949
Views
6
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Reviews

Medical treatment of osteoporosis

Pages 43-49 | Received 07 May 2021, Accepted 24 Jun 2021, Published online: 12 Aug 2021

References

  • Palacios S, Mejía A. Antiresorptives and anabolic therapy in sequence or combination for postmenopausal osteoporosis. Climacteric. 2015;18(4):453–455.
  • Kanis JA, Cooper C, Rizzoli R, et al. Scientific Advisory Board of the European Society for Clinical and Economic Aspects of Osteoporosis (ESCEO) and the Committees of Scientific Advisors and National Societies of the International Osteoporosis Foundation (IOF). European guidance for the diagnosis and management of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. Osteoporos Int. 2019;30(1):3–44.
  • Varacallo M, Seaman TJ, Jandu JS, et al. StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2020. Osteopenia.
  • Khadka B, Tiwari ML, Gautam R, et al. Correlates of biochemical markers of bone turnover among post-menopausal women. J Nepal Med Assoc. 2018;56(212):754–758.
  • Anthamatten A, Parish A. Clinical update on osteoporosis. J Midwifery Womens Health. 2019;64(3):265–275.
  • Varacallo MA, Fox EJ. Osteoporosis and its complications. Med Clin North Am. 2014;98(4):817–831.
  • NIH Consensus Development Panel on Osteoporosis, Prevention, Diagnosis, and Therapy. Osteoporosis prevention, diagnosis, and therapy. JAMA. 2001;285:785–795.
  • Singer A, Exuzides A, Spangler L, et al. Burden of illness for osteoporotic fractures compared with other serious diseases among postmenopausal women in the United States. Mayo Clin Proc. 2015;90(1):53–62.
  • Cosman F, Dempster DW. Anabolic agents for postmenopausal osteoporosis: how do you choose? Curr Osteoporos Rep. 2021;19(2):189–205.
  • Cosman F. Anabolic therapy and optimal treatment sequences for patients with osteoporosis at high risk for fracture. Endocr Pract. 2020;26(7):777–786.
  • Saito T, Sterbenz JM, Malay S, et al. Effectiveness of anti-osteoporotic drugs to prevent secondary fragility fractures: systematic review and meta-analysis. Osteoporos Int. 2017;28(12):3289–3300.
  • Kanis JA, Cooper C, Rizzoli R, et al. Identification and management of patients at increased risk of osteoporotic fracture: outcomes of an ESCEO expert consensus meeting. Osteoporos Int. 2017;28(7):2023–2034.
  • Brommage R. New targets and emergent therapies for osteoporosis. Handb Exp Pharmacol. 2020;262:451–473.
  • Stovall DW, Pinkerton JV. Estrogen agonists/antagonists in combination with estrogen for prevention and treatment of menopause-associated signs and symptoms. Womens Health (Lond). 2008;4(3):257–268.
  • Ettinger B, Black DM, Mitlak BH, et al. Reduction of vertebral fracture risk in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis treated with raloxifene: results from a 3-year randomized clinical trial. Multiple Outcomes of Raloxifene Evaluation (MORE) Investigators. JAMA. 1999;282(7):637–645.
  • Delmas PD, Genant HK, Crans GG, et al. Severity of prevalent vertebral fractures and the risk of subsequent vertebral and nonvertebral fractures: results from the MORE trial. Bone. 2003;33(4):522–532.
  • Barrionuevo P, Kapoor E, Asi N, et al. Efficacy of pharmacological therapies for the prevention of fractures in postmenopausal women: a network meta-analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2019;104(5):1623–1630.
  • Cummings SR, Eckert S, Krueger KA, et al. The effect of raloxifene on risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women: results from the MORE randomized trial. Multiple Outcomes of Raloxifene Evaluation. JAMA. 1999;281(23):2189–2197.
  • Barrett-Connor E, Mosca L, Collins P, et al. Effects of raloxifene on cardiovascular events and breast cancer in postmenopausal women. N Engl J Med. 2006;355(2):125–137.
  • Yang F, Li N, Gaman MA, et al. Raloxifene has favorable effects on the lipid profile in women explaining its beneficial effect on cardiovascular risk: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Pharmacol Res. 2021;166:105512.
  • Silverman SL, Chines AA, Kendler DL, et al. Sustained efficacy and safety of bazedoxifene in preventing fractures in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis: results of a 5-year, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Osteoporos Int. 2012;23(1):351–363.
