Cellular mechanisms underlying cardiac engraftment of stem cells

References

• Hodgkinson CP, Bareja A, Gomez JA, et al. Emerging concepts in paracrine mechanisms in regenerative cardiovascular medicine and biology. Circ Res. 2016 Jan 08;118(1):95–107.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Terrovitis JV, Smith RR, Marban E. Assessment and optimization of cell engraftment after transplantation into the heart. Circ Res. 2010 Feb 19; 106(3):479–494.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hong KU, Guo Y, Li QH, et al. c-kit+ Cardiac stem cells alleviate post-myocardial infarction left ventricular dysfunction despite poor engraftment and negligible retention in the recipient heart. Plos One. 2014;9(5):e96725.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hofmann M, Wollert KC, Meyer GP, et al. Monitoring of bone marrow cell homing into the infarcted human myocardium. Circulation. 2005 May 03;111(17):2198–2202.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kamihata H, Matsubara H, Nishiue T, et al. Implantation of bone marrow mononuclear cells into ischemic myocardium enhances collateral perfusion and regional function via side supply of angioblasts, angiogenic ligands, and cytokines. Circulation. 2001;1049:1046–1052. 8/28/2001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomita S, Li RK, Weisel RD, et al. Autologous transplantation of bone marrow cells improves damaged heart function. Circulation. 1999 Nov 09;100(19 Suppl):II247–56.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cao F, Sun D, Li C, et al. Long-term myocardial functional improvement after autologous bone marrow mononuclear cells transplantation in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: 4 years follow-up. Eur Heart J. 2009 Aug;30(16):1986–1994.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lunde K, Solheim S, Aakhus S, et al. Intracoronary injection of mononuclear bone marrow cells in acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 2006 Sep 21;355(12):1199–1209.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strauer BE, Brehm M, Zeus T, et al. Repair of infarcted myocardium by autologous intracoronary mononuclear bone marrow cell transplantation in humans. Circulation. 2002 Oct 08;106(15):1913–1918.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grajek S, Popiel M, Gil L, et al. Influence of bone marrow stem cells on left ventricle perfusion and ejection fraction in patients with acute myocardial infarction of anterior wall: randomized clinical trial: impact of bone marrow stem cell intracoronary infusion on improvement of microcirculation. Eur Heart J. 2010 Mar;31(6):691–702.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirsch A, Nijveldt R, van der Vleuten PA, et al. Intracoronary infusion of mononuclear cells from bone marrow or peripheral blood compared with standard therapy in patients after acute myocardial infarction treated by primary percutaneous coronary intervention: results of the randomized controlled HEBE trial. Eur Heart J. 2011 Jul;32(14):1736–1747.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fisher SA, Zhang H, Doree C, et al. Stem cell treatment for acute myocardial infarction. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Sep;30(9):CD006536.
