Interventions for post-traumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents

References

• World Health Organization: The ICD-10 Classi?cation of Mental and Behavioural Disorders. Clinical Descriptions and Diagnostic Guidelines (Geneva: WHO), 1992.
   Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of the Mental Disorders. Fourth Edition-Text Revision. DSM-IV-TR (Washington, DC: APA), 2000.
   Google Scholar
• Perrin, S., Smith, P. and Yule, W.: Practitioner review: the assessment and treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 41: 277-289, 2000.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pfefferbaum, B.: Post-traumatic stress disorder in children: a review of the past 10 years. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36: 1503-1511, 1997.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scherringa, M., Zeanah, C., Drell, M. et al.: Two approaches to diagnosing post-traumatic stress disorder in infancy and early childhood. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 34: 191-200, 1995.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scheeringa, M., Zeanah, C., Myers, L. et al.: New ?ndings on alternative criteria for PTSD in preschool children. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 42: 561-570, 2003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Terr, L.: Childhood trauma: An outline and overview. American Journal of Psychiatry, 148: 10-20, 1991.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kendall-Tackett, K., Williams, L. and Finklehor, D.: Impact of sexual abuse on children. Psychological Bulletin, 113: 164-180, 1993.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roth, S., Newman, E., Pelcovitz, D. et al.: Complex PTSD in victims exposed to sexual and physical abuse: results from the DSM-IV ?eld trial for post-traumatic stress disorder. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 10: 539-555, 1997.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fletcher, K.: Childhood post-traumatic stress disorder. In: E. Mash and R. Barclay (editors), Child Psychopathology (New York: Guilford), pp. 330-371, 2003.
   Google Scholar
• Cohen, J.: Practice parameters for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with post-traumatic stress disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 37 (Supplement 10): 4-26, 1998.
   Google Scholar
• Hamblen, J.: PTSD in Children and Adolescents. Available online at: http://www.ncptsd.org/facts/speci?c/fs_children.html, visited 2 February 2004.
   Google Scholar
• Ehlers, A.: Post-traumatic stress disorder. In: M. Gelder, J. Lopez-Ibor and N. Andreasen (editors), New Oxford Textbook of Psychiatry. Volume 1 (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press), Section 4.6.2, pp. 758-771, 2000.
   Google Scholar
• Yule, W., Bolton, D., Udwin, O. et al.: The long-term psycho-logical e?ects of a disaster experienced in Adolescence: I: the incidence and course of PTSD. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 41: 503-511, 2000.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bolton, D., O’Ryan, D., Udwin, O. et al.: The long-term psychological e?ects of a disaster experienced in adolescence: II: general psychopathology. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 41: 513-523, 2000.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kessler, R., Sonnega, A., Bromet, E. et al.: Post-traumatic stress disorder in the National Comorbidity Study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 52: 1048-1060, 1995.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perrin, S., Smith, P. and Yule, W.: Treatment of PTSD in children and adolescents. In: P. Barrett and T. Ollendick (editors), Handbook of Interventions that Work with Children and Adolescents: Prevention and Treatment (Chichester, UK: Wiley), pp. 217-242, 2004.
   Google Scholar
• Pynoos, R. and Eth, S.: Witness to violence: the child interview. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 25: 306-319, 1986.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pynoos, R., Frederick, C., Nader, K. et al.: Life threat and post-traumatic stress in school age children. Archives of General Psychiatry, 44: 1057-1063, 1987.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pynoos, R. and Nader, K.: Psychological ?rst aid and treatment approaches for children exposed to community violence: research implications. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 1: 243-267, 1988.
