481
Views
2
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Articles

Unravelling Local Dynamics in the Sino-North Korean Border Region

ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon

References

  • Amin, A. 2004. Regions unbound: Towards a new politics of pace. Geografiska Annaler, Series B: Human Geography 86 (1):33–44. doi:10.1111/j.0435-3684.2004.00152.x.
  • Bach, J. 2011. Modernity and the urban imagination in economic zones. Theory, Culture & Society 28 (5):98–122. doi:10.1177/0263276411411495.
  • Bae, C. R., and S. H. Yoon. 2015. Analysis of the current status of Jilin’s investment in North Korea. Seoul: Korea Institute for National Unification (in Korean).
  • Baek, J. 2016. North Korea’s hidden revolution: How the information underground is transforming a closed society. New Haven and London: Yale University Press.
  • Bernal, G. 2020 How COVID-19 is affecting North Korea’s economy. The Diplomat, March 31. https://thediplomat.com/2020/03/how-covid-19-is-affecting-north-koreas-economy/.
  • Billé, F., ed. 2020. Voluminous states: Sovereignty, materiality, and the territorial imagination. Durham and London: Duke University Press.
  • Brenner, N. 2003. State/Space: A reader. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing.
  • Brenner, N. 2009. Open questions on state rescaling. Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society 2 (1):123–39. doi:10.1093/cjres/rsp002.
  • Breslin, S., and G. D. Hook. 2002. Microregionalism and world order: Concepts, approaches, and implications. In Microregionalism and world order. S. Breslin and G. D. Hook (Ed.,), 1–20. New York: Palgrave Macmillan
  • Bruns, B., and J. Miggelbrink. 2012. Subverting borders: Doing research on smuggling and small-scale trade. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag.
  • Cappellano, F., and T. Makkonen. 2020. Cross-border regional innovation ecosystems: The role of non-profit organizations in cross-border cooperation at the US-Mexico border. GeoJournal 85:1515–28. doi:10.1007/s10708-019-10038-w.
  • Cathcart, A., and C. Green. 2021. Purges and peripheries: Jang Song-taek, Pyongyang’s SEZ strategy, and relations with China. In Decoding the Sino-North Korean borderlands, (Ed.,). A. Cathcart, C. Green, and S. Denney, 289–311. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press.
  • Cathcart, A., C. Green, and S. Denney. 2021. Decoding the Sino-North Korean borderlands. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press.
  • Cha, V. 2021. North Korea could become one of Biden’s biggest challenges — And not just because of its nukes. The Washington Post, January 16. https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2021/01/15/why-north-korea-could-become-one-bidens-biggest-challenges/
  • Cheng, X. 2013. North Korea’s third nuclear test and impact on Sino North Korean relations. The Journal of East Asian Affairs 27 (1):23–46.
  • Choe, S.-H. 2017. China suspends all coal imports from North Korea. The New York Times, February 18. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/18/world/asia/north-korea-china-coal-imports-suspended.html
  • Choi, E. 2011. Everyday practices of bordering and the threatened bodies of undocumented North Korean border-crossers. In The Ashgate research companion to border studies, ed. D. Wastl-Walter, 507–27. Farnham and Burlington: Ashgate.
  • Clément, T. 2019. From failed economic interfaces to political levers: Assessing China-South Korea competition and cooperation scenarios on North Korean Special Economic Zones. KEI Academic Paper Series, June 11. http://keia.org/publication/failed-economic-interfaces-political-levers-assessing-china-south-korea-competition-and-
  • Clément, T. 2021. Change on the edges: The Rajin-Sonbong economic and trade zone. In Decoding the Sino-North Korean borderlands, ed. A. Cathcart, C. Green, and S. Denney, 239–68. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press.
  • Clover, C., S. F. Ju, and J. Song. 2018. Chinese border town awaits North Korea trade thaw. Financial Times, June 22. https://www.ft.com/content/bb83d626-75b9-11e8-b326-75a27d27ea5f
  • Coleman, M. 2005. US statecraft and the US–Mexico border as security/economy nexus. Political Geography 24 (2):185–209. doi:10.1016/j.polgeo.2004.09.016.
  • Colin, S. 2013. Swinging borders: The Sino-Korean border during the sunshine policy. In De-bordering Korea: Tangible and intangible legacies of the sunshine policy, ed. V. Gelézeau, L. D. Ceuster, and A. Delissen, 68–84. Abingdon, Oxon and New York: Routledge.
  • Cons, J. 2016. Sensitive space: Fragmented territory at the India-Bangladesh border. Seattle: University of Washington Press.
  • Cons, J., and R. Sanyal. 2013. Geographies at the margins: Borders in South Asia. Political Geography 35:5–13. doi:10.1016/j.polgeo.2013.06.001.
  • Dandong Daily. 2005. Border trading booms. February 2. (in Chinese)
  • Dandong Daily. 2006. Returned Chinese (from DPRK): Leading vitality of border trading. March 29. (in Chinese).
  • Dandong Local History Office. 1997-2019, each year. Dandong yearbook. Shenyang: China Society Publisher. (in Chinese).
  • Denyer, S. 2017. China bans North Korean iron, lead, coal imports as part of U.N. santions. The Washington Post, August 14. https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/china-bans-north-korea-iron-lead-coal-imports-as-part-of-un-sanctions/2017/08/14/a0ce4cb0-80ca-11e7-82a4-920da1aeb507_story.html.
  • Dorfman, A., A. B. C. França, and R. F. França. 2017. Political commodities and sovereignty management: Cigarette smuggling across Brazil’s southern borders. Geopolitics 22 (4):863–86. doi:10.1080/14650045.2017.1356288.
  • Doucette, J., and S.-O. Lee. 2015. Experimental territoriality: Assembling the Kaesong industrial complex in North Korea. Political Geography 47:53–63. doi:10.1016/j.polgeo.2015.04.001.
  • DPRK Foreign Economy and Investment Cooperation Committee. 2019. Democratic Peoples’ Republic Of Korea Investment Guide. presentation, July 1. Yanji City of Jilin, China. (in Korean).
  • Elden, S. 2013. Secure the volume: Vertical geopolitics and the depth of power. Political Geography 34:35–51. doi:10.1016/j.polgeo.2012.12.009.
  • Fifield, A. 2019. Traders in China prepare for a rush into North Korea. But sanctions still stand in the way. The Washington Post, August 8. https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/chinese-traders-prepare-for-rush-into-north-korea-but-sanctions-still-stand-in-the-way/2019/08/07/5647021c-a171-11e9-b7b4-95e30869bd15_story.html
  • Garrett, B., and B. Glaser. 1995. Looking across the Yalu: Chinese assessments of North Korea. Asian Survey 35 (6):528–45. doi:10.2307/2645707.
  • Golub, S. 2015. Informal cross-border trade and smuggling in Africa. In Handbook on trade and development, ed. O. Morrissey, R. Lopez, and K. Sharma, 179–209. Cheltenham, UK and Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar.
  • Graham, S. 2004. Vertical geopolitics: Baghdad and after. Antipode 36 (1):12–23. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8330.2004.00379.x.
  • Graham, S. 2016. Vertical: The city from satellites to bunkers. London: Verso.
  • Green, C. 2016. The Sino–North Korean border economy: Money and power relations in North Korea. Asian Perspective 40:415–34. doi:10.1353/apr.2016.0019.
  • Haggard, S., and M. Noland. 2017. Hard target: Sanctions, inducements, and the case of North Korea. Palo Alto: Stanford University Press.
  • Harashima, D. 2018. China-North Korea border trade thrives again, despite sanctions. Nikkei Asian Review 6 December https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/N-Korea-at-crossroads/China-North-Korea-border-trade-thrives-again-despite-sanctions
  • Hastings, J. V. 2016. A most enterprising country: North Korea in the global economy. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
  • Helong People’s Government. 2017. Helong Investment Project. (in Chinese).
  • Hettne, B., and F. Söderbaum. 2000. Theorising the rise of regionness. New Political Economy 5(3): 457–472. d oi.org/1 0.1 080/713687778
  • Horstmann, A., M. Saxer, and A. Rippa, eds. 2018. Routledge handbook of Asian borderlands. London: Taylor and Francis.
  • Hoshino, M., and S. Hiraiwa. 2020. Four factors in the ‘Special relationship’ between China and North Korea: A framework for analyzing the China–North Korea relationship under Xi Jinping and Kim Jong-Un. Journal of Contemporary East Asia Studies 9 (1):18–28. doi:10.1080/24761028.2020.1754998.
  • Jilin Daily. 2014. DPRK North Pyong’an province tourism agency training base. April 23. http://korean.people.com.cn/84966/98347/15408148.html
  • Jilin Provincial Reform and Development Committee. 2009. China’s Tumen River Area Cooperative Development Plan - taking Changjitu as a Pilot Zone. (in Chinese).
  • Jilin Tonghua International Inland Port Committee. 2017. Jilin Tonghua International Inland Port Zone. Tonghua: Tonghuashi Peoples’ Government. (in Chinese).
  • Johnson, C., R. Jones, A. Paasi., L. Amoore., A. Mountz., M. Salter., and C. Rumford. 2011. Interventions on rethinking ‘the border’ in border studies. Political Geography 30:61–69. doi:10.1016/j.polgeo.2011.01.002.
  • Joo, J. 2014. The strategy and practices of China’s trans-border cooperation: A case study of Sino-North Korean cooperation. In A new approach for a peace city Incheon, ed. Institute for Incheon Development, 301–52. Incheon: Institute for Incheon Development. (in Korean)
  • Kang, D. 2019. In Chinese border city, locals hope North Korea opens up. ABC News, February 25. https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/chinese-border-city-locals-hope-north-korea-opens-61272304
  • Kim, C. H., and J. Kang. 2015. Reworking the frame: Analysis of current discourses on North Korea and a case study of North Korean labour in Dandong, China. Asia Pacific Viewpoint 56 (3):392–402. doi:10.1111/apv.12107.
  • Kim, H., and M. H. Choi. 2005. Yangbin incident and Sino-North Korean relations. Korean Political Science Review 39 (1):325–45. in Korean.
  • Kim, J. 2019. U.N. Sanctions are good business for Chinese smugglers in North Korea. Radio Free Asia, April 8. https://www.rfa.org/english/news/korea/chinese-north-korean-smugglers-04082019140154.html
  • Kim, M. 2019. The entry strategies of Korean enterprises based on the analysis of North Korean Economic Development Zones. In KDB North Korea Development, 104–36. Autumn. (in Korean)
  • Kim, S. K. 2016. Mobile North Korean women and their places in the Sino-North Korea borderland. Asian Anthropology 15 (2):116–31. doi:10.1080/1683478X.2016.1215540.
  • Kim, S. K., and E.-J. Choi. 2021 The fallacy of North Korean collapse. 38 North, February 1. https://www.38north.org/2021/02/the-fallacy-of-north-korean-collapse/
  • Korea Central News Agency (KCNA). 2014. Chongsu tourism development zone opens. October 31. http://www.kcna.co.jp/calendar/2014/10/10-31/2014-1031-025.html (in Korean).
  • Korea Trade-Investment Promotion Agency (KOTRA). 2018. 2017 Trend of North Korea’s foreign trade. KOTRA Data 18-038. (In Korean).
  • Kruszewski, Z. A. 1986. Border problem-solving in the communist world: A case study of some European boundaries. In Across boundaries: Transborder interaction in comparative perspective, ed. O. J. Martínez, 191–200. El Paso: Texas Western Press.
  • Lebuhn, H. 2013. Local border practices and urban citizenship in Europe. City: Analysis of Urban Change, Theory, Action 17 (1):37–51. doi:10.1080/13604813.2012.734072.
  • Lee, I.-C. 2015. Main characteristics of foreign investment at each province’s economic development zone in North Korea. Journal of Kim Il Sung University: Philosophy and Economics 6 (1):90–92. (in Korean).
  • Lee, J.-W., and K. Gray. 2017. Cause for optimism? Financial sanctions and the rise of the Sino-North Korean border economy. Review of International Political Economy 24 (3):424–53. doi:10.1080/09692290.2017.1301977.
  • Lee, K. 2018. The politics of scale of Sino-North Korean border city: Focusing on the 18-years of New Yalu River Bridge construction. Korea and International Politics 34 (4):153–81. (in Korean). doi:10.17331/kwp.2018.34.4.006.
  • Lee, K. 2021a. The role of the border region in Sino-North Korean trading networks: A focus on Dandong, China. Journal of Borderlands Studies 1–16. (online). doi:10.1080/08865655.2020.1865186.