   Google Scholar
• Rosen MR, Myerburg RJ, Francis DP, et al. Translating stem cell research to cardiac disease therapies: pitfalls and prospects for improvement. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014 Sep 02;64(9):922–937.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poglajen G, Sever M, Cukjati M, et al. Effects of transendocardial CD34+ cell transplantation in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy. Circ Cardiovasc Interv. 2014 Aug;7(4):552–559.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mansour S, Roy DC, Bouchard V, et al. One-year safety analysis of the COMPARE-AMI trial: comparison of intracoronary injection of cd133 bone marrow stem cells to placebo in patients after acute myocardial infarction and left ventricular dysfunction. Bone Marrow Res. 2011;2011:385124.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Taljaard M, Ward MR, Kutryk MJ, et al. Rationale and design of Enhanced Angiogenic Cell Therapy in Acute Myocardial Infarction (ENACT-AMI): the first randomized placebo-controlled trial of enhanced progenitor cell therapy for acute myocardial infarction. Am Heart J. 2010 Mar;159(3):354–360.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kawamoto A, Iwasaki H, Kusano K, et al. CD34-positive cells exhibit increased potency and safety for therapeutic neovascularization after myocardial infarction compared with total mononuclear cells. Circulation. 2006 Nov 14;114(20):2163–2169.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tendera M, Wojakowski W, Ruzyllo W, et al. Intracoronary infusion of bone marrow-derived selected CD34+CXCR4+ cells and non-selected mononuclear cells in patients with acute STEMI and reduced left ventricular ejection fraction: results of randomized, multicentre Myocardial Regeneration by Intracoronary Infusion of Selected Population of Stem Cells in Acute Myocardial Infarction (REGENT) Trial. Eur Heart J. 2009 Jun;30(11):1313–1321.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blocklet D, Toungouz M, Berkenboom G, et al. Myocardial homing of nonmobilized peripheral-blood CD34+ cells after intracoronary injection. Stem Cells. 2006 Feb;24(2):333–336.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hou D, Youssef EA, Brinton TJ, et al. Radiolabeled cell distribution after intramyocardial, intracoronary, and interstitial retrograde coronary venous delivery: implications for current clinical trials. Circulation. 2005 Aug 30;112(9 Suppl):I150–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vrtovec B, Poglajen G, Lezaic L, et al. Comparison of transendocardial and intracoronary CD34+ cell transplantation in patients with nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy. Circulation. 2013 Sep 10;128(11 Suppl 1):S42–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh A, Singh A, Sen D. Mesenchymal stem cells in cardiac regeneration: a detailed progress report of the last 6 years (2010-2015). Stem Cell Res Ther. 2016 Jun 04;7(1):82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dominici M, le Blanc K, Mueller I, et al. Minimal criteria for defining multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells. Cytotherapy. 2006;8(4):315–317.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parivar K, Baharara J, Sheikholeslami A. Neural differentiation of mouse bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells treated with sex steroid hormones and basic fibroblast growth factor. Cell Journal. 2015 Spring;17(1):27–36.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muller-Ehmsen J, Krausgrill B, Burst V, et al. Effective engraftment but poor mid-term persistence of mononuclear and mesenchymal bone marrow cells in acute and chronic rat myocardial infarction. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 2006 Nov;41(5):876–884.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartunek J, Davison B, Sherman W, et al. Congestive Heart Failure Cardiopoietic Regenerative Therapy (CHART-1) trial design. Eur J Heart Fail. 2016 Feb;18(2):160–168.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Menasche P, Hagege AA, Scorsin M, et al. Myoblast transplantation for heart failure. Lancet. 2001 Jan 27;357(9252):279–280.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marelli D, Desrosiers C, El-Alfy M, et al. Cell transplantation for myocardial repair: an experimental approach. Cell Transplant. 1992;1(6):383–390.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ghostine S, Carrion C, Souza LC, et al. Long-term efficacy of myoblast transplantation on regional structure and function after myocardial infarction. Circulation. 