441
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Special Issue papers: Genitourinary syndrome of menopause

Different local estrogen therapies for a tailored approach to GSM

, , , , &
Pages 361-366 | Received 02 Apr 2023, Accepted 23 May 2023, Published online: 15 Jun 2023

References

  • Lachowsky M, Nappi RE. The effects of oestrogen on urogenital health. Maturitas. 2009;63(2):149–151. doi: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2009.03.012.
  • Nappi RE, Polatti F. The use of estrogen therapy in women’s sexual functioning (CME). J Sex Med. 2009;6(3):603–616. quiz 618-619. doi: 10.1111/j.1743-6109.2008.01198.x.
  • Portman DJ, Gass ML, Vulvovaginal Atrophy Terminology Consensus Conference Panel. Genitourinary syndrome of menopause: new terminology for vulvovaginal atrophy from the International Society for the Study of Women’s Sexual Health and the North American Menopause Society. Menopause. 2014;21(10):1063–1068. doi: 10.1097/GME.0000000000000329.
  • Simon JA, Goldstein I, Kim NN, et al. The role of androgens in the treatment of genitourinary syndrome of menopause (GSM): International Society for the Study of Women’s Sexual Health (ISSWSH) expert consensus panel review. Menopause. 2018;25(7):837–847. doi: 10.1097/GME.0000000000001138.
  • Nappi RE, Verde JB, Polatti F, et al. Self-reported sexual symptoms in women attending menopause clinics. Gynecol Obstet Invest. 2002;53(3):181–187. doi: 10.1159/000058371.
  • Nappi RE, Albani F, Santamaria V, et al. Hormonal and psycho-relational aspects of sexual function during menopausal transition and at early menopause. Maturitas. 2010;67(1):78–83. Sep. doi: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2010.05.008.
  • Nappi RE. New attitudes to sexuality in the menopause: clinical evaluation and diagnosis. Climacteric. 2007;10 Suppl 2(Suppl 2):105–108. doi: 10.1080/13697130701599876.
  • Nappi RE, Martini E, Cucinella L, et al. Addressing Vulvovaginal Atrophy (VVA)/Genitourinary Syndrome of Menopause (GSM) for healthy aging in women. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2019;10:561. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00561.
  • Nappi RE, Di Carlo C, Cucinella L, et al. Viewing symptoms associated with Vulvovaginal Atrophy (VVA)/Genitourinary syndrome of menopause (GSM) through the estro-androgenic lens - Cluster analysis of a web-based Italian survey among women over 40. Maturitas. 2020;140:72–79. doi: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2020.06.018.
  • Nappi RE, Palacios S, Bruyniks N, et al. The burden of vulvovaginal atrophy on women’s daily living: implications on quality of life from a face-to-face real-life survey. Menopause. 2019;26(5):485–491. doi: 10.1097/GME.0000000000001260.
  • Gandhi J, Chen A, Dagur G, et al. Genitourinary syndrome of menopause: an overview of clinical manifestations, pathophysiology, etiology, evaluation, and management. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2016;215(6):704–711. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2016.07.045.
  • Nappi RE, Palacios S. Impact of vulvovaginal atrophy on sexual health and quality of life at postmenopause. Climacteric. 2014;17(1):3–9. doi: 10.3109/13697137.2013.871696.
  • Simon JA, Davis SR, Althof SE, et al. Sexual well-being after menopause: an international menopause society white paper. Climacteric. 2018;21(5):415–427. doi: 10.1080/13697137.2018.1482647.
  • Cucinella L, Martini E, Tiranini L, et al. Genitourinary syndrome of menopause: should we treat symptoms or signs? Curr Opin Endocr Metab Res. 2022;26:100386. doi: 10.1016/j.coemr.2022.100386.
  • Nappi RE, Cucinella L, Martini E, et al. The role of hormone therapy in urogenital health after menopause. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2021;35(6):101595. doi: 10.1016/j.beem.2021.101595.
  • The NAMS 2020 GSM Position Statement Editorial Panel. The 2020 genitourinary syndrome of menopause position statement of The North American menopause society. Menopause. 2020;27(9):976–992.
