Clinical management of vaginal bleeding in postmenopausal women

References

• Sydora BC, Yuksel N, Veltri NL, et al. Patient characteristics, menopause symptoms, and care provided at an interdisciplinary menopause clinic: retrospective chart review. Menopause 2018;25:102–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burger HG. Unpredictable endocrinology of the menopause transition: clinical, diagnostic and management implications. Menopause Int 2011;17:153–4
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Harlow SD, Gass M, Hall JE, et al. Executive summary of the stages of reproductive aging workshop + 10: addressing the unfinished agenda of staging reproductive aging. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2012;97:1159–68
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Torgerson DJ, Thomas RE, Campbell MK, Reid DM. Alcohol consumption and age of maternal menopause are associated with menopause onset. Maturitas 1997;26:21–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang HJ, Suh PS, Kim SJ, Lee SY. Effects of smoking on menopausal age: results from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2007 to 2012. J Prev Med Public Health 2015;48:216–24
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ertunc D, Tok EC, Aytan H, Gozukara YM. Passive smoking is associated with lower age at menopause. Climacteric 2015;18:47–52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akkina JE, Reif JS, Keefe TJ, Bachand AM. Age at natural menopause and exposure to organochlorine pesticides in Hispanic women. J Toxicol Environ Health Part A 2004;67:1407–22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stock D, Knight JA, Raboud J, et al. Rotating night shift work and menopausal age. Hum Reprod 2019;34:539–48
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grady D. Clinical practice. Management of menopausal symptoms. N Engl J Med 2006;355:2338–47
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta A, Desai A, Bhatt S. Imaging of the endometrium: physiologic changes and diseases: women’s imaging. Radiographics 2017;37:2206–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winter TC, 3rd. Endometrial thickness in symptomatic postmenopausal patients receiving hormone replacement therapy or tamoxifen. Radiographics 2018;38:658–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Astrup K, Olivarius N de F. Frequency of spontaneously occurring postmenopausal bleeding in the general population. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2004;83:203–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raouf SA, Gupta P, Papaioannou S, Pradhan P. Endometrial thickness for invasive investigations in women with postmenopausal bleeding. Climacteric 2011;14:117–20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradshaw KD, Tait D. Postmenopausal bleeding. In: Marshburn PB, Hurst BS, eds. Disorders of Menstruation. Chicester, West Sussex, UK: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011:166–83
   Google Scholar
• Riggs BL, Hartmann LC. Selective estrogen-receptor modulators – mechanisms of action and application to clinical practice. N Engl J Med 2003;348:618–29
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amant F, Moerman P, Neven P, Timmerman D, Van Limbergen E, Vergote I. Endometrial cancer. Lancet 2005;366:491–505
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwon JS, Scott JL, Gilks CB, Daniels MS, Sun CC, Lu KH. Testing women with endometrial cancer to detect Lynch syndrome. JCO 2011;29:2247–52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolman I, Berek and Novak’s Gynecology. 15th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 2012:1560
   Google Scholar
• Burbos N, Musonda P, Giarenis I, et al. Age-related differential diagnosis of vaginal bleeding in postmenopausal women: a series of 3047 symptomatic postmenopausal women. Menopause Int 2010;16:5–8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ronghe R, Gaudoin M. Women with recurrent postmenopausal bleeding should be re-investigated but are not more likely to have endometrial cancer. Menopause Int 2010;16:9–11
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• ACOG Committee Opinion No. 734: The role of transvaginal ultrasonography in evaluating the endometrium of women with postmenopausal bleeding. Obstet Gynecol 2018;131:e124–e9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith-Bindman R, Weiss E, Feldstein V. How thick is too thick? When endometrial thickness should prompt biopsy in postmenopausal women without vaginal bleeding. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2004;24:558–65
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Timmermans A, Opmeer BC, Khan KS, et al. Endometrial thickness measurement for detecting endometrial cancer in women with postmenopausal bleeding: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obstet Gynecol 2010;116:160–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta JK, Chien PF, Voit D, Clark TJ, Khan KS. Ultrasonographic endometrial thickness for diagnosing endometrial pathology in women with postmenopausal bleeding: a meta-analysis. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2002;81:799–816
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong AS, Lao TT, Cheung CW, et al. Reappraisal of endometrial thickness for the detection of endometrial cancer in postmenopausal bleeding: a retrospective cohort study. BJOG 2016;123:439–46
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kasraeian M, Asadi N, Ghaffarpasand F, Karimi AA. Value of transvaginal ultrasonography in endometrial evaluation of non-bleeding postmenopausal women. Climacteric 2011;14:126–31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobs I, Gentry-Maharaj A, Burnell M, et al. Sensitivity of transvaginal ultrasound screening for endometrial cancer in postmenopausal women: a case-control study within the UKCTOCS cohort. Lancet Oncol 2011;12:38–48
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kamel HS, Darwish AM, Mohamed SA. Comparison of transvaginal ultrasonography and vaginal sonohysterography in the detection of endometrial polyps. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2000;79:60–4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vroom AJ, Timmermans A, Bongers MY, van den Heuvel ER, Geomini P, van Hanegem N. Diagnostic accuracy of saline contrast sonohysterography in detecting endometrial polyps in women with postmenopausal bleeding: systematic review and meta-analysis. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2019;54:28–34