2002 Sep 24;106(12 Suppl 1):I131–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brasselet C, Morichetti MC, Messas E, et al. Skeletal myoblast transplantation through a catheter-based coronary sinus approach: an effective means of improving function of infarcted myocardium. Eur Heart J. 2005 Aug;26(15):1551–1556.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Menasche P, Alfieri O, Janssens S, et al. The Myoblast Autologous Grafting in Ischemic Cardiomyopathy (MAGIC) trial: first randomized placebo-controlled study of myoblast transplantation. Circulation. 2008 Mar 04;117(9):1189–1200.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Veltman CE, Soliman OI, Geleijnse ML, et al. Four-year follow-up of treatment with intramyocardial skeletal myoblasts injection in patients with ischaemic cardiomyopathy. Eur Heart J. 2008 Jun;29(11):1386–1396.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mount S, Davis DR. Electrical effects of stem cell transplantation for ischaemic cardiomyopathy: friend or foe? J Physiol. 2016 May 01; 594(9):2511–2524.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abraham MR, Henrikson CA, Tung L, et al. Antiarrhythmic engineering of skeletal myoblasts for cardiac transplantation. Circ Res. 2005 Jul 22;97(2):159–167.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernandes S, Van Rijen HV, Forest V, et al. Cardiac cell therapy: overexpression of connexin43 in skeletal myoblasts and prevention of ventricular arrhythmias. J Cell Mol Med. 2009 Sep;13(9B):3703–3712.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mummery C, Ward-van Oostwaard D, Doevendans P, et al. Differentiation of human embryonic stem cells to cardiomyocytes: role of coculture with visceral endoderm-like cells. Circulation. 2003 Jun 03;107(21):2733–2740.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takahashi K, Yamanaka S, Induction of pluripotent stem cells from mouse embryonic and adult fibroblast cultures by defined factors. Cell. 2006 8/25/2006;1264:663–676.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hartman ME, Dai DF, Laflamme MA. Human pluripotent stem cells: prospects and challenges as a source of cardiomyocytes for in vitro modeling and cell-based cardiac repair. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2016 Jan 15;96:3–17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laflamme MA, Chen KY, Naumova AV, et al. Cardiomyocytes derived from human embryonic stem cells in pro-survival factors enhance function of infarcted rat hearts. Nat Biotechnol. 2007 Sep;25(9):1015–1024.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shiba Y, Fernandes S, Zhu WZ, et al. Human ES-cell-derived cardiomyocytes electrically couple and suppress arrhythmias in injured hearts. Nature. 2012 Sep 13;489(7415):322–325.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chong JJ, Yang X, Don CW, et al. Human embryonic-stem-cell-derived cardiomyocytes regenerate non-human primate hearts. Nature. 2014 Jun 12;510(7504):273–277.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayfield AE, Tilokee EL, Davis DR. Resident cardiac stem cells and their role in stem cell therapies for myocardial repair. Can J Cardiol. 2014 Nov;30(11):1288–1298.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Urbanek K, Quaini F, Tasca G, et al. Intense myocyte formation from cardiac stem cells in human cardiac hypertrophy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003 Sep 02;100(18):10440–10445.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hierlihy AM, Seale P, Lobe CG, et al. The post-natal heart contains a myocardial stem cell population. FEBS Letters. 2002 Oct 23;530(1–3):239–243.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beltrami AP, Urbanek K, Kajstura J, et al. Evidence that human cardiac myocytes divide after myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 2001 Jun 07;344(23):1750–1757.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bergmann O, Bhardwaj RD, Bernard S, et al. Evidence for cardiomyocyte renewal in humans. Science. 2009 Apr 03;324(5923):98–102.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bolli R, Chugh AR, D’Amario D, et al. Cardiac stem cells in patients with ischaemic cardiomyopathy (SCIPIO): initial results of a randomised phase 1 trial. Lancet. 2011 Nov 26;378(9806):1847–1857.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The Lancet E. Expression of concern: the SCIPIO trial. Lancet. 2014 Apr 12;383(9925):1279.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The Editors. Notice of retraction. Circulation. 2014 Apr 8;129:e466.