  • Hirschberg AL, Bitzer J, Cano A, et al. Topical estrogens and non-hormonal preparations for postmenopausal vulvovaginal atrophy: an EMAS clinical guide. Maturitas. 2021;148:55–61. doi: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2021.04.005.
  • Sturdee DW, Panay N, International Menopause Society Writing Group. Recommendations for the management of postmenopausal vaginal atrophy. Climacteric. 2010;13(6):509–522. doi: 10.3109/13697137.2010.522875.
  • Santen RJ, Stuenkel CA, Davis SR, et al. Managing menopausal symptoms and associated clinical issues in breast cancer survivors. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2017;102(10):3647–3661. doi: 10.1210/jc.2017-01138.
  • Shifren JL. Genitourinary syndrome of menopause. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 2018;61(3):508–516. doi: 10.1097/GRF.0000000000000380.
  • Phillips NA, Bachmann GA. The genitourinary syndrome of menopause. Menopause. 2021;28(5):579–588. doi: 10.1097/GME.0000000000001728.
  • Palacios S. Assessing symptomatic vulvar, vaginal, and lower urinary tract atrophy. Climacteric. 2019;22(4):348–351. doi: 10.1080/13697137.2019.1600499.
  • Santen RJ, Mirkin S, Bernick B, et al. Systemic estradiol levels with low-dose vaginal estrogens. Menopause. 2020;27(3):361–370. doi: 10.1097/GME.0000000000001463.
  • Simon J, Nachtigall L, Gut R, et al. Effective treatment of vaginal atrophy with an ultra-low-dose estradiol vaginal tablet. Obstet Gynecol. 2008;112(5):1053–1060. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0b013e31818aa7c3.
  • Constantine GD, Simon JA, Pickar JH, et al. The REJOICE trial: a phase 3 randomized, controlled trial evaluating the safety and efficacy of a novel vaginal estradiol soft-gel capsule for symptomatic vulvar and vaginal atrophy. Menopause. 2017;24(4):409–416. doi: 10.1097/GME.0000000000000786.
  • Eugster-Hausmann M, Waitzinger J, Lehnick D. Minimized estradiol absorption with ultra-low-dose 10 microg 17beta-estradiol vaginal tablets. Climacteric. 2010;13(3):219–227. doi: 10.3109/13697137.2010.483297.
  • Archer DF, Constantine GD, Simon JA, et al. TX-004HR vaginal estradiol has negligible to very low systemic absorption of estradiol. Menopause. 2017;24(5):510–516. doi: 10.1097/GME.0000000000000790.
  • Simon JA, Maamari RV. Ultra-low-dose vaginal estrogen tablets for the treatment of postmenopausal vaginal atrophy. Climacteric. 2013;16 Suppl 1(Suppl 1):37–43. doi: 10.3109/13697137.2013.807606.
  • Pickar JH, Amadio JM, Bernick BA, et al. Pharmacokinetic studies of solubilized estradiol given vaginally in a novel softgel capsule. Climacteric. 2016;19(2):181–187. doi: 10.3109/13697137.2015.1136926.
  • Cicinelli E, Di Naro E, De Ziegler D, et al. Placement of the vaginal 17beta-estradiol tablets in the inner or outer one third of the vagina affects the preferential delivery of 17beta-estradiol toward the uterus or periurethral areas, thereby modifying efficacy and endometrial safety. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2003;189(1):55–58. doi: 10.1067/mob.2003.341.
  • Coelingh Bennink HJ. Are all estrogens the same? Maturitas. 2004;47(4):269–275. doi: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2003.11.009.
  • Delgado JL, Estevez J, Radicioni M, et al. Pharmacokinetics and preliminary efficacy of two vaginal gel formulations of ultra-low-dose estriol in postmenopausal women. Climacteric. 2016;19(2):172–180. doi: 10.3109/13697137.2015.1098609.
  • Rueda C, Osorio AM, Avellaneda AC, et al. The efficacy and safety of estriol to treat vulvovaginal atrophy in postmenopausal women: a systematic literature review. Climacteric. 2017;20(4):321–330. doi: 10.1080/13697137.2017.1329291.
