References
- Amiri, R. and Jackson, A., 2022. Taliban taxation in Afghanistan: 2006–2021. International Centre for Tax and Development. Working Paper 138. Brighton.
- Arjona, A., 2016. Rebelocracy: social order in the Colombian civil war. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Arjona, A., Kasfir, N., and Mampilly, Z., 2015. Introduction. In: A. Arjona, N. Kasfir, and Z. Mampilly, eds. Rebel governance in civil war. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1–20.
- Arnon, D., McAlexander, R., and Rubin, M.A., 2023 Social cohesion and community displacement in armed conflict. International Security. 47 (3), 52–94.
- Asal, V. and Nagel, R.U., 2021. Control over bodies and territories: insurgent territorial control and sexual violence. Security Studies, 30 (1), 136–158. doi:10.1080/09636412.2021.1885726.
- Bahiss, I., et al., 2022. Re-thinking armed group control. ODI Center for the Study of Armed Groups. Working Paper. London.
- Balcells, L., 2017. Rivalry and revenge: the politics of violence in civil wars. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Ballvé, T., 2021. The frontier effect: state formation and violence in Colombia. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. doi:10.7591/9781501747564.
- Barnes, N., 2022. The logic of criminal territorial control: military intervention in Rio de Janeiro. Comparative Political Studies, 55 (5), 789–831. doi:10.1177/00104140211036035.
- Black, D.J., 1976. The behavior of law. New York: Academic Press.
- Bleck, J., Boisvert, M., and Sangaré, B., 2018. I joined to save my people: children and non-state armed groups in Mali. In: S. O’Neil and K. van Broekhoven, eds. Cradled by conflict: child involvement with armed groups in contemporary conflicts. New York: United Nations University, 142–177.
- Breslawski, J., 2021. The social terrain of rebel-held territory. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 65 (2–3), 453–479. doi:10.1177/0022002720951857.
- Cahen, M., 1993. Check on socialism in Mozambique—What check? What socialism? Review of African Political Economy, 20 (57), 46–59. doi:10.1080/03056249308704003.
- Cunningham, K.G., Huang, R., and Sawyer, K.M., 2021. Voting for militants: Rebel elections in civil war. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 65 (1), 81–107. doi:10.1177/0022002720937750.
- Cunningham, K.G. and Loyle, C.E., 2021. Introduction to the special feature on dynamic processes of rebel governance. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 65 (1), 3–14. doi:10.1177/0022002720935153.
- Dipoppa, G., 2022. How criminal organizations expand to strong states: migration exploitation and political brokerage in northern Italy. Brown University, Working paper.
- Frymer, P., 2017. Building an American empire: the era of territorial and political expansion. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
- Galula, D., 1964. Counterinsurgency warfare: theory and practice. New York: Praeger.
- Gerring, J., 1999. What makes a concept good? A critical framework for understanding concept formation in the social sciences. Polity, 31 (3), 357–393. doi:10.2307/3235246.
- Gutiérrez, J.A., 2022. Rebel governance as state-building? Discussing the FARC-EP’s governance practices in southern Colombia. Partecipazione e Conflitto, 15 (1), 17–36.
- Gutiérrez Sanín, F., 2003. Heating up and cooling down: Armed agencies, civilians, and the oligopoly of violence in the Colombian war. Paper presented at the workshop on Obstacles to Robust Negotiated Settlements, Santa Fe Institute and Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá.
- Herbst, J., 1996. Responding to state failure in Africa. International Security, 21 (3), 120–144. doi:10.2307/2539275.
- Hoffmann, K. and Verweijen, J., 2019. Rebel rule: a governmentality perspective. African Affairs, 118 (471), 352–374. doi:10.1093/afraf/ady039.
- Jackson, A., 23 August 2022. How the Taliban’s more effective and ‘fairer’ tax system helped it win control of Afghanistan. The Conversation [ online]. Available from: https://theconversation.com/how-the-talibans-more-effective-and-fairer-tax-system-helped-it-win-control-of-afghanistan-184018 [Accessed 28 June 2023].
- Janmyr, M. and Mourad, L., 2018. Modes of ordering: labelling, classification and categorization in Lebanon’s refugee response. Journal of Refugee Studies, 31 (4), 544–565. doi:10.1093/jrs/fex042.
- Janowitz, M., 1975. Sociological theory and social control. American Journal of Sociology, 81 (1), 82–108. doi:10.1086/226035.