   Google Scholar
• Makkar RR, Smith RR, Cheng K, et al. Intracoronary cardiosphere-derived cells for heart regeneration after myocardial infarction (CADUCEUS): a prospective, randomised phase 1 trial. Lancet. 2012 Mar 10;379(9819):895–904.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malliaras K, Makkar RR, Smith RR, et al. Intracoronary cardiosphere-derived cells after myocardial infarction: evidence of therapeutic regeneration in the final 1-year results of the CADUCEUS trial (CArdiosphere-Derived aUtologous stem CElls to reverse ventricUlar dySfunction). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014 1/21/2014;632:110–122.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnston PV, Sasano T, Mills K, et al. Engraftment, differentiation, and functional benefits of autologous cardiosphere-derived cells in porcine ischemic cardiomyopathy. Circulation. 2009 9/22/2009;12012:1075–1083.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Terrovitis J, Lautamäki R, Bonios M, et al. Noninvasive quantification and optimization of acute cell retention by in vivo positron emission tomography after intramyocardial cardiac-derived stem cell delivery. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;54(17):1619–1626.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yee K, Malliaras K, Kanazawa H, et al. Allogeneic cardiospheres delivered via percutaneous transendocardial injection increase viable myocardium, decrease scar size, and attenuate cardiac dilatation in porcine ischemic cardiomyopathy. Plos One. 2014;9(12):e113805.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oskouei BN, Lamirault G, Joseph C, et al. Increased potency of cardiac stem cells compared with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in cardiac repair. Stem Cells Transl Med. 2012 Feb;1(2):116–124.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li TS, Cheng K, Malliaras K, et al. Direct comparison of different stem cell types and subpopulations reveals superior paracrine potency and myocardial repair efficacy with cardiosphere-derived cells. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012 Mar 06;59(10):942–953.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zwetsloot PP, Vegh AM, Jansen of Lorkeers SJ, et al. Cardiac stem cell treatment in myocardial infarction: a systematic review and meta-analysis of preclinical studies. Circ Res. 2016 Apr 15;118(8):1223–1232.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valente M, Nascimento DS, Cumano A, et al. Sca-1+ cardiac progenitor cells and heart-making: a critical synopsis. Stem Cells Dev. 2014 Oct 01;23(19):2263–2273.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chimenti I, Smith RR, Li TS, et al. Relative roles of direct regeneration versus paracrine effects of human cardiosphere-derived cells transplanted into infarcted mice. Circ Res. 2010 Mar 19;106(5):971–980.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marban E. Breakthroughs in cell therapy for heart disease: focus on cardiosphere-derived cells. Mayo Clinic Proc. 2014 Jun;89(6):850–858.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chong JJ, Murry CE. Cardiac regeneration using pluripotent stem cells – progression to large animal models. Stem Cell Res. 2014 Nov;13(3Pt B):654–665.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cao F, Wagner RA, Wilson KD, et al. Transcriptional and functional profiling of human embryonic stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes. Plos One. 2008;3(10):e3474.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaneko S, Yamanaka S. To be immunogenic, or not to be: that’s the iPSC question. Cell Stem Cell. 2013 Apr 04;12(4):385–386.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singla DK. Embryonic stem cells in cardiac repair and regeneration. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2009 Aug;11(8):1857–1863.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taapken SM, Nisler BS, Newton MA, et al. Karotypic abnormalities in human induced pluripotent stem cells and embryonic stem cells. Nat Biotechnol. 2011 Apr;29(4):313–314.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martins-Taylor K, Xu RH. Concise review: genomic stability of human induced pluripotent stem cells. Stem Cells. 2012 Jan;30(1):22–27.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balsam LB, Wagers AJ, Christensen JL, et al. Haematopoietic stem cells adopt mature haematopoietic fates in ischaemic myocardium. Nature. 2004 Apr 08;428(6983):668–673.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schussler-Lenz M, Beuneu C, Menezes-Ferreira M, et al. Cell-based therapies for cardiac repair: a meeting report on scientific observations and European regulatory viewpoints. Eur J Heart Fail. 2016 Feb;18(2):133–141.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin Y, Weisdorf DJ, Solovey A, et al. Origins of circulating endothelial cells and endothelial outgrowth from blood. J Clin Invest. 2000 Jan;105(1):71–77.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee PS, Poh KK. Endothelial progenitor cells in cardiovascular diseases. World J Stem Cells. 2014 Jul 26;6(3):355–366.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Inc. C. Capricor Therapeutics Provides Update on ALLSTAR Trial. 2017.
   Google Scholar
• Stanley WC. Changes in cardiac metabolism: a critical step from stable angina to ischaemic cardiomyopathy. Eur Heart J Supplements. 2001;3(suppl O):O2–O7.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tune JD, Gorman MW, Feigl EO. Matching coronary blood flow to myocardial oxygen consumption. J Appl Physiol. 2004 Jul;97(1):404–415.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalogeris T, Baines CP, Krenz M, et al. Cell biology of ischemia/reperfusion injury. Int Rev Cell Mol Biol. 2012;298:229–317.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nallamothu BK, Bradley EH, Krumholz HM. Time to treatment in primary percutaneous coronary intervention. N Engl J Med. 2007 Oct 18;357(16):1631–1638.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Circu ML, Aw TY. Reactive oxygen species, cellular redox systems, and apoptosis. Free Radic Biol Med. 2010 Mar 15;48(6):749–762.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taverne YJ, Bogers AJ, Duncker DJ, et al. Reactive oxygen species and the cardiovascular system. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2013;2013:862423.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poon BY, Ward CA, Cooper CB, et al. Alpha(4)-integrin mediates neutrophil-induced free radical injury to cardiac myocytes. J Cell Biol. 2001 Mar 05;152(5):857–866.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prabhu SD, Frangogiannis NG. The biological basis for cardiac repair after myocardial infarction: from inflammation to fibrosis. Circ Res. 2016 Jun 24; 119(1):91–112.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nian M, Lee P, Khaper N, et al. Inflammatory cytokines and postmyocardial infarction remodeling. Circ Res. 2004 Jun 25;94(12):1543–1553.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yan X, Anzai A, Katsumata Y, et al. Temporal dynamics of cardiac immune cell accumulation following acute myocardial infarction. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 2013;62:24–35.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• French BA, Kramer CM. Mechanisms of post-infarct left ventricular remodeling. Drug Discov Today Dis Mech. 2007;4(3):185–196.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Opitz CA, Litzenburger UM, Lutz C, et al. Toll-like receptor engagement enhances the immunosuppressive properties of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells by inducing indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase-1 via interferon-beta and protein kinase R. Stem Cells. 2009 Apr;27(4):909–919.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomchuck SL, Zwezdaryk KJ, Coffelt SB, et al. Toll-like receptors on human mesenchymal stem cells drive their migration and immunomodulating responses. Stem Cells. 2008 Jan;26(1):99–107.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lotfi R, Eisenbacher J, Solgi G, et al. Human mesenchymal stem cells respond to native but not oxidized damage associated molecular pattern molecules from necrotic (tumor) material. Eur J Immunol. 2011 Jul;41(7):2021–2028.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van den Akker F, De Jager SC, Sluijter JP. Mesenchymal stem cell therapy for cardiac inflammation: immunomodulatory properties and the influence of toll-like receptors. Mediators Inflamm. 2013;2013:181020.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van den Borne SW, Diez J, Blankesteijn WM, et al. Myocardial remodeling after infarction: the role of myofibroblasts. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2010 Jan;7(1):30–37.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Segers VF, Lee RT. Biomaterials to enhance stem cell function in the heart. Circ Res. 2011 Sep 30;109(8):910–922.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hodgkinson CP, Gomez JA, Payne AJ, et al. Abi3bp regulates cardiac progenitor cell proliferation and differentiation. Circ Res. 2014 Dec 05;115(12):1007–1016.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li Z, Guo X, Guan J. An oxygen release system to augment cardiac progenitor cell survival and differentiation under hypoxic condition. Biomaterials. 2012 9/2012;33(25):5914–5923.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen TG, Zhong ZY, Sun GF, et al. Effects of tumour necrosis factor-alpha on activity and nitric oxide synthase of endothelial progenitor cells from peripheral blood. Cell Prolif. 2011 Aug;44(4):352–359.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu X, Wang J, Chen J, et al. Optimal temporal delivery of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in rats with myocardial infarction. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2007 Mar;31(3):438–443.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu B, Duan CY, Luo CF, et al. Impact of timing following acute myocardial infarction on efficacy and safety of bone marrow stem cells therapy: a network meta-analysis. Stem Cells Int. 2016;2016:1031794.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caveliers V, de Keulenaer G, Everaert H, et al. In vivo visualization of 111In labeled CD133+ peripheral blood stem cells after intracoronary administration in patients with chronic ischemic heart disease. Q J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2007 Mar;51(1):61–66.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dedobbeleer C, Blocklet D, Toungouz M, et al. Myocardial homing and coronary endothelial function after autologous blood CD34+ progenitor cells intracoronary injection in the chronic phase of myocardial infarction. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2009 Jun;53(6):480–485.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayfield AE, Tilokee EL, Latham N, et al. The effect of encapsulation of cardiac stem cells within matrix-enriched hydrogel capsules on cell survival, post-ischemic cell retention and cardiac function. Biomaterials. 2014 Jan;35(1):133–142.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anversa P, Leri A, Rota M, et al. Concise review: stem cells, myocardial regeneration, and methodological artifacts. Stem Cells. 2007 Mar;25(3):589–601.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yaziji H, Barry BT. Diagnostic immunohistochemistry: what can go wrong? Adv Anat Pathol. 2006 Sep;13(5):238–246.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hong KU, Li QH, Guo Y, et al. A highly sensitive and accurate method to quantify absolute numbers of c-kit+ cardiac stem cells following transplantation in mice. Basic Res Cardiol. 2013 May;108(3):346.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Love C, Palestro CJ. Radionuclide imaging of infection. J Nucl Med Technol. 2004 Jun;32(2):47–57. quiz 58-9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wu C, Ma G, Li J, et al. In vivo cell tracking via (1, 8)F-fluorodeoxyglucose labeling: a review of the preclinical and clinical applications in cell-based diagnosis and therapy. Clin Imaging. 2013 Jan-Feb;37(1):28–36.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moreira ML, da Costa Medeiros P, de Souza SA, et al. In vivo tracking of cell therapies for cardiac diseases with nuclear medicine. Stem Cells Int. 2016;2016:3140120.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kang WJ, Kang HJ, Kim HS, et al. Tissue distribution of 18F-FDG-labeled peripheral hematopoietic stem cells after intracoronary administration in patients with myocardial infarction. J Nucl Med. 2006 Aug;47(8):1295–1301.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schachinger V, Aicher A, Dobert N, et al. Pilot trial on determinants of progenitor cell recruitment to the infarcted human myocardium. Circulation. 2008 Sep 30;118(14):1425–1432.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campbell NG, Kaneko M, Shintani Y, et al. Cell size critically determines initial retention of bone marrow mononuclear cells in the heart after intracoronary injection: evidence from a rat model. Plos One. 2016;11(7):e0158232.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fischer UM, Harting MT, Jimenez F, et al. Pulmonary passage is a major obstacle for intravenous stem cell delivery: the pulmonary first-pass effect. Stem Cells Dev. 2009 Jun;18(5):683–692.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doerschuk CM, Beyers N, Coxson HO, et al. Comparison of neutrophil and capillary diameters and their relation to neutrophil sequestration in the lung. J Appl Physiol. 1993 Jun;74(6):3040–3045.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freyman T, Polin G, Osman H, et al. A quantitative, randomized study evaluating three methods of mesenchymal stem cell delivery following myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J. 2006 May;27(9):1114–1122.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kraitchman DL, Tatsumi M, Gilson WD, et al. Dynamic imaging of allogeneic mesenchymal stem cells trafficking to myocardial infarction. Circulation. 2005 Sep 06;112(10):1451–1461.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonios M, Terrovitis J, Chang CY, et al. Myocardial substrate and route of administration determine acute cardiac retention and lung bio-distribution of cardiosphere-derived cells. Am Soc Nucl Cardiol. 