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kroon CD, Bock GH, Dieben SWM, Jansen FW. Saline contrast hysterosonography in abnormal uterine bleeding: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BJOG 2003;110:938–47
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gruboeck K, Jurkovic D, Lawton F, Savvas M, Tailor A, Campbell S. The diagnostic value of endometrial thickness and volume measurements by three-dimensional ultrasound in patients with postmenopausal bleeding. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 1996;8:272–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Opolskiene G, Sladkevicius P, Jokubkiene L, Valentin L. Three-dimensional ultrasound imaging for discrimination between benign and malignant endometrium in women with postmenopausal bleeding and sonographic endometrial thickness of at least 4.5 mm. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2010;35:94–102
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ragupathy K, Cawley N, Ridout A, Iqbal P, Alloub M. Non-assessable endometrium in women with post-menopausal bleeding: to investigate or ignore. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2013;288:375–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Practice Bulletin No. 149: endometrial cancer. Obstet Gynecol 2015;125:1006–26
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stock RJ, Kanbour A. Prehysterectomy curettage. Obstet Gynecol 1975;45:537–41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dijkhuizen FPHLJ, Mol BWJ, Brölmann HAM, Heintz APM. The accuracy of endometrial sampling in the diagnosis of patients with endometrial carcinoma and hyperplasia: a meta-analysis. Cancer 2000;89:1765–72
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodriguez MH, Platt LD, Medearis AL, Lacarra M, Lobo RA. The use of transvaginal sonography for evaluation of postmenopausal ovarian size and morphology. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1988;159:810–14.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loffer FD. The time has come to quit relying on a blind endometrial biopsy or dilation and curettage to rule out malignant endometrial changes. J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2019;26:1207–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Angioni S, Loddo A, Milano F, Piras B, Minerba L, Melis GB. Detection of benign intracavitary lesions in postmenopausal women with abnormal uterine bleeding: a prospective comparative study on outpatient hysteroscopy and blind biopsy. J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2008;15:87–91
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gebauer G, Hafner A, Siebzehnrubl E, Lang N. Role of hysteroscopy in detection and extraction of endometrial polyps: results of a prospective study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2001;184:59–63
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bingol B, Gunenc Z, Gedikbasi A, Guner H, Tasdemir S, Tiras B. Comparison of diagnostic accuracy of saline infusion sonohysterography, transvaginal sonography and hysteroscopy. J Obstet Gynaecol 2011;31:54–8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Timmermans A, Opmeer BC, Veersema S, Mol BW. Patients’ preferences in the evaluation of postmenopausal bleeding. BJOG 2007;114:1146–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sardo ADS, Calagna G, Di Carlo C. Tips and tricks in office hysteroscopy. Gynecol Minim Invasive Ther 2015;4:3–7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark TJ, Barton PM, Coomarasamy A, Gupta JK, Khan KS. Investigating postmenopausal bleeding for endometrial cancer: cost-effectiveness of initial diagnostic strategies. BJOG 2006;113:502–10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burbos N, Musonda P, Duncan TJ, Crocker SG, Nieto JJ, Morris EP. Postmenopausal vaginal bleeding in women using hormone replacement therapy. Menopause Int 2012;18:5–9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bakour SH, Timmermans A, Mol BW, Khan KS. Management of women with postmenopausal bleeding: evidence-based review. Obstet Gynecol 2012;14:243–9
   Google Scholar
• Suh-Burgmann EJ, Goodman A. Surveillance for endometrial cancer in women receiving tamoxifen. Ann Intern Med 1999;131:127–35
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Committee Opinion No. 601: tamoxifen and uterine cancer. Obstet Gynecol 2014;123:1394–7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fleming CA, Heneghan HM, O'Brien D, McCartan DP, McDermott EW, Prichard RS. Meta-analysis of the cumulative risk of endometrial malignancy and systematic review of endometrial surveillance in extended tamoxifen therapy. Br J Surg 2018;105:1098–106
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghoubara A, Sundar S, Ewies AA. Predictors of malignancy in endometrial polyps: study of 421 women with postmenopausal bleeding. Climacteric 2018;21:82–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee SC, Kaunitz AM, Sanchez-Ramos L, Rhatigan RM. The oncogenic potential of endometrial polyps: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obstet Gynecol 2010;116:1197–205
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uglietti A, Buggio L, Farella M, et al. The risk of malignancy in uterine polyps: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2019;237:48–56
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Curcic A, Djurdjevic S, Mihaldzic-Tubic S, Mladenovic-Segedi L, Maksimovic M. Ultrasound detection of endometrial fluid in postmenopausal women. Med Pregl 2009;62:337–41
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Seckin B, Ozgu-Erdinc AS, Dogan M, Turker M, Cicek MN. The utility of endometrial thickness measurement in asymptomatic postmenopausal women with endometrial fluid. J Obstet Gynaecol 2016;36:230–3
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Topçu HO, Taşdemir Ü, İslimye M, Bayramoğlu H, Yılmaz N. The clinical significance of endometrial fluid collection in asymptomatic postmenopausal women. Climacteric 2015;18:733–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chopra V, Sangha R, Gadde R, Alkhoory W. Endometrial biopsies with insufficient tissue: descriptive analysis and cancer outcomes in women aged 50 and above [26G]. Obstet Gynecol 2018;131:82S
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gonzalez Rios AR, Chu Lam MT, Shollenberger C, Wagner J, Anasti J. Tissue insufficient for diagnosis on endometrial biopsy: what’s the next step? [1I]. Obstet Gynecol 2016;127:73S
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar