Do No Harm: The Role of Humanitarian Aid and Neutrality in Protracting Civil Wars

References

• Abeytia, A., 2020. Finding the light in the darkness: Muslim-American NGOs lead the way in Syrian Humanitarian aid efforts. Journal of Muslim Philanthropy & Civil Society, 4 (2), 61–88.
   Google Scholar
• Adami, M., 2021. Disorder within the humanitarian sector: the old versus new humanitarianism debate. Disasters, 45 (2), 403–423. doi:10.1111/disa.12426.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alexander, J. 2022. How the humanitarian sector can learn from its past. The New Humanitarian.
   Google Scholar
• Aloudat, T., Khan, T., and Robinson, J., 2022. Decolonising humanitarianism or humanitarian aid? PLOS Global Public Health, 2 (4), 179. doi:10.1371/journal.pgph.0000179.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Anderson, M.A., 1999. Do no harm: how aid can support peace-or war. Lynne Rienner Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Anderson, M.A., 2004. ”Do No Harm”: Reflections on the Impacts of International Assistance Provided to the Occupied Palestinian Territories. Cambridge: CDA.
   Google Scholar
• Anderson, M.B., 2022. Looking back to look forward. Development in Practice, 33 (5), 528–533.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asgary, R., 2015. Direct killing of patients in humanitarian situations and armed conflicts: the profession of medicine is losing its meaning. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 92 (4), 678. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.14-0364.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barakat, S., Deely, S., and Zyck, S.A., 2010. ‘A tradition of forgetting’: stabilisation and humanitarian action in historical perspective. Disasters, 34, S297–S319. doi:10.1111/j.1467-7717.2010.01207.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernstorff, J.V. and Dann, P., 2013. Reforming the World Bank’s safeguards: a comparative legal analysis. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ), 1, 1–39.
   Google Scholar
• Bonis Charancle, J.M. and Lucchi, E., 2018. Incorporating the principle of “do no harm”: how to take action without causing harm: Reflections on a review of humanity & inclusion’s practices. Humanity & Inclusion Practices, 1, 1–32 .
   Google Scholar
• Branch, A., 2009. Humanitarianism, violence, and the camp in Northern Uganda. Civil Wars, 11 (4), 477–501. doi:10.1080/13698240903403857.
   Google Scholar
• Broussard, G., et al., 2019. Challenges to ethical obligations and humanitarian principles in conflict settings: a systematic review. Journal of International Humanitarian Action, 4 (1), 1–13. doi:10.1186/s41018-019-0063-x.
   Google Scholar
• Burkle, F.M., Jr, et al., 2017. The solidarity and health neutrality of physicians in war & peace. PLoS Currents, 9. doi:10.1371/currents.dis.1a1e352febd595087cbeb83753d93a4c
   Google Scholar
• Clapham, A. and Afako, B., 2023. Report of the commission on human rights in South Sudan. United Nations General Assembly, 1, 1–20.
   Google Scholar
• Clarinval, C. and Biller-Andorno, N., 2014. Challenging operations: an ethical framework to assist humanitarian aid workers in their decision-making processes. PLoS Currents, 6. doi:10.1371/currents.dis.96bec99f13800a8059bb5b5a82028bbf.
   Google Scholar
• Cubukcuoglu, S., 2015. Politicization of humanitarian aid in Syria. [online]. Tufts University. Available from: https://www.academia.edu/9545195/Politicization_of_Humanitarian_Aid_in_Syria. [Accessed 1 August 2023].
   Google Scholar
• Currion, P., 2020. Decolonising aid, again. The New Humanitarian.
   Google Scholar
• Daniel, D.C. and Hayes, B., 1998. Dealing with obstructionist leaders. Civil Wars, 1 (3), 65–94. doi:10.1080/13698249808402382.
   Google Scholar
• Devereux, S., et al., 2017. The targeting effectiveness of social transfers. Journal of Development Effectiveness, 9 (2), 162–211. doi:10.1080/19439342.2017.1305981.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di Giovanni, A., 2014. A pebble in the shoe: assessing the uses of Do No Harm in international assistance. Verfassung und Recht in Übersee/Law and Politics in Africa, Asia and Latin America, 198–228. doi:10.5771/0506-7286-2014-2-198.
   Google Scholar
• Droubi, S. and d’Aspremont, J., eds., 2020. International organisations, non-state actors, and the formation of customary international law. Manchester University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Duffield, M., 1994. Complex emergencies and the crisis of developmentalism. IDS Bulletin, 25 (4), 37–45. doi:10.1111/j.1759-5436.1994.mp25004006.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duffield, M., 2007. Development, security and unending war: governing the world of 940 peoples. Cambridge: Polity.