  • Mueck AO, Ruan X, Prasauskas V, et al. Treatment of vaginal atrophy with estriol and lactobacilli combination: a clinical review. Climacteric. 2018;21(2):140–147. doi: 10.1080/13697137.2017.1421923.
  • Buchholz S, Mögele M, Lintermans A, et al. Vaginal estriol-lactobacilli combination and quality of life in endocrine-treated breast cancer. Climacteric. 2015;18(2):252–259. doi: 10.3109/13697137.2014.991301.
  • Hirschberg AL, Sánchez-Rovira P, Presa-Lorite J, et al. Efficacy and safety of ultra-low dose 0.005% estriol vaginal gel for the treatment of vulvovaginal atrophy in postmenopausal women with early breast cancer treated with nonsteroidal aromatase inhibitors: a phase II, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Menopause. 2020;27(5):526–534. doi: 10.1097/GME.0000000000001497.
  • Murina F, Graziottin A, Felice R, et al. Coital pain in the elderly: could a low dose estriol gel thrill the vulvar vestibule? Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2016;207:121–124. doi: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2016.10.016.
  • Santos I, Clissold S. Urogenital disorders associated with oestrogen deficiency: the role of promestriene as topical oestrogen therapy. Gynecol Endocrinol. 2010;26(9):644–651. doi: 10.3109/09513591003767948.
  • Del Pup L, Di Francia R, Cavaliere C, et al. Promestriene, a specific topic estrogen. Review of 40 years of vaginal atrophy treatment: is it safe even in cancer patients? Anticancer Drugs. 2013;24(10):989–998. doi: 10.1097/CAD.0b013e328365288e.
  • Crandall CJ, Mehta JM, Manson JE. Management of menopausal symptoms: a review. JAMA. 2023;329(5):405–420. doi: 10.1001/jama.2022.24140.
  • Freedman M, Kaunitz AM, Reape KZ, et al. Twice-weekly synthetic conjugated estrogens vaginal cream for the treatment of vaginal atrophy. Menopause. 2009;16(4):735–741. doi: 10.1097/gme.0b013e318199e734.
  • Long CY, Liu CM, Hsu SC, et al. A randomized comparative study of the effects of oral and topical estrogen therapy on the vaginal vascularization and sexual function in hysterectomized postmenopausal women. Menopause. 2006;13(5):737–743. doi: 10.1097/01.gme.0000227401.98933.0b.
  • Hetemäki N, Savolainen-Peltonen H, Tikkanen MJ, et al. Estrogen metabolism in abdominal subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue in postmenopausal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2017;102(12):4588–4595. doi: 10.1210/jc.2017-01474.
  • Lethaby A, Ayeleke RO, Roberts H. Local oestrogen for vaginal atrophy in postmenopausal women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;2016(8):CD001500.
  • Rahn DD, Carberry C, Sanses TV, et al. Vaginal estrogen for genitourinary syndrome of menopause: a systematic review. Obstet Gynecol. 2014;124(6):1147–1156. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000000526.
  • Biehl C, Plotsker O, Mirkin S. A systematic review of the efficacy and safety of vaginal estrogen products for the treatment of genitourinary syndrome of menopause. Menopause. 2019;26(4):431–453. doi: 10.1097/GME.0000000000001221.
  • Palacios S, Ramirez M, Lilue M. Efficacy of low-dose vaginal 17β-estradiol versus vaginal promestriene for vulvovaginal atrophy. Climacteric. 2022;25(4):383–387. doi: 10.1080/13697137.2021.1998436.
  • Goetsch MF, Garg B, Lillemon J, et al. Treating where it hurts-a randomized comparative trial of vestibule estradiol for postmenopausal dyspareunia. Menopause. 2023;30(5):467–475. doi: 10.1097/GME.0000000000002162.
  • Crandall CJ, Diamant A, Santoro N. Safety of vaginal estrogens: a systematic review. Menopause. 2020;27(3):339–360. doi: 10.1097/GME.0000000000001468.
