Conceptualizing the European military-civilian-industrial complex: the need for a helicopter perspective

References

• Acosta, M. 2017. “Patents and Dual-Use Technology: An Empirical Study of the World’s Largest Defence Companies.” Defence and Peace Economics 29 (7): 821–839. https://doi.org/10.1080/10242694.2017.1303239.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Back, B., and R. Edward. 1985. “The Political Economy of the Origins of the Military-Industrial Complex in the United States.” The Journal of Economic History 45 (2): 369–375. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022050700034069.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barbé, E., and D. Badell. 2020. “The European Union and Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems: United in Diversity?” In European Union Contested: Foreign Policy in a New Global Context, edited by Johansson-Nogués, E., M. C. Vlaskamp, and E. Barbé. Springer Nature.
   Google Scholar
• Berchtold, C. 2020. Solidarity in the EU: wishful thinking or status quo? Analysing the paradox of EU solidarity and national sovereignty in civil protection in the context of Art. 222 TFEU (Solidarity Clause) Doctoral dissertation. Faculty of Law, Leibnitz University: Hannover. Accessed July 31, 2020 https://www.repo.unihannover.de/bitstream/handle/123456789/9298/Solidarity_in_the_EU_final.pdf?sequence=3&isAllowed=y.
   Google Scholar
• Bernstein, M. A., and M. R. Wilson. 2015. “New Perspectives on the History of the Military-Industrial Complex.” Enterprise & Society 12 (1): 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1093/es/khq148.
   Google Scholar
• Britz, M. 2010. “The Role of Marketization in the Europeanization of Defense Industry Policy.” Bulletin of Science, Technology & Society 30 (3): 176–184. https://doi.org/10.1177/0270467610367492.
   Google Scholar
• Bromley, M. 2022. Understanding European Arms Export Control: Material Interests and Competing Norms. Doctoral Thesis, Department of Economic History and International Relations, Stockholm University.
   Google Scholar
• Brooke-Holland, L. 2022. Defence Procurement Reform. House of Commons Library Research Briefing. Accessed January 26, 2022 https://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/CBP-9566/CBP-9566.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Brunton, B. 1991. “An Historical Perspective on the Future of the Military-Industrial Complex.” The Social Science Journal 28 (1): 45–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/0362-3319(91)90043-4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brzoska, M. 2018. “Foreword.” In The Emergence of EU Defense Research Policy: From Innovation to Militarization, edited by Karampekios, N., I. Oikonomou, and E. G. Carayannis, vii–ix. Cham: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Calcara, A. 2017. “State-Defence Industry Relations in the European Context: French and UK Interactions with the European Defence Agency.” European Security 26 (4): 527–551. https://doi.org/10.1080/09662839.2017.1384379.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calcara, A., R. Csernatoni, and C. Lavallée, edited by 2020. Emerging Security Technologies and EU Governance: Actors, Practices and Processes. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Campbell, I., and J. Porter. 2020. “Hyundai Takes Control of Boston Dynamics in $1.1B Deal.” The Verge, accessed 20 June 2021 https://www.theverge.com/2020/12/11/22167835/hyundai-boston-dynamics-aquisition-consumer-robotics.
   Google Scholar
• S. Chatzopoulou, and C. K. Anzell. 2022. “The Construction of the EU as a Strategic Entrepreneur: The Internal-External-Internal Nexus.” Journal of European Integration 45 (2): 275–292. https://doi.org/10.1080/07036337.2022.2101646.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conca, K. 1997. Manufacturing Insecurity: The Rise and Fall of Brazil’s Military-Industrial Complex. Boulder, Colorado: Lynne Rienner.
   Google Scholar
• Council of the European Union. 2019. Proposal for a REGULATION of the EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT and of the COUNCIL Establishing the Space Programme of the Union and the European Union Agency for the Space Programme and Repealing Regulations (EU) No 912/2010, (EU) No 1285/2013, (EU) No 377/2014 and Decision 541/2014/EU. Accessed August 19, 2020 https://data.consilium.europa.eu/doc/document/ST-7481-2019-INIT/en/pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Csernatoni, R. 2018. “Constructing the Eu’s High-Tech Borders: FRONTEX and Dual-Use Drones for Border Management.” European Security 27 (2): 175–200. https://doi.org/10.1080/09662839.2018.1481396.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CSES, C. S. I. L., and KMUForschung. PROGNOS. 2021. “Study on the Effectiveness of Public Innovation Support for SMEs in Europe. Final Report. European Commission, Directorate-General for Internal Market, Industry, Entrepreneurship and SMEs.” Catalogue number:EA-04-21-094-EN–N. https://doi.org/10.2826/7745.
   Google Scholar
• Cuff, R. D. 1978. “An Organizational Perspective on the Military-Industrial Complex.” Business History Review 52 (2): 250–267. https://doi.org/10.2307/3113037.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cypher, J. M. 2015. “The Origins and Evolution of Military Keynesiansm in the United States.” Journal of Post-Keynesian Economics 38 (3): 449–476. https://doi.org/10.1080/01603477.2015.1076704.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis Cross, M. K. 2020. “The European Space and Intelligence Networks.” Journal of Transatlantic Studies 18 (2): 209–230. https://doi.org/10.1057/s42738-020-00045-y.
   Google Scholar
• Der Derian, J. 2009. Virtuous War: Mapping the Military-Industrial-Bureaucratic-Media-Entertainment Network. 2nd edn ed. Milton Park: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• DeVore, M. R. 2012. “Organizing International Armaments Cooperation: Institutional Design and Path Dependencies in Europe.” European Security 21 (3): 432–458. https://doi.org/10.1080/09662839.2012.667806.
   Google Scholar
• DeVore, M. R. 2020. “Military-Industrial Complexes and Their Variations.” In Oxford Research Encyclopedia. Accessed June 17, 2021 https://oxfordre.com/politics/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.001.0001/acrefore-9780190228637-e-1876.
   Google Scholar
• Dunlap, C. J., Jr. 2011. “The Military-Industrial Complex.” Daedalus 140 (3): 135–147. https://doi.org/10.1162/DAED_a_00104.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunne, J. P. 1993. “The Changing Military-Industrial Complex in the UK.” Defence Economics 4 (2): 91–111. https://doi.org/10.1080/10430719308404753.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunne, P., and R. Smith. 2016. “The Evolution of Concentration in the Arms Market.” The Economics of Peace & Security Journal 11 (1). https://doi.org/10.15355/epsj.11.1.12.
   Google Scholar
• ECCP. 2020. “EU Cluster Partnerships” European Cluster Collaboration Platform. Accessed August 1, 2020 https://www.clustercollaboration.eu/eu-cluster-partnerships.
   Google Scholar
• EDA. 2022. “EU Commission, EDA and OCCAR Sign European Defence Fund Agreements” Accessed January 20, 2023 https://eda.europa.eu/news-and-events/news/2022/12/14/european-commission-signs-european-defence-fund-agreement-with-eda-and-occar.
   Google Scholar
• EEAS. 2022. A Strategic Compass for Security and Defence. European External Action Service. Accessed January 1, 2023 https://www.eeas.europa.eu/sites/default/files/documents/strategic_compass_en3_web.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Eisenhower, D. D. 1961 “Transcript of President Dwight D. Eisenhower’s Farewell Address, 17 January 1961.” Accessed June 17, 2021 https://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=false&doc=90&page=transcript.
   Google Scholar
• ENDR. 2020. “About Us”, European Network of Defence-Related Regions (ENDR). Accessed July 24, 2020 https://www.endr.eu/about-us.
   Google Scholar
• Engberg, 2021. “A European Defence Union by 2025? Work in Progress” Swedish Institute for European Policy Studies, Sieps. Accessed January 20, 2023 https://sieps.se/globalassets/publikationer/temasidor/sammanfattning_european-defence-union.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Eriksson, J., and L. Newlove-Eriksson. 2021. “Theorizing Technology and International Relations: Prevailing Perspectives and New Horizons.” In Technology and International Relations: The New Horizon in Global Power, edited by Giacomello, G. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• European Commission. 2014. Horizon 2020 in Brief: The EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation. European Commission Directorate-General of Research and Innovation. Accessed July 24, 2020. https://ec.europa.eu/programmes/horizon2020/sites/horizon2020/files/H2020_inBrief_EN_FinalBAT.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• European Commission, 2021a. The European Defence Fund. Accessed January 28, 2023 https://defence-industry-space.ec.europa.eu/system/files/2022-05/Factsheet%20-%20European%20Defence%20Fund.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• European Commission, 2021b. European Structural and Investment Funds: Spending Doubled in 2019-2020. European Commission Press Release. Brussels Accessed January 28, 2023 https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_21_1936.
   Google Scholar
• European Commission. 2022a. Management Plan 2022. DG Defence Industry and Space. Accessed January 29, 2023 https://commission.europa.eu/system/files/2022-03/defis_mp_2022_en.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• European Commission. 2022b. “Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council on Establishing the European Defence Industry Reinforcement Through Common Procurement Act” Accessed January 26, 2023 https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52022PC0349&from=EN.
   Google Scholar
• European Commission and HR/VP. 2022. “Joint Communication to the European Parliament, the European Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions on the Defence Investment Gap Analysis and Way Forward” Brussels Accessed January 22, 2023 https://commission.europa.eu/system/files/2022-05/join_2022_24_2_en_act_part1_v3_1.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• European Commission, Directorate General for Budget. 2022. The EU as an Issuer: The NextGenerationeu Transformation. EU Budget Policy Brief. #. 3 July 2022. https://doi.org/10.2761/111076.
   Google Scholar
• European Council. 2009. European Council, 10/11 December 2009 Conclusions. Accessed July 24 2020 https://www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cms_Data/docs/pressdata/en/ec/111877.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• European Council 2023 “EU Cooperation on Security and Defence” Accessed January 22, 2023 https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/defence-security/.
   Google Scholar
• European Parliament, 2021. Action Plan on Synergies Between Civil, Defence and Space Industries/2021-2. European Parliament, Legislative Train. Accessed January 1, 2023 https://www.europarl.europa.eu/legislative-train/carriage/synergies-between-civil-defence-and-space-industries/report?sid=6501.
   Google Scholar
• Eurostat 2022. EU small and medium-sized enterprises: an overview. Accessed January 28, 2023 https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-eurostat-news/-/edn-20220627-1.
   Google Scholar
• Fallows, J. 2002. “The military-industrial complex.” Foreign Policy 133 (November–December): 46–48. https://doi.org/10.2307/3183556.
   Google Scholar
• Faure, S. B. H. 2019. “Varieties of International Co-Operation: France’s “Flexilateral” Policy in the Context of Brexit.” French Politics 17 (1): 1. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41253-019-00079-5.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernández López, J., et al. 2021. “Study on the Contribution of the Defence Sector to Regional Development Through the European Structural and Investment Funds – EASME/2019/OP/0015.” European Commission. https://doi.org/10.2826/914457/10.2826/640959.
   Google Scholar
• Fiott, D. 2017. “The EU, NATO and the European Defence Market: Do Institutional Responses to Defence Globalisation Matter?” European Security 26 (3): 398–414. https://doi.org/10.1080/09662839.2017.1352582.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fitjar, R. D., P. Benneworth, and B. T. Asheim. 2019. “Towards Regional Responsible Research and Innovation? Integrating RRI and RIS3 in European Innovation Policy.” Science and Public Policy 46 (5): 772–783. https://doi.org/10.1093/scipol/scz029.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibbs, D. N. 1996. “The Military-Industrial Complex, Sectoral Conflict and the Study of U.S. Foreign Policy.” In Business and the State in International Relations, edited by Cox, R. W., 41–56. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press.
