2,380
Views
2
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Articles

‘To Serve and Protect’: The Changing Roles of Police in the Protection of Civilians in UN Peace Operations

ORCID Icon

References

  • Agordzo, B.K., 2009. Filling the ‘security gap’ in post-conflict situations: could formed police units make a difference? International Peacekeeping, 16 (2), 287–294. doi:10.1080/13533310802685851
  • Bara, C., 2020. Shifting targets: the effect of peacekeeping on postwar violence. European Journal of International Relations, 26 (4), 979–1003. doi:10.1177/1354066120902503
  • Bayley, D.H.Changing the guard: Developing democratic police abroad. New York: Oxford University Press, 2006
  • Bellamy, A.J. and Hunt, C.T., 2015. Twenty‐first century UN peace operations: protection, force and the changing security environment. International Affairs, 91 (6), 1277–1298. doi:10.1111/1468-2346.12456
  • Bellamy, A.J. and Hunt, C.T., 2021. Using force to protect civilians in UN peacekeeping. Survival, 63 (3), 143–170. doi:10.1080/00396338.2021.1930411
  • Benner, T., Mergenthaler, S., and Rotmann, P., 2011. The new world of UN peace operations: learning to build peace?. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Berdal, M., 2019. What are the limits to the use of force in UN peacekeeping?. In: C. de Coning and M. Peter, eds. United Nations peace operations in a changing global order. Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 113–132.
  • Blair, R.A., 2019. International Intervention and the Rule of Law after Civil War: evidence from Liberia. International Organization, 73 (2), 365–398. doi:10.1017/S0020818319000031.
  • Blair, R.A., 2020. Peacekeeping, Policing, and the Rule of Law after Civil War. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Blair, R.A., 2021. Un Peacekeeping and the Rule of Law. The American Political Science Review, 115 (1), 51–68. doi:10.1017/S0003055420000738.
  • Bode, I. and Karlsrud, J., 2018. Implementation in Practice: the Use of Force to Protect Civilians in United Nations Peacekeeping. European Journal of International Relations, 25 (2), 458–485.
  • Brunsson, N., 1989. The Organization of Hypocrisy: talk, Decisions and Actions in Organizations. Wiley.
  • Chappuis, F. and Gorur, A., 2019. Conflicting Means, Converging Goals: civilian Protection and SSR. In: A. Ebo and H. Haenggi, eds. The United Nations and Security Sector Reform: policy and Practice. Zurich: Lit Verlag, pp. 195–216.
  • Ciorciari, J.D., 2020. Sharing Sovereignty in the Streets: international Policing in Fragile States. International Peacekeeping, 27 (5), 732–759. doi:10.1080/13533312.2020.1812391.
  • Day, A. The Future of UN Peace Operations in a Changing Conflict Environment. UN DPO Future of Peace Operations Project, New York: United Nations, 2020. https://peacekeeping.un.org/sites/default/files/future_of_peacekeeping_operations_in_a_changing_conflict_environment.pdf
  • Day, A., Gorur, A., Holt, V.K., Hunt, C.T., The Political Practice of Peacekeeping. New York / Washington, DC: UNU-CPR and Stimson Center, 2020
  • Day, A. and Hunt, C.T., 2022. Distractions, Distortions and Dilemmas: the Externalities of Protecting Civilians in United Nations Peacekeeping. Civil Wars, 24 (1), 97–116. doi:10.1080/13698249.2022.1995680
  • den Heyer, G., 2011. Filling the Security Gap: military or Police. Police Practice and Research, 12 (6), 460–473.
  • den Heyer, G., 2012. The Role of Civilian Police in Peacekeeping:1999–2007. Washington, DC: Police Foundation.
  • Di Salvatore, J., 2019. Peacekeepers against Criminal Violence—Unintended Effects of Peacekeeping Operations? American Journal of Political Science, 63 (4), 840–858. doi:10.1111/ajps.12451.
  • Donais, T. and Tanguay, E., 2021. Protection of Civilians and Peacekeeping’s Accountability Deficit. International Peacekeeping, 28 (4), 553–578. doi:10.1080/13533312.2021.1880900.
  • Durch, W.J. and Ker, M., November, 2013. Police in UN Peacekeeping: improving Selection, Recruitment, and Deployment. Providing for Peacekeeping. New York: International Peace Institute.
  • Dwan, R., ed., 2002. Executive Policing: enforcing the Law in Peace Operations. Oxford: Oxford University Press and Stockholm International Peace Research Institute.
  • Fjelde, H., Lisa, H., and Nilsson, D., 2019. Protection through Presence: uN Peacekeeping and the Costs of Targeting Civilians. International Organization, 73 (1), 103–131.