   Google Scholar
• Nader, K., Pynoos, R. and Fairbanks, C.: Children’s PTSD reactions one year after a sniper attack at their school. American Journal of Psychiatry, 147: 1526-1530, 1990.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goenjian, A., Pynoos, R., Steinberg, A. et al.: Psychiatric co-morbidity in children after the 1988 earthquake in Armenia. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 34: 1174-1184, 1995.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lonigan, C., Shannon, M., Finch, A. et al.: Children’s reactions to a natural disaster: symptom severity and degree of exposure. Advances in Behaviour Research and Therapy, 13: 135-154, 1991.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yule, W., Udwin, O. and Murdoch, K.: The Jupiter sinking: e?ects on children’s fears, depression and anxiety. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 31: 1051-1061, 1990.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yule, W.: Post-traumatic stress disorder in childhood survivors of shipping disasters: the sinking of the Jupiter. Psychotherapy Psychosomatics, 57: 200-205, 1992.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, P., Perrin, S., Yule, W. et al.: War exposure and maternal reactions in the psychological adjustment of children from Bosnia-Hercegovina. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 42: 359-404, 2001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keane, T., Zimering, R. and Kadell, J.: A behavioural formulation of post-traumatic stress disorder. Behaviour Therapist, 8: 9-12, 1985.
   Google Scholar
• Earls, F., Smith, E., Reich, W. et al.: Investigating psycho-pathological consequences of a disaster in children: a pilot study incorporating a structured diagnostic interview. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 27: 90-95, 1988.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green, B., Korol, M., Grace, M. et al.: Children and disaster: age, gender, and parental e?ects on PTSD symptoms. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 30: 945-951, 1991.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lehmann, P.: Post-traumatic stress disorder PTSD and child witness to mother assault: a summary and review. Children and Youth Services Review, 22: 275-306, 2000.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Terr, L.: Chowchilla revisited: the e?ects of psychic trauma four years after a school bus kidnapping. American Journal of Psychiatry, 140: 1543-1550, 1983.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Udwin, O., Boyle, S., Yule, W. et al.: Risk factors for long-term psychological e?ects of a disaster experienced in adolescence: predictors of post-traumatic stress disorder. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 41: 969-979, 2000.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wasserstein, S. and La Greca, A.: Hurricane Andrew: parent con?ict as a moderator of children’s adjustment. Hispanic Journal of Behavioural Sciences, 20: 212-224, 1998.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Digallow, A., Barton, J. and Parry-Jones, W.: Road tra?c accidents: early psychosocial consequences in children and ad-escents. British Journal of Psychiatry, 170: 358-362, 1997.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• La Greca, A., Silverman, W., Vernberg, E. et al.: Symptoms of post-traumatic stress in children after Hurricane Andrew: a prospective study. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64: 712-723, 1996.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McFarlane, A.: Family functioning and overprotection follo-ng a natural disaster: the longitudinal e?ect of post-traumatic morbidity. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 21: 210-218, 1987.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newman, C.: Children of disaster: clinical observations at bu?alo creek. American Journal of Psychiatry, 133: 306-312, 1976.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silber, E., Perry, S. and Bloch, D.: Patterns of parent-child interaction in a disaster. Psychiatry, 21: 159-167, 1958.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yule, W. and Unwin, O.: Screening child survivors for pos-raumatic stress disorders: experiences from the Jupiter sinking. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 30: 131-138, 1991.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yule, W.: Post-traumatic stress disorders. In: M. Rutter and E. Taylor (editors), Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 4th edn (Oxford, UK: Blackwell), pp. 520-528, 2002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolfe, V., Gentile, C., Michienzi, T. et al.: The children’s impact of traumatic events scale: a measure of post-sexual-abuse PTSD symptoms. Behavioural Assessment, 13: 359-383, 1991.