   Google Scholar
• Greene, B. P. 2007. Eisenhower, Science Advice, and the Nuclear Test-Ban Debate, 1945-1963. Redwood City: Stanford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Guay, T., and R. Callum. 2002. “The Transformation and Future Prospects of Europe’s Defence Industry.” International Affairs 78 (4): 757–776. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2346.00278.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Håkansson, C. 2021. “The European Commission’s New Role in EU Security and Defence Cooperation: The Case of the European Defence Fund.” European Security 30 (4): 589–608. https://doi.org/10.1080/09662839.2021.1906229.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanami, A. K. 1993. “The Emerging Military-Industrial Relationship in Japan and the U.S. Connection.” Asian Survey 33 (6): 592–609. https://doi.org/10.2307/2645008.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hartley, K., and J. Belin, edited by 2020. The Economics of the Global Defence Industry. Milton Park: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Hartung, W. 2001. “Eisenhower’s Warning: The Military-Industrial Complex Forty Years Later.” World Policy Journal 18 (1): 39–44. https://doi.org/10.1215/07402775-2001-2011.
   Google Scholar
• Heidenkamp, H., J. Louth, and T. Taylor. 2015. The Defence Industrial Triptych: Government as a Customer, Sponsor and Regulator of Defence Industry. Milton Park: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Hodge, G., and C. G. 2007. “Public-Private Partnerships: An International Performance Review.” Public Administraiton Review 67 (3): 545–558. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6210.2007.00736.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howlett, M., A. McConnel, and A. Pearl. 2014. “Streams and Stages: Reconciling Kingdon and Policy Process Theory.” European Journal of Political Research 45 (3): 419–434. https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-6765.12064.
   Google Scholar
• Howorth, J. 2017. “EU-NATO Cooperation: The Key to Europe’s Security Future.” European Security 26 (3): 454–459. https://doi.org/10.1080/09662839.2017.1352584.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hynek, N., and A. Solovyeva. 2022. Militarizing Artificial Intelligence: Theory, Technology and Regulation. Milton Park: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Iliadis, A., and A. Acker. 2022. “The Seer and the Seen: Surveying Palantir’s Surveillance Platform.” The Information Society 38 (5): 334–363. https://doi.org/10.1080/01972243.2022.2100851.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeandesboz, J., and F. Ragazzi. 2010. Review of Security Measures in the Research Framework Programme. Technical Report. European Parliament Directorate General for Internal Policies, Policy Department C Citizen’s Rights and Constitutional Affairs. Accessed July 23, 2020 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/275041383_Review_of_Security_Measures_in_the_Research_Framework_Programme.
   Google Scholar
• Karampekios, N., I. Oikonomou, and E. G. Carayannis, edited by 2018. The Emergence of EU Defense Research Policy: From Innovation to Militarization. Cham: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Kaunert, C., J. D. Occhipinti, and S. Léonard. 2014. “Introduction: Supranational Governance in the Area of Freedom, Security and Justice After the Stockholm Programme.” Cambridge Review of International Affairs 27 (1): 39–47. https://doi.org/10.1080/09557571.2014.877261.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kingdon, J. W. 1995. Agendas, Alternatives and Public Policies. New York: HarperCollins.
   Google Scholar
• Kramer, et al. 2021. “Evaluation Study of and Potential Follow-Up to Cluster Initiatives Under COSME, H2020 and FPI.” European Commission, Directorate-General for Internal Market, Industry, Entrepreneurship and SMEs. Accessed January 28, 2023 https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/a2c3e9e1-3deb-11ec-89db-01aa75ed71a1.
   Google Scholar
• Kurc, C., and S. Oktay. 2018. “Taking Production Relations Seriously: The Role of Defence Firms in Armaments Production.” European Security 27 (4): 469–489. https://doi.org/10.1080/09662839.2018.1520699.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kurochkina, A. A., A. A. Ostrovskaya, and E. N. Lukina. 2016. “Problems and Directions of Development of the Military-Industrial Complex of the Russian Federation.” Components of Scientific and Technological Progress 30 (4): 19–31.