  • Foley, C., 2017. UN Peacekeeping Operations and the Protection of Civilians: saving Succeeding Generations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Foley, C., 2019. Rule of Law as a Component of Peace Operations. In: Richmond, O. P., Visoka, G. eds. The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Peace and Conflict Studies. Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 1–13.
  • Gorur, A. and Carstensen, N., 2016. Community Self-Protection. In: H. Willmot, M. Weller, R. Mamiya, and S. Sheeran, eds. Protection of Civilians. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 409–427.
  • Greener, B.K., 2008. UNPOL: UN Police as Peacekeepers. Policing and Society, 19 (2), 106–118.
  • Hansen, A.S., 2011. Policing the Peace: The Rise of United Nations Formed Police Units. Policy Briefing. Berlin: ZIF.
  • Henigson, H., 2020. Community Engagement in UN Peacekeeping Operations: a People-Centred Approach to Protecting Civilians. New York: International Peace Institute.
  • Hills, A., 2001. The Inherent Limits of Military Forces in Policing Peace Operations. International Peacekeeping, 8 (3), 79–98. doi:10.1080/13533310108413909.
  • Howard, L.M., 2019. Power in Peacekeeping. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Howard, L.M. and Anjali, K.D., 2018. The Use of Force in UN Peacekeeping. International Organization, 72 (1), 71–103.
  • Hultman, L., Kathman, J., and Shannon, M., 2013. United Nations Peacekeeping and Civilian Protection in Civil War. American Journal of Political Science, 57 (4), 875–891.
  • Hunt, C.T., 2015. UN Peace Operations and International Policing: Negotiating Complexity, Assessing Impact and Learning to Learn. London: Routledge.
  • Hunt, C.T., 2017. All Necessary Means to What Ends? The Unintended Consequences of the ‘Robust Turn’ in UN Peace Operations. International Peacekeeping, 24 (1), 108–131. doi:10.1080/13533312.2016.1214074.
  • Hunt, C.T., 2019. Rhetoric versus Reality in the Rise of Policing in UN Peace Operations: ‘More Blue, Less Green’? Australian Journal of International Affairs, 73 (6), 609–627. doi:10.1080/10357718.2019.1685936.
  • Hunt, C.T., 2020. Protection through Policing: the Protective Role of UN Police in Peace Operations. New York: International Peace Institute.
  • Hunt, C.T. and Sharland, L., 2019. Implementing the Responsibility to Protect through United Nations Peacekeeping Operations: opportunities and Challenges. In: C. Jacob and M. Mennecke, eds. Implementing the Responsibility to Protect: a Future Agenda. Abingdon: Routledge, pp. 215–235.
  • Hunt, C.T. and Zimmerman, S., 2019. Twenty Years of the Protection of Civilians in UN Peace Operations: progress, Problems and Prospects. Journal of International Peacekeeping, 23 (1–2), 50–81. doi:10.1163/18754112-20200004.
  • Johansson, K. and Hultman, L., 2019. UN Peacekeeping and Protection from Sexual Violence. The Journal of Conflict Resolution, 63 (7), 1656–1681. doi:10.1177/0022002718785003.
  • Karim, S.Militarized Policing is a Global Problem with U.S. Roots, (16 November 2021)World Politics Review. https://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/30125/militarized-policing-is-a-global-problem-with-u-s-roots.
  • Kathman, J.D. and Wood, R.M., 2016. Stopping the Killing During the “Peace”: peacekeeping and the Severity of Postconflict Civilian Victimization. Foreign Policy Analysis, 12 (2), 149–169.
  • Kirschner, S. and Miller, A., 2019. Does Peacekeeping Really Bring Peace? Peacekeepers and Combatant-Perpetrated Sexual Violence in Civil Wars. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 63 (9), 2043–2070.
  • Kroeker, M., 2007. ”Role of UN Police from Observing to 'Coaching', Top UN Advisor Says”. New York: UN News Service.
  • Laurence, M., 2019. An ‘Impartial’ Force? Normative Ambiguity and Practice Change in UN Peace Operations. International Peacekeeping, 26 (3), 256–280.
  • Lipson, M., 2007. “Peacekeeping: organized Hypocrisy?”. European Journal of International Relations, 13 (1), 5–34.
  • Lutterbeck, D., 2004. Between Police and Military: the New Security Agenda and the Rise of Gendarmeries. Cooperation and Conflict, 39 (1), 45–68. doi:10.1177/0010836704040832.
  • Osland, K.M., 2019. UN Policing: the Security–Trust Challenge. In: C. de Coning and M. Peter, eds. United Nations Peace Operations in a Changing Global Order. Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 191–209.
  • Perito, R.M., 2015. UN Peacekeeping in the Sahel: overcoming New Challenges United States Institute of Peace. Special Report, 365. March.