  • Constantine GD, Graham S, Lapane K, et al. Endometrial safety of low-dose vaginal estrogens in menopausal women: a systematic evidence review. Menopause. 2019;26(7):800–807. doi: 10.1097/GME.0000000000001315.
  • Crandall CJ, Hovey KM, Andrews CA, et al. Breast cancer, endometrial cancer, and cardiovascular events in participants who used vaginal estrogen in the Women’s Health Initiative Observational Study. Menopause. 2018;25(1):11–20. doi: 10.1097/GME.0000000000000956.
  • Kingsberg SA, Krychman ML. Resistance and barriers to local estrogen therapy in women with atrophic vaginitis. J Sex Med. 2013;10(6):1567–1574. doi: 10.1111/jsm.12120.
  • Manson JE, Goldstein SR, Kagan R, et al. Why the product labeling for low-dose vaginal estrogen should be changed. Menopause. 2014;21(9):911–916. doi: 10.1097/GME.0000000000000316.
  • Faubion SS, Larkin LC, Stuenkel CA, et al. Management of genitourinary syndrome of menopause in women with or at high risk for breast cancer: consensus recommendations from The North American Menopause Society and The International Society for the Study of Women’s Sexual Health. Menopause. 2018;25(6):596–608. doi: 10.1097/GME.0000000000001121.
  • Castelo-Branco C, Mension E, Torras I, et al. Treating genitourinary syndrome of menopause in breast cancer survivors: main challenges and promising strategies. Climacteric. 2023;22:1–6. doi: 10.1080/13697137.2023.2184253.
  • Kallak TK, Baumgart J, Göransson E, et al. Aromatase inhibitors affect vaginal proliferation and steroid hormone receptors. Menopause. 2014;21(4):383–390. doi: 10.1097/GME.0b013e31829e41df.
  • Nappi RE, Murina F, Perrone G, et al. Clinical profile of women with vulvar and vaginal atrophy who are not candidates for local vaginal estrogen therapy. Minerva Ginecol. 2017;69(4):370–380. doi: 10.23736/S0026-4784.17.04064-3.
  • Reiter S. Barriers to effective treatment of vaginal atrophy with local estrogen therapy. Int J Gen Med. 2013;6:153–158. doi: 10.2147/IJGM.S43192.
  • Nappi RE, Palacios S, Panay N, et al. The REVIVE (REal Women’s VIews of Treatment Options for Menopausal Vaginal ChangEs) survey in Europe: country-Specific comparisons of postmenopausal women’s perceptions, experiences and needs. Maturitas. 2016;91:81–90. doi: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2016.06.010.
  • Mili N, Paschou SA, Armeni A, et al. Genitourinary syndrome of menopause: a systematic review on prevalence and treatment. Menopause. 2021;28(6):706–716. doi: 10.1097/GME.0000000000001752.
  • Nappi RE, Palacios S, Panay N, et al. Vulvar and vaginal atrophy in four European countries: evidence from the European REVIVE Survey. Climacteric. 2016;19(2):188–197. doi: 10.3109/13697137.2015.1107039.
  • Kingsberg SA, Wysocki S, Magnus L, et al. Vulvar and vaginal atrophy in postmenopausal women: findings from the REVIVE (REal Women’s VIews of Treatment Options for Menopausal Vaginal ChangEs) survey. J Sex Med. 2013;10(7):1790–1799. doi: 10.1111/jsm.12190.
  • Nappi RE, Krychman ML. The American-European difference in vulvar and vaginal atrophy views: a lesson from the REVIVE survey. Climacteric. 2016;19(3):252–255. doi: 10.3109/13697137.2016.1173026.
  • Palacios S, Nappi RE, Bruyniks N, et al. The European Vulvovaginal Epidemiological Survey (EVES): prevalence, symptoms and impact of vulvovaginal atrophy of menopause. Climacteric. 2018;21(3):286–291. doi: 10.1080/13697137.2018.1446930.
  • Panay N, Palacios S, Bruyniks N, et al. Symptom severity and quality of life in the management of vulvovaginal atrophy in postmenopausal women. Maturitas. 2019;124:55–61. doi: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2019.03.013.