   Google Scholar
• Kyriakides, 2021. COMMISSION DECISION of 14.12.2021 Amending Decision C(2021) 948 Delegating Powers to the European Health and Digital Executive Agency with a View to the Performance of Tasks Linked to the Implementation of Union Programmes in the Field of EU4Health, Single Market, Research and Innovation, Digital Europe, Connecting Europe Facility –Digital, Comprising, in Particular, Implementation of Appropriations Entered in the General Budget of the Union. Accessed January 29, 2023 https://hadea.ec.europa.eu/system/files/2022-01/20211214_amend_HaDEA_Delegation_act_2021_2027_en.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Lasswell, H. 1941. “The Garrison State.” American Journal of Sociology 46 (4): 455–468. https://doi.org/10.1086/218693.
   Google Scholar
• Ledbetter, J. 2011. Unwarranted Influence. Dwight D. Eisenhower and the Military Industrial Complex. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lemberg-Pedersen, M., and O. J. Halpern. 2022. “Reconfiguring Removal: Commercial Purpose Creeps in Biometric EU Databases.” In The Migration Mobile: Border Dissonance, Sociotechnical Resistance and the Construction of Irregularized Migrants. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.
   Google Scholar
• Lemberg-Pedersen, M., and J. R. Hansen. 2020. Profit and Protection in EU Markets for Border Control: Submission to the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR). Aalborg Universitet: Institut for Politik og Samfund.
   Google Scholar
• Manners, I. 2006. “Normative Power Europe Reconsidered: Beyond the Crossroads.” Journal of European Public Policy 13 (2): 182–189. https://doi.org/10.1080/13501760500451600.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Markusen, A. 1991. “The military-civilian divide.” Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 9 (4): 391–416. https://doi.org/10.1068/d090391.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martill, B., and C. Gebhard. 2022. “Combined Differentiation in European Defense: Tailoring Permanent Structured Cooperation (PESCO) to Strategic and Political Complexity.” Contemporary Security Policy 44 (1): 97–124. https://doi.org/10.1080/13523260.2022.2155360.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martins, B. O., and N. Ahmad. 2020. “The Security Politics of Innovation: Dual-Use Technology in the EU’s Security Research Programme.” In Emerging Security Technologies and EU Governance: Actors, Practices and Processes, edited by Calcara, A., R. Csernatoni, and C. Lavallée, 58–73. Milton Park: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Matthews, R., and J. Treddenick, edited by 2001. Managing the Revolution in Military Affairs. London: Palgrave.
   Google Scholar
• Maurer, H. R.G. Whitman, and N. Wright. 2023. “The EU and the Invasion of Ukraine: A Collective Responsibility to Act?” International Affairs 99 (1): 219–238. https://doi.org/10.1093/ia/iiac262.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Melman, S. 1970. Pentagon Capitalism. New York: McGraw-Hill.
   Google Scholar
• Meyer, M., J. Kuusisto, K. Grant, M. De Silva, S. Flowers, and U. Choksy. 2019. “Towards New Triple Helix Organisations? A Comparative Study of Competence Centres as Knowledge, Consensus and Innovation Spaces.” R&D Management 49 (4): 555–573. https://doi.org/10.1111/radm.12342.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michaels, J. D. 2017. “Trump and the “Deep State.” Foreign Affairs September/October. Accessed June 19, 2021 http://cf.linnbenton.edu/artcom/social_science/clarkd/upload/Trump%20and%20the%20Deep%20State.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Mills, C. W. 1956. The Power Elite. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Mintz, A. 1983. “The Military-Industrial Complex.” Journal of Strategic Studies 6 (3): 103–127. https://doi.org/10.1080/01402398308437160.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mörth, U. 2000. “Competing Frames in the European Commission - the Case of the Defence Industry and Equipment Issue.” Journal of European Public Policy 7 (2): 173–189. https://doi.org/10.1080/135017600343151.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mörth, U. 2005. Organizing European Cooperation. The Case of Armaments. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.