   Google Scholar
• Duffield, M., 2018. Post-humanitarianism: governing precarity in the digital world. Cambridge: John Wiley & Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Duffield, M.R., 2001. Global governance and the new wars: the merging of development and security. London: Zed Books.
   Google Scholar
• Egeland, J., Harmer, A., and Stoddard, A., 2011. To stay and deliver: good practice for humanitarians in complex security environments. New York: Policy Development and Studies Branch (PDSB), UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA).
   Google Scholar
• Fegley, R., 2009. Local needs and agency conflict: a case study of Kajo Keji County, Sudan. African Studies Quarterly, 11 (1), 25–56.
   Google Scholar
• Forman, S. and Patrick, S., eds., 2000. Good intentions: pledges of aid for post-conflict recovery. Lynne Rienner Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Fox, F., 2001. New humanitarianism: does it provide a moral banner for the 21st century? Disasters, 25 (4), 275–289. doi:10.1111/1467-7717.00178.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frennesson, L., et al., 2022. International humanitarian organizations’ perspectives on localization efforts. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 83, 103410. doi:10.1016/j.ijdrr.2022.103410
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frieden, J., 2012. A donor’s perspective on aid and conflict. In: S. von Einsiedel, D.M. Malone, and S. Pradhan, eds. Nepal in transition: from people’s war to fragile peace. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 100–113.
   Google Scholar
• Goodhand, J., 2006. Working ‘in’ and ‘on’ war. In: H. Yanacopulos and J. Hanlon, eds. Civil war, civil peace. Milton Keynes: Open University. 280–313.
   Google Scholar
• Guéhenno, J.M., 2018. The United Nations & civil wars. Dædalus, 147 (1), 185–196. doi:10.1162/DAED_a_00483.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harmer, A. and Macrae, J., 2003. Humanitarian action and the ‘global war on terror’: a review of trends and issues. London: Overseas Development Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Harvey, P., 2013. International humanitarian actors and governments in areas of conflict: challenges, obligations, and opportunities. Disasters, 37 (2), 151–170. doi:10.1111/disa.12019.
   Google Scholar
• Haver, K., 2016. Tug of war: ethical decision-making to enable humanitarian access in high-risk environments. London, UK: Humanitarian Practice Network (HPN).
   Google Scholar
• Hopkins, N. and Beals, E., 2016. How Assad regime controls UN aid intended for Syrian’s children. The Guardian.
   Google Scholar
• ICRC, 1994. Code of conduct for the international red cross and red crescent movement and NGOs in disaster relief. International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies and the ICRC.
   Google Scholar
• Jansen, B.J., 2017. The humanitarian protectorate of South Sudan? Understanding insecurity for humanitarians in a political economy of aid. The Journal of Modern African Studies, 55 (3), 349–370. doi:10.1017/S0022278X17000271.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jean, I., Anderson, M.B., and Brown, D., 2012. Time to listen: hearing people on the receiving end of international aid. Cambridge: Collaborative Learning Projects.
   Google Scholar
• Jobbins, M., 2018. Humanitarian assistance and peacebuilding. In: Integrated peacebuilding. Routledge, 77–102.
   Google Scholar
• Joshi, P.T., Dalton, M.E., and O’donnell, D.A., 2008. Ethical issues in local, national, and international disaster psychiatry. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 17 (1), 165–185. doi:10.1016/j.chc.2007.07.010.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalyvas, S.N., 2006. The logic of violence in civil war. Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Keen, D., 2013. When do no harm hurts. New York Times.
   Google Scholar
• Khaled, A.F.M., 2021. Do no harm in refugee humanitarian aid: the case of the Rohingya humanitarian response. Journal of International Humanitarian Action, 6 (1), 1–13. doi:10.1186/s41018-021-00093-9.
   Google Scholar
• Khanna, N., 2022. Decoding neutrality in humanitarianism. Peace Direct.
   Google Scholar
• Kleinfeld, P., 2021. Tigray aid response hit by suspensions, blockade. The New Humanitarian.
   Google Scholar
• Kurtzer, J. and Moss, K., 2021. Humanitarian suspensions and the politicization of aid in Ethiopia. CSIS.
   Google Scholar
• Labbé, J., 2012. Rethinking humanitarianism: adapting to 21st century challenges. New York, NY: International Peace Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Le Sage, A.L., 1998. Engaging the political economy of conflict: Towards a radical humanitarianism. Civil Wars, 1 (4), 27–55. doi:10.1080/13698249808402389.
   Google Scholar
• Lynch, C., 2014. UN’s fear of angering Assad leaves gap in Syria aid effort. Foreign Policy, 30.
   Google Scholar
• Mačák, K., 2014. Principles of neutrality and impartiality of humanitarian action in the aftermath of the 2011 Libyan conflict. Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• MacCormack, C.F., 2013. Coordination and collaboration: an ngo view. In: The pulse of humanitarian assistance. Fordham University Press, 243–262.