  • Phayal, A. and Prins, B.C., 2019. Deploying to protect: the effect of military peacekeeping deployments on violence against civilians. International Peacekeeping, 27 (2), 311–336.
  • Razza, N.D., 2020. The Accountability System for the Protection of Civilians in UN Peacekeeping. New York: International Peace Institute.
  • Rhoads, E.P., 2016. Taking Sides in Peacekeeping: impartiality and the Future of the United Nations. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Rhoads, E.P. and Sutton, R., 2020. The (Self) Protection of Civilians in South Sudan: popular and Community Justice Practices. African Affairs, 119 (476), 370–394. doi:10.1093/afraf/adaa017.
  • Rietjens, S. and Ruffa, C., 2019. Understanding Coherence in UN Peacekeeping: a Conceptual Framework. International Peacekeeping, 26 (4), 383–407. doi:10.1080/13533312.2019.1596742.
  • Sebastian, S., 2015. The Role of Police in U.N. Peace Operations: filling the Gap in the Protection of Civilians from Physical Violence. Civilians in Conflict, Policy Brief No.3. Washington DC: Stimson Center.
  • UN, 1999. UN Security Council. Report of the Secretary-General to the Security Council on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict 1999/957, 8,September, 1999.
  • UN, 2000. Brahimi report.
  • UN, 2008. United Nations peacekeeping operations: principles and guidelines. New York: United Nations.
  • UN, 2011. Human rights due diligence policy on UN support to non-UN Security Forces. DPKO/DFS.
  • UN, 2014a. UN Department of Peacekeeping Operations and Field support (UNDPKO/DFS) policy on United Nations police in peacekeeping operations and special political missions, New York: United Nations. Feb.
  • UN, 2014b. UN police towards 2020: serve and protect to build peace and security. Mar. http://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/sites/police/documents/2020.pdf
  • UN, 2014c. Security Council Resolution 2185. S/RES/2185. New York: United Nations.
  • UN, 2015a. United Nations Security Council. Report of the Secretary-General on the situation in the Central African Republic. S/2015/576. 29 July.
  • UN, 2015b. Protection of Civilians Policy. New York: DPKO.
  • UN, 2016b. External review of the functions, structure and capacity of the UN Police division. New York: United Nations. 31 May. https://police.un.org/sites/default/files/external-review-2016_0.pdf
  • UN, 2016c. Strategic guidance framework for international police peacekeeping. New York: United Nations. https://police.un.org/en/sgf
  • UN, 2016d. Report of the Secretary-General on United Nations policing. 10 Nov. 2016/952, http://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=S/2016/952
  • UN, 2016e. Formed police units in United Nations peacekeeping operations, policy (revised), Ref. 2016.10. https://police.un.org/sites/default/files/fpu_policy_2016.pdf
  • UN, 2017a. Security Council Resolution 2382. S/RES/2382. New York: United Nations.
  • UN, 2017b. The role of United Nations police in the protection of civilians. New York: United Nations DPKO/DFS.
  • UN, 2018a. Manual on community-oriented policing in United Nations peace operations. New York: United Nations: DPKO/DFS.
  • UN, 2018b. Inspection of the performance of missions' operational responses to Protection of Civilians (Poc) related incidents. New York: Inspection and Evaluation Department, Office of Internal Oversight Services.
  • UN, 2019a. Protection of Civilians policy. New York: United Nations: DPO.
  • UN. 2019b. Proceedings of 8661st meeting of the UN Security Council, 6 Nov., https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.8661
  • UN, 2020a. Peacekeeping factsheet (New York: United Nations.). 31 Mar.
  • UN, 2020b. POC Handbook. New York: United Nations: DPO.
  • UN, 2016a. Guidelines on police operations in United Nations peacekeeping operations and special political missions. DPKO/DFS. Jan.
  • UNMISS, 2014. Note of guidance For UNMISS, security of the IDP population in the PoC sites, Juba: United Nations Mission in South Sudan.
  • UNMISS, 2015. Guidelines on informal mitigation and dispute resolution mechanism in protection of civilians sites, August 2015, Juba: United Nations Mission in South Sudan.
  • Von Billerbeck, S. and Tansey, O., 2019. Enabling autocracy? Peacebuilding and post-conflict authoritarianism in the democratic Republic of Congo. European Journal of International Relations, 25 (3), 698–722.
  • Williams, P.D. and Bellamy, A.J., 2021. Understanding peacekeeping. Cambridge: Polity.
  • Willmot, H., et al., eds., 2016. Protection of civilians. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Wills, S., 2009. Protecting civilians: the obligations of peacekeepers. Oxford: Oxford University Press.