References
- African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights. 2018. Anudo Ochieng Anudo v United Republic of Tanzania. Application No 012/2015.
- African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights. 2022. Bernard Anbataayela Mornah v. Republic of Benin, Burkina Faso, Republic of Côte D’Ivoire, Republic of Ghana, Republic of Mali, Republic of Malawi, United Republic of Tanzania, Republic of Tunisia. Application No 028/2018.
- Belton, K. A. 2015. “Rooted Displacement: The Paradox of Belonging Among Stateless People.” Citizenship Studies 19 (8): 907–921. doi:10.1080/13621025.2015.1110284.
- Bouzeid, A. E. 2021. “From Colonial Subjects to Stateless Refugees”. European Network on Statelessness (Blog). July 8, 2021. https://www.statelessness.eu/updates/blog/from-colonial-subjects-to-stateless-refugees.
- Castellino, J. 2021. International Law and Self-Determination: The Interplay of the Politics of Territorial Possession with Formulations of Post-Colonial ‘National’ Identity. The Hague, The Netherlands: BRILL| Nijhoff.
- Crawford, J. 2007. The Creation of States in International Law. 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Dehm, S. 2018. “Passport.” In International Law’s Objects, edited by J. Hohmann and D. Joyce, 342–356. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
- Dehm, S. 2021. “Passport Struggles: Lawful Documents and the Politics of Recognition and Refusal.” In Law’s Documents: Authority, Materiality, Aesthetics, edited by K. Biber, T. Luker, and P. Vaughan, 71–93. London, UK: Routledge.
- Dinstein, Y. 2019. The International Law of Belligerent Occupation. 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Edwards, A. 2014. “The Meaning of Nationality in International Law in an Era of Human Rights: Procedural and Substantive Aspects.” In Nationality and Statelessness Under International Law, edited by A. Edwards and L. van Waas, 11–43. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
- Equal Rights Trust. 2009. “Torture and Discrimination in Western Sahara”. https://www.equalrightstrust.org/ertdocumentbank/Torture%20and%20Discrimination%20in%20Western%20Sahara.pdf.
- Farah, R. 2010. “Sovereignty on Borrowed Territory: Sahrawi Identity in Algeria.” Georgetown Journal of International Affairs 11 (2): 59–66.
- Federal Department of Foreign Affairs FDFA. 2015. “Notification to the Governments of the States Parties to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949 for the Protection of War Victims”. https://www.eda.admin.ch/dam/eda/fr/documents/aussenpolitik/voelkerrecht/geneve/150626-GENEVE_en.pdf.
- Fernández-Molina, I., and P. Matthew.2019. “Western Sahara.” In Routledge Handbook of State Recognition, edited by G. Visoka, J. Doyle, and E. Newman, 376–390. London, UK: Routledge.
- Fortin, K. 2015. “Unilateral Declaration by Polisario Under API Accepted by Swiss Federal Council”. Armed Groups and International Law (Blog). September 2, 2015. https://www.armedgroups-internationallaw.org/2015/09/02/unilateral-declaration-by-polisario-under-api-accepted-by-swiss-federal-council/.
- Fortin, K., K. Bart, and S. Marika. 2021. “Legal Identity and Rebel Governance: A Comparative Perspective on Lived Consequence of Contested Sovereignty.” In Statelessness, Governance, and the Problem of Citizenship, edited by T. Bloom and L. N. Kingston, 125–140. Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press.
- Ganohariti, R. 2024. “(Non)recognition of Legal Identity in Aspirant States: Evidence from Abkhazia, South Ossetia and Transnistria”. Citizenship Studies this issue.
- Geldenhuys, D. 2014. “The African Union, Responsible Sovereignty and Contested States.” Global Responsibility to Protect 6 (3): 350–374. doi:10.1163/1875984X-00603005.
- Grossman, A. 2001. “Nationality and the Unrecognised State.” International and Comparative Law Quarterly 50 (4): 849–876. doi:10.1093/iclq/50.4.849.