  • Palacios S, Silverman SL, de Villiers TJ, et al. A 7-year randomized, placebo-controlled trial assessing the long-term efficacy and safety of bazedoxifene in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis: effects on bone density and fracture. Menopause. 2015;22(8):806–813.
  • Ellis AG, Reginster JY, Luo X, et al. Indirect comparison of bazedoxifene vs oral bisphosphonates for the prevention of vertebral fractures in postmenopausal osteoporotic women. Curr Med Res Opin. 2014;30(8):1617–1626.
  • Ellis AG, Reginster JY, Luo X, et al. Bazedoxifene versus oral bisphosphonates for the prevention of nonvertebral fractures in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis at higher risk of fracture: a network meta-analysis. Value Health. 2014;17(4):424–432.
  • de Villiers TJ, Chines AA, Palacios S, et al. Safety and tolerability of bazedoxifene in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis: results of a 5-year, randomized, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial. Osteoporos Int. 2011;22(2):567–576.
  • Umland EM, Karel L, Santoro N. Bazedoxifene and conjugated equine estrogen: a combination product for the management of vasomotor symptoms and osteoporosis prevention associated with menopause. Pharmacotherapy. 2016;36(5):548–561.
  • Pinkerton JV, Harvey JA, Lindsay R, et al. SMART-5 Investigators. Effects of bazedoxifene/conjugated estrogens on the endometrium and bone: a randomized trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014;99(2):E189–E198.
  • Qaseem A, Forciea M, McLean RM, et al. Treatment of low bone density or osteoporosis to prevent fractures in men and women: a clinical practice guideline update from the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med. 2017;166(11):818–839.
  • Eastell R, Rosen CJ, Black DM, et al. Pharmacological management of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women: an Endocrine Society* clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2019;104(5):1595–1622.
  • Black DM, Cummings SR, Karpf DB, et al. Randomised trial of effect of alendronate on risk of fracture in women with existing vertebral fractures. Fracture Intervention Trial Research Group. Lancet. 1996;348(9041):1535–1541.
  • Harris ST, Watts NB, Genant HK, et al. Effects of risedronate treatment on vertebral and nonvertebral fractures in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis: a randomized controlled trial. Vertebral Efficacy with Risedronate Therapy (VERT) Study Group. JAMA. 1999;282(14):1344–1352.
  • Reginster J, Minne HW, Sorensen OH, et al. Randomized trial of the effects of risedronate on vertebral fractures in women with established postmenopausal osteoporosis. Vertebral Efficacy with Risedronate Therapy (VERT) Study Group. Osteoporos Int. 2000;11(1):83–91.
  • Chesnut IC, Skag A, Christiansen C, et al. Effects of oral ibandronate administered daily or intermittently on fracture risk in postmenopausal osteoporosis. J Bone Miner Res. 2004;19(8):1241–1249.
  • Delmas PD, Recker RR, Chesnut CH, et al. Daily and intermittent oral ibandronate normalize bone turnover and provide significant reduction in vertebral fracture risk: results from the BONE study. Osteoporos Int. 2004;15(10):792–798.
  • Reid IR, Brown JP, Burckhardt P, et al. Intravenous zoledronic acid in postmenopausal women with low bone mineral density. N Engl J Med. 2002;346(9):653–661.
  • Black DM, Delmas PD, Eastell R, et al. Once-yearly zoledronic acid for treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. N Engl J Med. 2007;356(18):1809–1822.
  • Oryan A, Sahvieh S. Effects of bisphosphonates on osteoporosis: focus on zoledronate. Life Sci. 2021;264:118681.
  • Black DM, Reid IR, Cauley JA, et al. The effect of 6 versus 9 years of zoledronic acid treatment in osteoporosis: a randomized second extension to the HORIZON-Pivotal Fracture Trial (PFT). J Bone Miner Res. 2015;30(5):934–944.
  • Gedmintas L, Solomon DH, Kim SC. Bisphosphonates and risk of subtrochanteric, femoral shaft, and atypical femur fracture: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Bone Miner Res. 2013;28(8):1729–1737.
  • Pazianas M, Abrahamsen B, Ferrari S, et al. Eliminating the need for fasting with oral administration of bisphosphonates. Ther Clin Risk Manag. 2013;9:395–402.
  • McClung MR, Balske A, Burgio DE, et al. Treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis with delayed-release risedronate 35 mg weekly for 2 years. Osteoporos Int. 2013;24(1):301–310.