  • Derzko CM, Röhrich S, Panay N. Does age at the start of treatment for vaginal atrophy predict response to vaginal estrogen therapy? Post hoc analysis of data from a randomized clinical trial involving 205 women treated with 10 μg estradiol vaginal tablets. Menopause. 2020;28(2):113–118. doi: 10.1097/GME.0000000000001666.
  • Weidlinger S, Schmutz C, Janka H, et al. Sustainability of vaginal estrogens for genitourinary syndrome of menopause - a systematic review. Climacteric. 2021;24(6):551–559. doi: 10.1080/13697137.2021.1891218.
  • Palacios S, Castelo-Branco C, Currie H, et al. Update on management of genitourinary syndrome of menopause: a practical guide. Maturitas. 2015;82(3):308–313. doi: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2015.07.020.
  • Diem SJ, Guthrie KA, Mitchell CM, et al. Effects of vaginal estradiol tablets and moisturizer on menopause-specific quality of life and mood in healthy postmenopausal women with vaginal symptoms: a randomized clinical trial. Menopause. 2018;25(10):1086–1093. doi: 10.1097/GME.0000000000001131.
  • Constantine GD, Bouchard C, Pickar JH, et al. Consistency of effect with a low-dose, estradiol vaginal capsule (TX-004HR): evaluating improvement in vaginal physiology and moderate-to-severe dyspareunia in subgroups of postmenopausal women. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2017;26(6):616–623. doi: 10.1089/jwh.2016.6187.
  • Caruso S, Cianci S, Vitale SG, et al. Effects of ultralow topical estriol dose on vaginal health and quality of life in postmenopausal women who underwent surgical treatment for pelvic organ prolapse. Menopause. 2017;24(8):900–907. doi: 10.1097/GME.0000000000000851.
  • Weinberger JM, Houman J, Caron AT, et al. Female sexual dysfunction and the placebo effect: a meta-analysis. Obstet Gynecol. 2018;132(2):453–458. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000002733.
  • Marschalek ML, Bodner K, Kimberger O, et al. Sexual function in postmenopausal women with symptomatic pelvic organ prolapse treated either with locally applied estrogen or placebo: results of a double-masked, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial. J Sex Med. 2022;19(7):1124–1130. doi: 10.1016/j.jsxm.2022.04.007.
  • Marschalek ML, Bodner K, Kimberger O, et al. Does preoperative locally applied estrogen treatment facilitate prolapse-associated symptoms in postmenopausal women with symptomatic pelvic organ prolapse? A randomised controlled double-masked, placebo-controlled, multicentre study. BJOG. 2021;128(13):2200–2208. doi: 10.1111/1471-0528.16894.
  • Cucinella L, Martini E, Tiranini L, et al. Menopause and female sexual dysfunctions. Minerva Obstet Gynecol. 2022;74(3):234–248. doi: 10.23736/S2724-606X.22.05001-1.
  • Ettinger B, Hait H, Reape KZ, et al. Measuring symptom relief in studies of vaginal and vulvar atrophy: the most bothersome symptom approach. Menopause. 2008;15(5):885–889. doi: 10.1097/gme.0b013e318182f84b.
  • Nappi RE, Davis SR. The use of hormone therapy for the maintenance of urogynecological and sexual health post WHI. Climacteric. 2012;15(3):267–274. doi: 10.3109/13697137.2012.657589.
  • Cody JD, Jacobs ML, Richardson K, et al. Oestrogen therapy for urinary incontinence in post-menopausal women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;10(10):CD001405.
  • Nelken RS, Ozel BZ, Leegant AR, et al. Randomized trial of estradiol vaginal ring versus oral oxybutynin for the treatment of overactive bladder. Menopause. 2011;18(9):962–966. doi: 10.1097/gme.0b013e3182104977.
  • Bi Y, Chen Y, Li W, et al. Experience with successful treatment of severe recurrent vulvar adhesions: a case report. Front Surg. 2023;10:1052133. doi: 10.3389/fsurg.2023.1052133.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.