   Google Scholar
• Moradi, A., Heshat Doost, H., Taghavi, M. et al.: Everyday memory de?cits in children and adolescents with PTSD: perfor-nce on the Rivermead Behavioural Memory Test. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 40: 357-361, 1999.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moradi, A., Taghavi, M., Heshat Doost, H. et al.: Performance of children and adolescents with PTSD on the Stroop colour-naming task. Psychological Medicine, 29: 415-419, 1999.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dagleish, T., Moradi, A., Taghavi, R. et al.: Judgements about emotional events in children and adolescents with post-traumatic stress disorder. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 41: 981-988, 2001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joseph, S., Brewin, C., Yule, W. et al.: Causal attributions and post-traumatic stress in adolescents. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 34: 247-253, 1993.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dumnore, E., Clark, D. and Ehlers, A.: Cognitive factors involved in the onset and maintenance of post-traumatic stress disorder PTSD after physical or sexual assault. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 37: 809-830, 1999.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ehlers, A. and Clark, D.: A cognitive model of post-traumatic stress disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 38: 319-336, 2000.
   Google Scholar
• Stallard, P.: A retrospective analysis to explore the appl-ability cof the Ehlers and Clark 2000 cognitive model to explain PTSD in children. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 31: 337-345, 2003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bremner, J., Southwick, S. and Charney, D.: The neurobio-gy of post-traumatic stress disorder: an integration of animal and human research. In: P. Saigh and J. Bremner (editors), Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (Needhan Heights, MA: Allyn and Bacon), pp. 103-143, 1999.
   Google Scholar
• Glaser, D.: Child abuse and neglect and the brain— a review. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 41: 97-116, 2000.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brewin, C.: A cognitive neuroscience account of post-traumatic stress disorder and its treatment. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 39: 373-393, 2001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, J. and Mannarino, A.: A treatment outcome study for sexually abused preschool children: initial ?ndings. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 35: 42-50, 1996.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, J. and Mannarino, A.: A treatment study for sexually abused preschool children: outcome during a one-year follow-up. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36: 1228-1235, 1997.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, J. and Mannarino, A.: Interventions for sexually abused children: initial treatment ?ndings. Child Maltreatment, 3: 17-26, 1998.
   Google Scholar
• Deblinger, E., Lippmann, J. and Steer, R.: Sexually abused children su?ering post-traumatic stress symptoms: initial trea-ent outcome ?ndings. Child Maltreatment, 1: 310-321, 1996.
   Google Scholar
• Galante, R. and Foa, D.: An epidemiological study of psychic trauma and treatment e?ectiveness for children after a natural disaster. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 25: 357-363, 1986.
   Google Scholar
• Goenjian, A., Karayan, I., Pynoos, R. et al.: Outcome of psychotherapy among early adolescents after trauma. American Journal of Psychiatry, 154: 536-542, 1997.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chemtob, C., Nakashima, J. and Carlson, J.: Brief treatment for elementary school children with disaster-related pos-raumatic stress disorder: a ?eld study. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 58: 99-112, 2002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• March, J., Amaya-Jackson, L., Murray, M. et al.: Cognitive behavioural psychotherapy for children and adolescents with post-traumatic stress disorder after a single incident stressor. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 37: 585-593, 1998.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deblinger, E. and Hefin, A.: Treating Sexually Abused Children And Their Non-O?ending Parents: A Cognitive Behavioural Approach (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage), 1996.
   Google Scholar
• Achenbach, T.: Achenbach System of Empirically Based Assessment (Burlington, VT: ASEBA Publications), 2000. Available online at: http://www.aseba.org, visited 10 January 2004.
   Google Scholar
• Kovacs, M.: Children’s Depression Inventory CDI Manual (North Tonawanda, NY: Multi-Health Systems), 1992.
   Google Scholar
• Friedrich, W., Grambsch, P., Damon, L. et al.: The child sexual behaviour inventory: normative and clinical comparisons. Psychological Assessment, 4: 303-311, 1992.
   Google Scholar
• Cohen, J. and Mannarino, A.: A treatment model for sexually abused preschoolers. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 8: 115-131, 1993.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horowitz, M., Wilner, N. and Alvarez, W.: Impact of events scale: a measure of subjective stress. Psychosomatic Medicine, 41: 209-218, 1979.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ollendick, T.: Reliability and validity of the revised Fear Survey Schedule for Children FSSC-R. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 21: 77-84, 1983.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shapiro, F.: Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing. Basic Principles, Protocols and Procedures (New York: Guilford), 1995.
   Google Scholar
• Tinker, R. and Wilson, S.: Through the Eyes of a Child: EMDR with Children (London, UK: Norton), 1999.
   Google Scholar
• Reynolds, C. and Richmond, B.: Revised Children’s Manifest Anxiety Scale manual, RCMAS (Los Angeles, CA: Western Psychological Services), 1985.
   Google Scholar
• Foa, E., Keane, T. and Friedman, M.: E?ective Treatments for PTSD: Guidelines from the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies (New York: Guilford), 2000.
   Google Scholar
• Vernberg, V. and Vogel, J.: Task force report: II. Interventions with children after disasters. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 22: 464-484, 1993.
   Google Scholar
• Creamer, M. and Carty, J.: Post-traumatic stress disorder. In: A. Carr and M. McNulty (editors), Handbook of Adult Clinical Psychology: An Evidence Based Practice Approach (London, UK: Brunner-Routledge), in press.
   Google Scholar
• Enright, S. and Carr, A.: Prevention of post-traumatic adjus-ent problems in children and adolescents. In: A. Carr (editor), Prevention: What Works with Children and Adolescents? A Critical Review of Psychological Prevention Programmes for Children, Adolescents and their Families (London, UK: Routledge), pp. 314-335, 2002.
   Google Scholar
• Fletcher, K.: The childhood PTSD interview-child form. In: E. Carlson (editor), Trauma Assessments: A Clinician’s Guide (New York: Guilford Press), pp. 248-250, 1997.
   Google Scholar
• Nader, K., Kriegler, J. and Blake, D.: Clinically Administered PTSD Scale, Child and Adolescent Version (White River Junction, VT: National Centre for PTSD), 1996. Available online at: http://www.ncptsd.org/publications/assessment/caps_ca_request_ form.htm, visited 10 January 2004.
   Google Scholar
• Saigh, P., Yasik, A. and Oberfield, R.: The children’s PTSD inventory: development and reliability. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 13: 369-380, 2000.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nader, K.: Assessing trauma in children. In: J. Wilson and T. M. Keane (editors), Assessing Psychological Trauma and PTSD (New York: Guilford. The Child Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Reaction Index described in this chapter may be obtained from Kathleen Nader, Ph.D., 2809 Rathlin Drive, Suite 102, Cedar Park, TX 78613, 512 219-9446), pp. 25-40, 1996.
   Google Scholar
• Briere, J.: Trauma Symptom Checklist for Children (Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources), 1998. Available online at: www.parinc.com, visited 10 January 2004.
   Google Scholar
• Spirito, A., Stark, J. and Williams, C.: Development of a brief coping checklist for use with paediatric populations. Journal of Paediatric Psychology, 13: 555-574, 1988.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolfe, V. and Birt, J.: Child sexual abuse. In: E. Mash and L. Terdal (editors), Assessment of Childhood Disorders (New York: Guilford), pp. 569-623, 1997.
   Google Scholar
• Putnam, F., Helmers, K. and Trickett, P.: Development, reliability and validity of a child dissociation scale. Child Abuse and Neglect, 17: 731-734, 1993.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carr, A.: Handbook of Child and Adolescent Clinical Psychology: A Contextual Approach (London, UK: Routledge), 1999.
   Google Scholar
• Carr, A. and McNulty, M.: Cognitive behaviour therapy. In: A. Carr and M. McNulty (editors), Handbook of Adult Clinical Psychology: An Evidence Based Practice Approach (London, UK: Brunner-Routledge), in press.
   Google Scholar
• Linehan, M. and Kuo, J.: Borderline personality disorder. In: A. Carr and M. McNulty (editors), Handbook of Adult Clinical Psychology: An Evidence Based Practice Approach (London, UK: Brunner-Routledge), in press.
   Google Scholar