- Jardine, E., 2012. Population-centric counterinsurgency and the movement of peoples. Small Wars & Insurgencies, 23 (2), 264–294. doi:10.1080/09592318.2012.642220.
- Jentzsch, C., 2022. Violent resistance: militia formation and civil war in Mozambique. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Kalyvas, S.N., 2006. The logic of violence in civil war. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Kalyvas, S.N. and Balcells, L., 2010. International system and technologies of rebellion: how the end of the cold war shaped internal conflict. American Political Science Review, 104 (3), 415–429. doi:10.1017/S0003055410000286.
- Kilcullen, D., 2009. The accidental guerrilla: fighting small wars in the midst of a big one. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Lazarev, E., 2019. Laws in conflict: legacies of war, gender, and legal pluralism in Chechnya. World Politics, 71 (4), 667–709. doi:10.1017/S0043887119000133.
- Leimpek, T., 2020. A theory of internal displacement in civil war: rebel control and civilian movement in Sri Lanka. Thesis (PhD), ETH Zurich.
- Lichtenheld, A., 2020. Explaining population displacement strategies in civil wars: A cross-national analysis. International Organization, 74 (2), 253–294. doi:10.1017/S0020818320000089.
- Loyle, C.E., 2021. Rebel justice during armed conflict. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 65 (1), 108–134. doi:10.1177/0022002720939299.
- Malejacq, R., 2016. Warlords, intervention, and state consolidation: a typology of political orders in weak and failed states. Security Studies, 25 (1), 85–110. doi:10.1080/09636412.2016.1134191.
- Malthaner, S., 2015. Violence, legitimacy, and control: the microdynamics of support relationships between militant groups and their social environment. Civil Wars, 17 (4), 425–445. doi:10.1080/13698249.2015.1115575.
- Mampilly, Z., 2011. Rebel rulers: insurgent governance and civilian life during war. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
- Mampilly, Z. and Stewart, M.A., 2021. A typology of rebel political institutional arrangements. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 65 (1), 15–45. doi:10.1177/0022002720935642.
- Masullo, J., 2021. Civilian contention in civil war: how ideational factors shape community responses to armed groups. Comparative Political Studies, 54 (10), 1849–1884. doi:10.1177/0010414020912285.
- McNamee, L., 2018. Mass resettlement and political violence: evidence from Rwanda. World Politics, 70 (4), 595–644. doi:10.1017/S0043887118000138.
- McNamee, L., 2023. Settling for less: why states colonize and why they stop. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
- McNamee, L. and Zhang, A., 2019. Demographic engineering and international conflict: evidence from China and the former USSR. International Organization, 73 (2), 291–327. doi:10.1017/S0020818319000067.
- Meier, R.F., 1982. Perspectives on the concept of social control. Annual Review of Sociology, 8 (1), 35–55. doi:10.1146/annurev.so.08.080182.000343.
- Migdal, J.S., 1988. Strong societies and weak states: state-society relations and state capabilities in the third world. Princeton: Princeton University Press. doi:10.1515/9780691212852.
- O’Connor, F., 2019. The spatial dimension of insurgent-civilian relations: routinised insurgent space. Peace Research Institute Frankfurt, Working Paper 44, Frankfurt.
- Parkinson, S.E., 2013. Organizing rebellion: rethinking high-risk mobilization and social networks in war. American Political Science Review, 107 (3), 418–432. doi:10.1017/S0003055413000208.
- Pereira, J.C.G., 1999. The politics of survival. Peasants, chiefs and Renamo in Maringue District, Mozambique 1982-1992. Thesis (PhD), University of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg.
- Philpott, D., 2011. Sovereignty. In: G. Klosko, ed. The oxford handbook of the history of political philosophy. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 561–572.
- Ramírez Tobón, W., 2001. Colonizacion armada, poder local y territorializacion privada. Journal of Iberian and Latin American Studies, 7 (2), 63–81. doi:10.1080/13260219.2001.10430031.
- Revkin, M.R., 2019. What explains taxation by resource-rich rebels? Evidence from the Islamic state in Syria. The Journal of Politics, 82 (2), 757–764. doi:10.1086/706597.
- Rickard, K. and Bakke, K.M., 2021. Legacies of wartime order: punishment attacks and social control in Northern Ireland. Security Studies, 30 (4), 603–636. doi:10.1080/09636412.2021.1976822.