  • Lee, K. 2021b. The opportunity and threat of the budgetary incentives for the North Korean local governments: A focus on the 2012 Local Budget Act. In World politics 34: Kim Jong Un’s Strategy and DPRK, ed. Institute of International Studies, Seoul National University Y. C. Chung, 351–87. Seoul: Sahoepyonglon. (in Korean).
  • Lee, S.-O. 2014a. The production of territory in North Korea: ‘Security first, economy next’. Geopolitics 19 (1):206–26. doi:10.1080/14650045.2013.847432.
  • Lee, S.-O. 2014b. China’s new territorial strategies towards North Korea: Security, development, and inter-scalar politics. Eurasian Geography and Economics 55 (2):175–200. doi:10.1080/15387216.2014.955868.
  • Lee, S.-O. 2016. North Korea’s special economic zones strategy in the Kim Jong-Un era: Territorialization, decentralization, and Chinese-style reform and opening. The Economical Geographical Society of Korea . 19 (1):122–42. in Korean. doi:10.23841/egsk.2016.19.1.122.
  • Lee, S.-O., and B.-G. Park. 2016. East Asian space of exceptions: Changes and contradiction of special economic zone. Space and Society 56:5–9. (in Korean).
  • Li, L. 2013. Director of Changchun Custom interview: The first outbound processing to DPRK. China Customs, June, 33. (in Chinese).
  • Liaoning Korean Newspaper. 2011. Present and future of Dandong’s North Korea tourism industry. January 13. (in Chinese).
  • Lin, J., and F. Hao. 2011. Economic and trade cooperation between Changjitu pilot zone and DPRK Rason City. Yanbian University Science Journal (Social Science) 44 (2):14–18. (in Chinese).
  • Megoran, N. 2012. Rethinking the study of international boundaries: A biography of the Kyrgyzstan–Uzbekistan boundary. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 102 (2):464–81. doi:10.1080/00045608.2011.595969.
  • Mu, C. 2019. North Korea’s economy: The view from China. The Diplomat, November 28. https://thediplomat.com/2019/11/north-koreas-economy-the-view-from-china/
  • Murton, G. 2019. Facing the fence: The production and performance of a Himalayan border in global contexts. Political Geography 72:31–42. doi:10.1016/j.polgeo.2019.03.001.
  • Ong, A. 2006. Neoliberalism as exception. Chapel Hill, NC: Duke University Press.
  • Paasi, A. 2005. Generations and the ‘development’ of border studies. Geopolitics 10 (4):663–71. doi:10.1080/14650040500318563.
  • Paasi, A. 2009. The resurgence of the ‘region’ and ‘regional identity’: Theoretical perspectives and empirical observations on regional dynamics in Europe. Review of International Studies 35 (1):121–46. doi:10.1017/S0260210509008456.
  • Paasi, A. 2019. The shifting research frontiers: A genealogical approach to the evolution of border studies. EARCAG-GPE Workshop 2019, November 26. Osaka, Japan.
  • Pardo, R. P. 2013. Dandong and Sinuiju: The Sino-North Korean border shadow economy. In Dirty cities: Towards a political economy of the underground in global cities, ed. L. S. Talani, A. Clarkson, and R. P. Pardo, 89–109. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Park, A. 2011. Sino-North Korean border treaty analysis: Focusing on implications for North Korea. North Korean Studies 7 (1):319–54. in Korean.
  • Park, B. 2013. North Korea’s third nuclear test and the changes in the China’s North Korean Policy. KDI North Korean Review 15(3): 14–26. (in Korean)
  • Park, B.-G. 2005. Spatially selective liberalization and graduated sovereignty: Politics of neo-liberalism and ‘special economic zones’ in South Korea. Political Geography 24 (7):850–73. doi:10.1016/j.polgeo.2005.06.002.
  • Park, B.-G., S.-O. Lee, and S. Cho. 2017. Special zones: Spaces of exception in East Asia. Seoul: Alt. (in Korean).
  • Park, B.-G., S.-O. Lee, and S.-H. Chi. 2019. A post-territorialist view to the boundary and border in the Korean Peninsula. Space and Society 67:206–34. (in Korean).
  • Perkmann, M., and N.-L. Sum. 2002. Globalization, regionalization, and cross-border regions. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK.
  • Perlez, J. 2017. Fearing the worst, China plans refugee camps on North Korean border. The New York Times, December 11. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/11/world/asia/china-north-korea-border.html
  • Perlez, J., Y. Huang, and P. Mozur. 2017. How North Korea managed to defy years of sanctions. The New York Times, May 12. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/12/world/asia/north-korea-sanctions-loopholes-china-united-states-garment-industry.html
  • Popescu, G. 2011. Bordering and ordering the twenty-first century: Understanding borders. Lanham and Boulder: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
  • Reitel, B. 2006. Governance in cross-border agglomerations in Europe: The examples of Basel and Strasbourg. Europa Regional 14 (1):9–21.
  • Roh, M.-S. 2015. Some issues raised when establishing and managing economic development zones according to the actual state of each province. Economic Research 167:39–41. (in Korean).
  • Rumford, C. 2008. Citizens and borderwork in contemporary Europe. London: Routledge.
  • Schmidt, T. D. 2005. Cross-border regional enlargement in Øresund. GeoJournal 64 (3):249–58. doi:10.1007/s10708-006-6874-5.
  • Shepherd, C., and E. Zhou. 2020. Life stalls on the border with North Korea. Financial Times, June 14. https://www.ft.com/content/32abfd50-e00f-47a6-811c-65619d064d1c
  • Shneiderman, S. B. 2013. Himalayan border citizens: Sovereignty and mobility in the Nepal-Tibetan Autonomous Region (TAR) of China border zone. Political Geography 35:25–36. doi:10.1016/j.polgeo.2013.04.001.
  • Si, Z., and G. Chen. 2005. Liaoning policy consultation 2000–2004. Shenyang: Liaoning Peoples’ Publishers. (in Chinese).
  • Sidaway, J. D. 2007. Enclave space: A new metageography of development. Area 39 (3):331–39. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4762.2007.00757.x.
  • State Council Secretariat. 2012. Opinion on supporting the construction of China Tumen River Area (Hunchun) international cooperation development zone, No. 19. http://www.gov.cn/zwgk/2012-04/25/content_2122586.htm (in Chinese).
  • Sun, W. 2012. DPRK labourers arrived. China Economy Weekly, June 23.http://finance.china.com.cn/money/lcyw/20120724/896960.shtml (in Chinese).
  • Tian, J. 2018. From Changjitu development to the active integration into the ‘Belt and Road’. New Long March, November 16–17. http://www.cqvip.com/qk/81017x/201811/676726360.html (in Chinese).
  • Tudor, D., and J. Pearson. 2015. North Korea confidential: Private markets, fashion trends, prison camps, dissenters and dg. Kong: Tuttle Publishing.
  • UNSC (United Nations Security Council). 2017. Resolution 2371 adopted by the Security Council at the 8019th meeting. (S/RES/2371), August 5. https://www.undocs.org/S/RES/2371%20(2017)
  • Wang, B., and R. Chen. 2015. Jilin will build 12 Northeast Asia overseas economic zones in 5 years. China Times News, October 27. https://www.chinatimes.com/cn/realtimenews/20151027002702-260409?chdtv (in Chinese).
  • Weizman, E. 2017. The vertical apartheid. Open Democracy, July 13. https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/north-africa-west-asia/vertical-apartheid/
  • Wen, P. 2017. China’s dilemma over North Korea on show at border. Reuters, April 14. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-northkorea-usa-china/chinas-dilemma-over-north-korea-on-show-at-border-idUSKBN17G0ZC
  • Williams, A. J. 2013. Re-orientating vertical geopolitics. Geopolitics 18 (1):225–46. doi:10.1080/14650045.2012.717237.
  • Xu, B., and J. Bajoria. 2014. The China-North Korea relationship. Washington, DC: Council on Foreign Relations.
  • Yalujiang Evening News. 2002. Border trade is booming. November 18. (in Chinese).
  • Yoo, O. 2015. An evaluation and prospects of North Korea Economic Development Zone Act: Focusing on the comparison of Kaesong Industrial Zone Act and Rason Trade and Economy Zone Act. Studies on North Korean Law 16:233–63. (in Korean).
  • Yoon, S. H. 2015. Current status of Sino-North Korean border region economic cooperation and the prospect for South Korean participation. LHI Journal of Land, Housing, and Urban Affairs 6 (2):79–88. (in Korean). doi:10.5804/LHIJ.2015.6.2.079.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.