   Google Scholar
• Moskos, C. C., Jr. 1974. “The Concept of the Military-Industrial Complex: Radical Critique of Liberal Bogey?” Social Problems 21 (4): 498–512. https://doi.org/10.2307/799988.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newlove-Eriksson, L., and J. Eriksson. “Technological Shift and the EU: Threats, Vulnerabilities and Fragmented Responsibilities.” In The EU and the Technological Shift, edited by Bakarjieva Engelbrekt, A. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Newlove-Eriksson, L., and J. Eriksson. 2013. “Governance Beyond the Global: Who Controls the Extraterrestrial?” Globalizations 10 (2): 124–140. https://doi.org/10.1080/14747731.2013.786250.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• OCCAR 2023. “What does OCCAR do? OCCAR’s Mission”. Accessed January 25, 2023 https://www.occar.int/21-what-does-occar-do?.
   Google Scholar
• Official Journal of the European Union 2021. REGULATION (EU) 2021/241 of the EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT and of the COUNCIL of 12 February 2021 Establishing the Recovery and Resilience Facility. Accessed January 28, 2023 https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32021R0241&from=EN.
   Google Scholar
• Oliveira, Martin B., and N. Ahmad. “The Security Politics of Innovation: Dual-Use Technology in the Eu’s Security Research Programme.” In Emerging Security Technology and EU Governance, edited by Calcara, A. Milton Park: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Pavelec, S. M., edited by 2010. The Military-Industrial Complex and American Society. Santa Barbara: ABC Clio.
   Google Scholar
• PESCO. 2021. Permanent Structured Cooperation (PESCO) of the European Union, Official Website. Accessed June 20, 2021 https://pesco.europa.eu/.
   Google Scholar
• Pilisuk, M., and T. Hayden. 1965. “Is There a Military Industrial Complex Which Prevents Peace? Consensus and Countervailing Power in Pluralistic Societies.” Journal of Social Issues 21 (3): 67–117. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.1965.tb00506.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Polkowska, M. 2020. “Space Situational Awareness (SSA) for Providing Safety and Security in Outer Space: Implementation Challenges for Europe.” Space Policy 51 (February): 101347. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spacepol.2019.101347.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reding, D. F., and J. Eaton. 2020. Science and Technology Trends 2020-2040. Exploring the S & T Edge. NATO Science & Technology Organization. https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/AD1131124.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Redmond, A. M., and A. Georgescu. 2022. “Developing European Defense Strategy for Electromagnetic Resilience Infrastructure Network.” MODERN SYSTEMS 2022: International Conference of Modern systems Engineering Solutions . Nice: IARIA
   Google Scholar
• Reykers, Y., and J. Adriaensen. 2022. “The Politics of Understaffing International Organisations: The EU Military and Conduct Capability (MPCC).” European Security 32 (4): 519–538. https://doi.org/10.1080/09662839.2022.2142040. Available
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sabatier, P. A., and H. Jenkins-Smith. 1988. “An Advocacy Coalition Model of Policy Change and the Role of Policy Oriented Learning Therein.” Policy Sciences 21 (2–3): 129–168. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00136406.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sankaran, J. 2022. “Russia’s Anti-Satellite Weapons: A Hedging and Off-Setting Strategy to Deter Western Aerospace Forces.” Contemporary Security Policy 43 (3): 436–463. https://doi.org/10.1080/13523260.2022.2090070.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schilde, K. 2017. The Political Economy of European Security. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Schwab, K. 2016. The Fourth Industrial Revolution. Geneva: World Economic Forum Press.