  • Thomasius F, Palacios S, Alam A, et al. Fracture rates and economic outcomes in patients with osteoporosis receiving gastro-resistant risedronate versus other oral bisphosphonates: a claims data analysis. Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Osteoporosis, Arthritis and Musculoskeletal Disorders; 2021 April 23–24; Dubai, United Arab Emirates.
  • Adler RA, El-Hajj Fuleihan G, Bauer DC, et al. Managing osteoporosis in patients on long-term bisphosphonate treatment: report of a task force of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research. J Bone Miner Res. 2016;31(1):16–35.
  • Pang KL, Low NY, Chin KY. A review on the role of denosumab in fracture prevention. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2020;14:4029–4051.
  • Cummings SR, San Martin J, McClung MR, et al. Denosumab for prevention of fractures in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. N Engl J Med. 2009;361(8):756–765.
  • Papapoulos S, Chapurlat R, Libanati C, et al. Five years of denosumab exposure in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis: results from the first two years of the FREEDOM extension. J Bone Miner Res. 2012;27(3):694–701.
  • Papapoulos S, Lippuner K, Roux C, et al. The effect of 8 or 5 years of denosumab treatment in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis: results from the FREEDOM Extension study. Osteoporos Int. 2015;26(12):2773–2783.
  • Boonen S, Adachi JD, Man Z, et al. Treatment with denosumab reduces the incidence of new vertebral and hip fractures in postmenopausal women at high risk. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011;96(6):1727–1736.
  • Bone HG, Bolognese MA, Yuen CK, et al. Effects of denosumab treatment and discontinuation on bone mineral density and bone turnover markers in postmenopausal women with low bone mass. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011;96(4):972–980.
  • Cummings SR, Ferrari S, Eastell R, et al. Vertebral fractures after discontinuation of denosumab: a post hoc analysis of the randomized placebo-controlled FREEDOM trial and its extension. J Bone Miner Res. 2018;33(2):190–198.
  • Anastasilakis AD, Evangelatos G, Makras P, et al. Rebound-associated vertebral fractures may occur in sequential time points following denosumab discontinuation: need for prompt treatment re-initiation. Bone Rep. 2020;12:100267.
  • Niimi R, Kono T, Nishihara A, et al. Second rebound-associated vertebral fractures after denosumab discontinuation. Arch Osteoporos. 2020;15(1):7.
  • Zhang C, Song C. Combination therapy of PTH and antiresorptive drugs on osteoporosis: a review of treatment alternatives. Front Pharmacol. 2020;11:607017.
  • Liu Y, Cao Y, Zhang S, et al. Romosozumab treatment in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Climacteric. 2018;21(2):189–195.
  • Cheng C, Wentworth K, Shoback DM. New frontiers in osteoporosis therapy. Annu Rev Med. 2020;71:277–288.
  • Kendler DL, Marin F, Zerbini CAF, et al. Effects of teriparatide and risedronate on new fractures in post-menopausal women with severe osteoporosis (VERO): a multicentre, double-blind, double dummy, randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2018;391(10117):230–240.
  • Hernandez AV, Pérez-López FR, Piscoya A, et al. Comparative efficacy of bone anabolic therapies in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Maturitas. 2019;129:12–22.
  • Kanis JA, Harvey NC, McCloskey E, et al. Algorithm for the management of patients at low, high and very high risk of osteoporotic fractures. Osteoporos Int. 2020;31(1):1–12.
  • Keaveny TM, Hoffmann PF, Singh M, et al. Femoral bone strength and its relation to cortical and trabecular changes after treatment with PTH, alendronate, and their combination as assessed by finite element analysis of quantitative CT scans. J Bone Miner Res. 2008;23(12):1974–1982.
  • Cairoli E, Eller-Vainicher C, Chiodini I. Update on denosumab in the management of postmenopausal osteoporosis: patient preference and adherence. Int J Womens Health. 2015;7:833–839.
  • Freemantle N, Satram-Hoang S, Tang ET, et al. Final results of the DAPS (Denosumab Adherence Preference Satisfaction) study: a 24-month, randomized, crossover comparison with alendronate in postmenopausal women. Osteoporos Int. 2012;23(1):317–326.
  • Diez-Perez A, Naylor KE, Abrahamsen B, et al. International Osteoporosis Foundation and European Calcified Tissue Society Working Group. Recommendations for the screening of adherence to oral bisphosphonates. Osteoporos Int. 2017;28(3):767–774.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.