- Guillaud, M. 2023. “French Administrative Supreme Court Rejected a Stateless Status Application from a Sahrawi Applicant”. European Network on Statelessness (Blog). July 13, 2023. https://www.statelessness.eu/updates/blog/french-administrative-supreme-court-rejected-stateless-status-application-sahrawi.
- Higgins, N. 2009. “The Regulation of Armed Non-State Actors: Promoting the Application of the Laws of War to Conflicts Involving National Liberation Movements.” Human Rights Brief 17 (1): 12–18.
- Hodges, T. 1983. “The Origins of Saharawi Nationalism.” Third World Quarterly 5 (1): 28–57. doi:10.1080/01436598308419678.
- Hopman, M. J. 2023. “The Child’s Right to Freedom of Expression in Moroccan-Controlled Western Sahara.” The International Journal of Human Rights 27 (3): 582–609. doi:10.1080/13642987.2022.2142210.
- Human Rights Council. 2013. “Human Rights and Arbitrary Deprivation of Nationality: Report of the Secretary-General”. UN Doc A/HRC/25/28.
- Human Rights Watch. 1995. Keeping It Secret – the United Nations Operation in the Western Sahara. https://www.hrw.org/reports/1995/Wsahara.htm.
- Human Rights Watch. 2009. “Morocco: Reverse Expulsion of Sahrawi Activist”. https://www.hrw.org/news/2009/11/19/morocco-reverse-expulsion-sahrawi-activist.
- Human Rights Watch. n.d. The Western Sahara. https://www.hrw.org/reports/1996/WR96/MIDEAST-09.htm#P821_183862.
- ICJ. 1975. Western Sahara (Advisory Opinion). ICJ Reports 12.
- ICJ. 2019. Legal Consequences of the Separation of the Chagos Archipelago from Mauritius in 1965 (Advisory Opinion). ICJ Reports 95.
- ICRC (International Committee of the Red Cross). 1987. Commentary on the Additional Protocols of 8 June 1977 to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949. Geneva, Switzerland: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.
- ICRC International Humanitarian Law Databases. n.d. “Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and Relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts (Protocol I), 8 June 1977”. Accessed December 5, 2023.
- Immanuel, A. M. P. 2021. “The Meaning of ‘Life’ Under the Indian Constitution and the Obligation Not to Render Persons Stateless: With Reference to the NRC in Assam.” Statelessness & Citizenship Review 3 (1): 186–207.
- Immanuel, A. M. P. 2023. “Unrecognised Documents and the Right to Nationality: The Case of Western Sahara”. Armed Groups and International Law (Blog). March 28, 2023. https://www.armedgroups-internationallaw.org/2023/03/28/unrecognised-documents-and-the-right-to-nationality-the-case-of-western-sahara/.
- Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada. 2000. “Algeria/Western Sahara: When the Issuance of Birth Certificates and Identity Cards to Sahrawi People Living in the Refugee Camps in Algeria Was Implemented”. Refworld. https://www.refworld.org/docid/3df4bed124.html.
- International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia, Appeals Chamber. 2001. Čelebići Case (Prosecutor V Zejnil Delalic, Zdravko Mucic, Hazim Delic and Esad Landžo). Case No. IT-96-21-A.
- Iratni, B. 2014. “The Saharawi People’s Quest for Self-Determination: The Complexities of Unachieved Decolonisation.” In Self-Determination and Secession in Africa: The Post-Colonial State, edited by R. Bereketeab, 253–271. London and New York, UK and USA: Routledge.
- Irving, H. 2019. “The Concept of Allegiance in Citizenship Law and Revocation: An Australian Study.” Citizenship Studies 23 (4): 372–387. doi:10.1080/13621025.2019.1616452.
- Kesby, A. 2012. The Right to Have Rights: Citizenship, Humanity, and International Law. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
- Knop, K. 2015. “Statehood: Territory, People, Government.” In The Cambridge Companion to International Law, edited by J. Crawford and M. Koskenniemi, 95–116. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
- Krasniqi, G. 2012. “Overlapping Jurisdictions, Disputed Territory, Unsettled State: The Perplexing Case of Citizenship in Kosovo.” Citizenship Studies 16 (3–4): 353–366. doi:10.1080/13621025.2012.683214.
- Krasniqi, G. 2018. “Contested Territories, Liminal Polities, Performative Citizenship: A Comparative Analysis”. EUI Working Paper RSCAS 2018/13. European University Institute (EUI), Italy. https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/52225/RSCAS_2018_13.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y.
- Landefeld S. 2023. ”The Changing Significance of Nationality for the Protection of Civilians in the Hands of a Party to an International Armed Conflict.” Journal of Conflict and Security Law 28 (3): 501–532. doi:10.1093/jcsl/krad005.
- Lourenço, I. 2019. “Saharawi Children and Students under Occupation”. http://africanos.eu/images/publicacoes/working_papers/WP_2019_1.pdf.
- Mačák, K. 2018. Internationalized Armed Conflicts in International Law. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
- Manby, B. 2020. “Nationality and Statelessness Among Persons of Western Sahara Origin.” Journal of Immigration, Asylum, and Nationality Law 34 (1): 9–29.
- Manzotti, C. 2021. “Without a Nationality but Not Stateless: The Recent Judgment of the Swiss Federal Supreme Court in a Case Concerning the Nationality Status of a Refugee Originating from Western Sahara”. European Network on Statelessness (Blog). November 12, 2021. https://www.statelessness.eu/updates/blog/without-nationality-not-stateless-recent-judgment-swiss-federal-supreme-court-case.
- Martín, P. S. 2005. “Nationalism, Identity and Citizenship in the Western Sahara.” The Journal of North African Studies 10 (3–4): 565–592. doi:10.1080/13629380500336870.
- Martín, P. S. 2010. Western Sahara: The Refugee Nation. Cardiff, UK: University of Wales Press.
- Mbuzukongirar, G., and M. Sahinkuye. 2018. “Recognition of National Liberation Movements in International Law.” Tuma Law Review 5 (1–2): 40–63.
- Mundy, J. 2009. “The Morocco-Polisario War for Western Sahara, 1975-1991.” In Conflict and Insurgency in the Contemporary Middle East, edited by B. Rubin, 209–231. London and New York, UK and USA: Routledge.
- Naldi, G. 2005. “Western Sahara: Suspended Statehood or Frustrated Self-Determination?” African Yearbook of International Law Online 13 (1): 11–41. doi:10.1163/22116176-90000003.
- Norwegian Support Committee for Western Sahara, and National Union of Students in Norway. 2020. “Imprisoned Students: Personal Stories of a Group of Saharawi Students Held in Moroccan Jails”. https://vest-sahara.s3.amazonaws.com/skvs/feature-images/File/145/5ee0c8cb666bd_ImprisonedStudents_10.06.2020.pdf.
- Novais, R. A. 2009. “An Unfinished Process: The Western Sahara as a Post-Scriptum of the Colonial Period.” Africana Studia: Revista Internacional de Estudos Africanos 12: 59–66.
- Open Society Justice Initiative. 2018. Human Rights in the Context of Automatic Naturalization in Crimea. https://www.justiceinitiative.org/uploads/5ce04ddd-0fda-470c-9f94-eaa5bf928768/report-osji-crimea-20180601.pdf.
- Reitter, V. 2022. “Statelessness in Austria and Spain: Displacing Narratives of Vulnerability.” In Jahrbuch Migrationsforschung 6: Jenseits Der Migrantologie: Aktuelle Herausforderungen und neue Perspektiven der Migrationsforschung, edited by W. Sievers, R. Bauböck, I. Josipovic, D. Karabegović, and K. Shinozaki, 159–175. Wien, Austria: Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften.
- Rosner-Merker, T. 2021. “Why is Western Sahara Losing Recognitions?”. De Facto States Research Unit (Blog). April 5, 2021. https://defactostates.ut.ee/blog/why-western-sahara-losing-recognitions.
- Sahara Press Service. n.d. “Moral Report of the National Secretariat Submitted to the XIII Congress by Mr Mohamed Abdelaziz, President of the SADR and Secretary-General of the Frente POLISARIO”. Sahara Press Service. Accessed September 26, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20131213041940/http:/www.spsrasd.info/en/content/moral-report-national-secretariat-submitted-xiii-congress-mr-mohamed-abdelaziz-president-sad.
- Saharawi Committee for Employees and Workers. n.d. Kingdom of Morocco – Violations of the Right to Work in the Occupied Territory of Western Sahara. https://uprdoc.ohchr.org/uprweb/downloadfile.aspx?filename=9930&file=EnglishTranslation.
- Shaw, M. 1983. “The International Status of National Liberation Movements.” The Liverpool Law Review 5 (1): 19–34. doi:10.1007/BF01079983.
- Simon, S. 2014. “Western Sahara.” In Self-Determination and Secession in International Law, edited by C. Walter, A. von Ungern-Sternberg, and K. Abushov, 255–272. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
- Smith, D. 2021. “Political Limbo and Statelessness in Africa’s Last Colony”. European Network on Statelessness (Blog). April 1, 2021. https://www.statelessness.eu/updates/blog/political-limbo-and-statelessness-africas-last-colony.
- Sosnowski, M., and B. Klem. 2024. “Legal Identity in a Looking-Glass World: Documenting Citizens of Aspirant States”. Citizenship Studies, this issue.
- Tobin, J., and S. Florence. 2019. “Article 7: The Rights to Birth Registration, a Name, Nationality, and to Know and Be Cared for by Parents.” In The UN Convention on the Rights of the Child: A Commentary, edited by J. Tobin, 237–280. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
- UN. 2021. “Speakers Stake Out Diverging Positions on Western Sahara, French Polynesia, Other Decolonization Questions, as Fourth Committee Continues Work”. UN. https://press.un.org/en/2021/gaspd730.doc.htm.
- UN. n.d. “Western Sahara”. UN. Accessed September 26, 2023. https://www.un.org/dppa/decolonization/en/nsgt/western-sahara#:~:text=Western%20Sahara%20has%20been%20on,Charter%20of%20the%20United%20Nations.
- UNGA. 1960. “Principles Which Should Guide Members in Determining Whether or Not an Obligation Exists to Transmit the Information Called for Under Article 73 E of the Charter”. UN Doc A/Res/1541(XV).
- UNGA. 1979. “Question of Western Sahara”. UN Doc A/Res/34/37.
- UNGA. 1980. “Question of Western Sahara”. UN Doc A/Res/35/19.
- UNGA. 2023. “Situation of Human Rights in the Temporarily Occupied Autonomous Republic of Crimea and the City of Sevastapol, Ukraine”. UN Doc A/Res/77/229.
- UNHCR. 2014. Ending Statelessness within 10 Years: A Special Report. https://www.unhcr.org/sites/default/files/legacy-pdf/3b8f92124.pdf.
- UNHCR (UN High Commissioner for Refugees). n.d. “What Would Life Be Like if You Had No Nationality?”. UNHCR.
- Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. n.d. “SADR Recognitions”. Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Accessed December 7, 2023. https://www.usc.es/en/institutos/ceso/RASD_Reconocimientos.html.
- UN Security Council. 1975, 6 November. “Resolution 380 (1975)”. UN Doc S/Res/379(1975).
- Van Waas, L. 2015. “The Right to a Legal Identity or the Right to a Legal ID?”. European Network on Statelessness (Blog). May 1, 2015. https://www.statelessness.eu/updates/blog/right-legal-identity-or-right-legal-id.
- Von Rütte, B. 2022. The Human Right to Citizenship: Situating the Right to Citizenship within International and Regional Human Rights Law. Leiden, The Netherlands: BRILL.
- Zunes, S. 2020. “The East Timor Model Offers a Way Out for Western Sahara and Morocco”. Foreign Policy. December 9, 2020. https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/12/09/east-timor-western-sahara-morocco/.