   Google Scholar
• Martínez, J.C. and Eng, B., 2016. The unintended consequences of emergency food aid: neutrality, sovereignty and politics in the Syrian civil war, 2012–15. International Affairs, 92 (1), 153–173. doi:10.1111/1468-2346.12502.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miles, S.H., 2005. The Hippocratic oath and the ethics of medicine. New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Narang, N., 2014. Humanitarian assistance and the duration of peace after civil war. The Journal of Politics, 76 (2), 446–460. doi:10.1017/S0022381613001382.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Narang, N., 2015. Assisting uncertainty: how humanitarian aid can inadvertently prolong civil war. International Studies Quarterly, 59 (1), 184–195. doi:10.1111/isqu.12151.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Brien, P., 2004. La constitution intermittente de l’activité. Harvard Human Rights Journal, 17 (3), 31. doi:10.3917/mult.017.0031.
   Google Scholar
• OCHA, 2012. Foreign military and civil defence assets in support of humanitarian emergency operations: what is last resort. OCHA.
   Google Scholar
• Patel, R.B. and Wild, H.B., 2018. To do no harm: humanitarian aid in conflict demands political engagement. Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness, 19, 1–2.
   Google Scholar
• Pictet, J., 1979. The fundamental principles of the red cross. International Review of the Red Cross, 19 (210), 130–149. doi:10.1017/S0020860400019872.
   Google Scholar
• Poffley, R., 2012. The dilemma of neutrality: to what extent can humanitarian assistance be combined with efforts to promote development? Medicine, Conflict and Survival, 28 (2), 113–123. doi:10.1080/13623699.2012.678059.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Reychler, L., 2006. Humanitarian aid for sustainable peace building. In: P. Gibbons and B. Piquard, eds. Working in conflict – working on conflict: humanitarian dilemmas and challenges. Bilbao: University of Deusto, 135–154.
   Google Scholar
• Rieffer-Flanagan, B.A., 2009. Is neutral humanitarianism dead? Red Cross neutrality: walking the tightrope of neutral humanitarianism. Human Rights Quarterly, 31 (4), 888. doi:10.1353/hrq.0.0112.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandvik, K.B., Jacobsen, E.L., and McDonald, A., 2017. Do no harm: a taxonomy of the challenges of humanitarian experimentation. International Review of the Red Cross, 99 (1), 319–344. doi:10.1017/S181638311700042X.
   Google Scholar
• Schmeidl, S., Ware, A., and Alberti, C., 2023. Conflict sensitivity/do no harm (DNH) in development, humanitarian, and peacebuilding practice–reflections and emerging trends. Development in Practice, 33 (5), 517–527. doi:10.1080/09614524.2023.2215970.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sewell, A., 2018. New worries over refugee aid. US News.
   Google Scholar
• Seybolt, T.B., 2007. Humanitarian military intervention: the conditions for success and failure. USA: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Slim, H., 2020. You don’t have to be neutral to be a good humanitarian’. The New Humanitarian.
   Google Scholar
• Smirl, L., 2015. Spaces of aid: how cars, compounds and hotels shape humanitarianism. Bloomsbury Publishing. doi:10.5040/9781350222748.
   Google Scholar
• UNICEF, 2003. Humanitarian Principles. UNICEF.
   Google Scholar
• Uvin, P., 1998. Aiding violence: the development enterprise in Rwanda. Coulder, CO: Lynne Reinner Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Van Mierop, E.S., 2015. Coming clean on neutrality and independence: The need to assess the application of humanitarian principles. International Review of the Red Cross, 97 (897–898), 295–318. doi:10.1017/S181638311500065X.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Oudenaren, D., 2017. Politicised humanitarian aid is fuelling South Sudan’s civil war. The New Humanitarian.
   Google Scholar
• Wallace, M., 2002. The learning process of the local capacities for peace project. Development in Practice, 12 (3–4), 480–489. doi:10.1080/0961450220149825.
   Google Scholar
• Weissman, F. and Terry, F., eds., 2004. In the shadow of ‘just wars’: violence, politics, and humanitarian action. London: Cornell University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Wood, R.M. and Molfino, E., 2016. Aiding victims, abetting violence: the influence of humanitarian aid on violence patterns during civil conflict. Journal of Global Security Studies, 1 (3), 186–203. doi:10.1093/jogss/ogw007.
   Google Scholar
• Wood, R.M. and Sullivan, C., 2015. Doing harm by doing good? The negative externalities of humanitarian aid provision during civil conflict. The Journal of Politics, 77 (3), 736–748. doi:10.1086/681239.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zaum, D., 2009. International non-governmental organisations and civil wars. Civil Wars, 11 (1), 22–38. doi:10.1080/13698240802407025.
   Google Scholar