- Rubin, M.A., 2020. Rebel territorial control and civilian collective action in civil war: evidence from the communist insurgency in the Philippines. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 64 (2–3), 459–489. doi:10.1177/0022002719863844.
- Rubin, M.A. and Stewart, M.A., 2022. Essay 4: rebel territorial control and governance (forum on revolt and rule: learning about governance from rebel groups). International Studies Review, 24 (4), 1–29. doi:10.1093/isr/viac043.
- Rupesinghe, N. and Diall, Y., 2023. The emergence of jihadist rule in Central Mali. Paper presented at the European Conference on African Studies (ECAS), May Cologne.
- Sánchez-Cuenca, I. and de la Calle, L., 2009. Domestic terrorism: the hidden side of political violence. Annual Review of Political Science, 12 (1), 31–49. doi:10.1146/annurev.polisci.12.031607.094133.
- Schouten, P., 2022. Roadblock politics: the origins of violence in central Africa. Cambridge University Press.
- Schwartz, S., 2019. Home, again: refugee return and post-conflict violence in Burundi. International Security, 44 (2), 110–145. doi:10.1162/isec_a_00362.
- Scott, C., 1998. Liberia: a nation displaced. In: R. Cohen and F.M. Deng, eds. The forsaken people: case studies of the internally displaced. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 97–138.
- Slater, D. and Kim, D., 2015. Standoffish states: nonliterate leviathans in Southeast Asia. TRaNs: Trans-Regional and -National Studies of Southeast Asia, 3 (1), 25–44. doi:10.1017/trn.2014.14.
- Staniland, P., 2014. Violence and democracy. Comparative Politics, 47 (1), 99–118. doi:10.5129/001041514813623128.
- Steele, A., 2009. Seeking safety: avoiding displacement and choosing destinations in civil wars. Journal of Peace Research, 46 (3), 419–430. doi:10.1177/0022343309102660.
- Steele, A., 2017. Democracy and displacement in Colombia’s civil war. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. doi:10.7591/cornell/9781501713736.001.0001.
- Steele, A., Paik, C., and Tanaka, S., 2017. Constraining the Samurai: rebellion and taxation in early modern Japan. International Studies Quarterly, 61 (2), 352–370. doi:10.1093/isq/sqx008.
- Tapscott, R., 2021. Arbitrary states: social control and modern authoritarianism in Museveni’s Uganda. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/oso/9780198856474.001.0001.
- Toft, M.D., 2014. Territory and war. Journal of Peace Research, 51 (2), 185–198. doi:10.1177/0022343313515695.
- U.S. Department of the Army, 2007. The U.S. Army/Marine Corps counterinsurgency field manual: U.S. Army field manual no. 3-24. Marine Corps warfighting publication no. 3-33.5. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
- van Baalen, S., 2021. Local elites, civil resistance, and the responsiveness of rebel governance in Côte d’Ivoire. Journal of Peace Research, 58 (5), 930–944. doi:10.1177/0022343320965675.
- Vargas Castillo, A., 2019. Legacies of civil war: Wartime rule and communal authority in rural Colombia. Thesis (PhD), Yale University.
- Waterman, A., 2023. The shadow of ‘the boys:’ rebel governance without territorial control in Assam’s ULFA insurgency. Small Wars & Insurgencies, 34 (1), 279–304. doi:10.1080/09592318.2022.2120324.
- Waterman, A. and Worrall, J., 2020. Spinning multiple plates under fire: the importance of ordering processes in civil wars. Civil Wars, 22 (4), 567–590. doi:10.1080/13698249.2020.1858527.
- Weber, S., 2023. Controlling a moving world: territorial control, displacement and the spread of civilian targeting in Iraq. Working Paper, University College London.
- Weiner, M. and Teitelbaum, M.S., 2001. Political demography, demographic engineering. New York: Berghahn Books.
- Wood, E.J., 2003. Insurgent collective action and civil war in El Salvador. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Worrall, J., 2017. (Re-)emergent orders: understanding the negotiation(s) of rebel governance. Small Wars & Insurgencies, 28 (4–5), 709–733. doi:10.1080/09592318.2017.1322336.
- Zhukov, Y.M., 2014. Population resettlement in war: theory and evidence from Soviet archives. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 59 (7), 1155–1185. doi:10.1177/0022002713520590.