   Google Scholar
• Sédou, L., M. Akkerman, and B. Vranken. 2021. “Militarisation of the European Union: Fresh Money for the Military Industry.” In Military Spending and Global Security: Humanitarian and Environmental Perspectives, edited by Rufanges, Jordi Calvo. Milton Park: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Sezal, M. A., and F. Guimelli. 2022. “Technology Transfer and Defence Industry Dynamics: The Case of the Netherlands.” European Security 31 (4): 558–575. https://doi.org/10.1080/09662839.2022.2028277. online first, 1 February 2022.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaw, I. G. R. 2013. “Predator Empire: The Geopolitics of US Drone Warfare.” Geopolitics 18 (3): 536–559. https://doi.org/10.1080/14650045.2012.749241.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shyi-Min, Lu. 2021. “The Ccp’s Development of Artificial Intelligence: Impact on Future Operations.” Journal of Social and Political Sciences 4 (1): 93–105. https://doi.org/10.31014/aior.1991.04.01.253.
   Google Scholar
• Slijper, F. 2005. “The Emerging EU Military Industrial Complex: Arms Industry Lobbying in Brussels.” TNI Briefing Series No. 2005/1. Transnational Institute/CTW – Dutch Campaign Against Arms Trade. Accessed June 19, 2021 https://stopwapenhandel.org/sites/stopwapenhandel.org/files/imported/publicaties/boekenbrochures/eumilitary.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Sovacool, B. K., C. Baum, and S. Low. 2023. “The Next Climate War? Statecraft, Security and Weaponization in the Geopolitics of a Low-Carbon Future.” Energy Strategy Reviews 45 (2023): 101031. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esr.2022.101031.
   Google Scholar
• Stuart, D. T. 2008. Creating the National Security State: A History of the Law That Transformed America. Princeton, Boston: Princeton University Press/De Gruyter.
   Google Scholar
• Sweeney, S., and N. Winn. 2022. “Do or Die? The UK/EU and Internal/External Security Cooperation After Brexit.” European Political Science 21 (2): 237–254. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41304-021-00322-0.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tardy, T. 2018. “Does European Defence Really Matter? Fortunes and Misfortunes of the Common Security and Defence Policy.” European Security 27 (2): 119–137. https://doi.org/10.1080/09662839.2018.1454434.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Triollet, R. 2019. JRC Annual Report 2019, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg, Accessed August 19, 2020 https://ec.europa.eu/jrc/en/publication/annual-reports/jrc-annual-report-2019.
   Google Scholar
• Ulnicane, I. 2020. “The Governance of Dual-Use Research in the EU.” In Emerging Security Technologies and EU Governance: Actors, Practices and Processes, edited by Calcara, A., R. Csernatoni, and C. Lavallée, 177–191. Milton Park: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Ulnicane, I. 2023. “Politics of Public Research Funding: The Case of the European Union”. In Handbook of Public Research Funding, In In: Lepori, B., B. Jongbloed, and D. Hicks edited by. Edward Elgar Publishing. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Inga-Ulnicane/publication/361886365_Politics_of_Public_Research_Funding_the_case_of_the_European_Union/links/62cab45bd7bd92231fa71ded/Politics-of-Public-Research-Funding-the-case-of-the-European-Union.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Urbanovská, J., M. Chovančík, and M. Brusenbauch Meislová. 2022. “German-UK Defence Cooperation Amid Brexit: Prospects for New Bilateralism?” European Security 31 (1): 39–57. https://doi.org/10.1080/09662839.2021.1948402.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verbruggen, M. 2019. “The Role of Civilian Innovation in the Development of Lethal Autonomous Weapon Systems.” Global Policy 10 (3): 338–342. https://doi.org/10.1111/1758-5899.12663.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wasson, H., and L. Grieveson. 2018. Cinema’s Military Industrial Complex. Oakland, CA: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Weber, R. 2001. Swords into Dow Shares: Governing the Decline of the Military Industrial Complex. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press.
   Google Scholar
• Weible, C. M., and H. C. Jenkinks-Smith. 2016. “The Advocacy Coalition Framework: An Approach for the Analysis of Contentious Policy Issues.” In Contemporary Approaches to Policy Analysis: Theories, Controversies and Perspectives, edited by Peters, B. G. and P. Zittoun, 15–34, Cham, London: Springer/Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar