship Studies, edited by F. I. Engin and P. Nyers, 1–11. Abingdon, New York: Routledge.
- Janoski, T. 1998. Citizenship and Civil Society: A Framework of Rights & Obligations in Liberal, Traditional, and Social Democratic Regimes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Kymlicka, W. 1995. Multicultural Citizenship. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Lister, R. 2003. Citizenship: Feminist Perspective. New York: NYU Press.
- Liu, L. 2004. The Clash of Empires: The Invention of China in Modern World Making. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
- Liu, X. 2017. “‘Descendants of Ming Clan’ and the Activities of ‘Opposing the Qing and Restoring the Ming’ in Folk Society of the Qing Dynasty.” Ethno-National Studies 6: 97–112.
- Liu, Z. 1986. “The Secret Religion Archives of the Qing Dynasty.” Historical Archives 3: 127–132.
- Petryna, A. A. 2004. “Biological Citizenship: The Science and Politics of Chernobyl-Exposed Populations.” Osiris 2 (19): 250–265. doi:10.1086/649405.
- Plummer, K. 2003. Intimate Citizenship: Private Decisions and Public Dialogues. Washington: University of Washington Press.
- Qi, H., and D. Shen. 2021. “Chinese Traditional World Citizenship Thought.” In The Routledge Handbook of Chinese Citizenship, edited by Z. Guo, 301–308. Abingdon, New York: Routledge. doi:10.4324/9781003225843-27.
- Riesenberg, P. 1994. Citizenship in the Western Tradition: Plato to Rousseau. Chapel Hill, NC: The University of North Carolina Press.
- Sabsay, L. 2015. “Abject Choices, Orientalism, Citizenship, and Autonomy.” In Citizenship After Orientalism: Transforming Political Theory, edited by E. F. Isin, 17–33. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
- Shen, S. 2002. “Power and Right: The ‘Guomin’ Debate During the Late Qing Period, 1895–1911.” Journal of the History and Language Institute 73 (4): 685–734. in Chinese.
- Spence, J. D. 2001. Treason by the Book. London: Allen Lane.
- Stevenson, N. 2001. Culture & Citizenship. London & New York: Sage Publications.
- Takeo, A. 1971. The Study of Qing History. Tokyo: Chuangwen Press.
- Wang, C. 2015. “Confucianism and Citizenship: A Review of Opposing Conceptualizations.” In Theorizing Chinese Citizenship, edited by Z. Guo and S. Guo, 49–81. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.
- Weber, M. 1958. The City, edited Martindale, D. & Neuwirth, G. London: The Free Press.
- Weber, M. 2003. General Economic History, edited Knight, F. New York: Dover Publications.
- Weerdt, H. D. 2021. “Citizenship and Subjecthood in the Historiography of Imperial China.” In The Routledge Handbook of Chinese Citizenship, edited by Z. Guo, 32–47. Abingdon, New York: Routledge. doi:10.4324/9781003225843-4.
- Xiang, S. 2023. “Tianxia and Its Decolonial Counterparts: “China” as Civilisation, Not Ethnicinity.” China Review 23 (2): 165–187.
- Xu, K. 1984. Qing Bai Lei Chao. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company.
- Yang, M. 2017. “Learning to Be Safe Citizens: State-Run Boarding Schools and the Dynamics of Tibetan Identity.” Citizenship Studies 21 (7): 824–841. doi:10.1080/13621025.2017.1353738.
- Yang, N. 2020. “How to Transfer Tianming: Reinterpretation of the Qing Dynasty’s Concept of the Great Unification.” Journal of Tsinghua University 35 (6): 21–46.
- Yang, N. 2022. How to Transfer Tianming: The Formation and Practise of the Concept of Great Unification During the Qing Dynasty. Shanghai: Shanghai Renmin Press.
- Yao, Z. 2014. “Citizenship and Public Life Revisited: Based on the Confucian Views and Chinese Historical Experience.” Chinese Journal of Sociology 34 (3): 145–162.
- Yi, L. 2015. “Modernity, Mobility, and Dilemma: The Making of Tibetan cultural Citizenship Through an English Training Program.” In Theorizing Chinese Citizenship, edited by Z. Guo & S. Guo, 210–232. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.
- Yu, S. 1998. “Interpretation of China.” In Interpretations of China (Vol. 3), edited by X. Hu and J. Fu, 1515–1523. Shanghai: Shanghai Literature & Art Publishing House.
- Zhang, C., S. Lin, and C. Qu. 2021. “The Development of Chinese Cultural Citizenship.” In The Routledge Handbook of Chinese Citizenship, edited by Z. Guo, 273–286. Abingdon, New York: Routledge. doi:10.4324/9781003225843-25.
- Zheng, Y., C. Zhang, and X. Zhang. 2021. “Chinese Digital Citizenship.” In The Routledge Handbook of Chinese Citizenship, edited by Z. Guo, 320–334. Abingdon, New York: Routledge. doi:10.4324/9781003225843-25.