2011 May;18(3):443–450.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schrepfer S, Deuse T, Reichenspurner H, et al. Stem cell transplantation: the lung barrier. Transplant Proc. 2007 Mar;39(2):573–576.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aicher A, Brenner W, Zuhayra M, et al. Assessment of the tissue distribution of transplanted human endothelial progenitor cells by radioactive labeling. Circulation. 2003 Apr 29;107(16):2134–2139.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnston PV, Sasano T, Mills K, et al. Engraftment, differentiation, and functional benefits of autologous cardiosphere-derived cells in porcine ischemic cardiomyopathy. Circulation. 2009 Sep 22;120(12):1075–1083. 7 p following 83.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gyongyosi M, Dib N. Diagnostic and prognostic value of 3D NOGA mapping in ischemic heart disease. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2011 May 17;8(7):393–404.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodrigo SF, van Ramshorst J, Beeres SL, et al. Intramyocardial injection of bone marrow mononuclear cells in chronic myocardial ischemia patients after previous placebo injection improves myocardial perfusion and anginal symptoms: an intra-patient comparison. Am Heart J. 2012 Nov;164(5):771–778.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maeda K, Seymour R, Ruel M, et al. Echocardiography-guided intramyocardial injection method in a murine model. Methods Mol Biol. 2017;1553:217–225.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Perin EC, Silva GV, Assad JA, et al. Comparison of intracoronary and transendocardial delivery of allogeneic mesenchymal cells in a canine model of acute myocardial infarction. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 2008 Mar;44(3):486–495.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanelidis A, Premer C, Lopez JG, et al. Route of delivery modulates the efficacy of mesenchymal stem cell therapy for myocardial infarction: a meta-analysis of preclinical studies and clinical trials. Circ Res. 2016 Dec 28;1139–1150.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der Spoel TI, Vrijsen KR, Koudstaal S, et al. Transendocardial cell injection is not superior to intracoronary infusion in a porcine model of ischaemic cardiomyopathy: a study on delivery efficiency. J Cell Mol Med. 2012 Nov;16(11):2768–2776.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vulliet PR, Greeley M, Halloran SM, et al. Intra-coronary arterial injection of mesenchymal stromal cells and microinfarction in dogs. Lancet. 2004 Mar 06;363(9411):783–784.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tossios P, Krausgrill B, Schmidt M, et al. Role of balloon occlusion for mononuclear bone marrow cell deposition after intracoronary injection in pigs with reperfused myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J. 2008 Aug;29(15):1911–1921.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grossman PM, Han Z, Palasis M, et al. Incomplete retention after direct myocardial injection. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2002 Mar;55(3):392–397.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patel AN, Mittal S, Turan G, et al. REVIVE trial: retrograde delivery of autologous bone marrow in patients with heart failure. Stem Cells Transl Med. 2015 Sep;4(9):1021–1027.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vestweber D. How leukocytes cross the vascular endothelium. Nat Rev Immunol. 2015 Nov;15(11):692–704.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kavanagh DP, Kalia N. Hematopoietic stem cell homing to injured tissues. Stem Cell Rev. 2011 Sep;7(3):672–682.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teo GS, Ankrum JA, Martinelli R, et al. Mesenchymal stem cells transmigrate between and directly through tumor necrosis factor-alpha-activated endothelial cells via both leukocyte-like and novel mechanisms. Stem Cells. 2012 Nov;30(11):2472–2486.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Funcke F, Hoyer H, Brenig F, et al. Characterisation of the interaction between circulating and in vitro cultivated endothelial progenitor cells and the endothelial barrier. Eur J Cell Biol. 2008 Feb;87(2):81–90.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allen TA, Gracieux D, Talib M, et al. Angiopellosis as an alternative mechanism of cell extravasation. Stem Cells. 2017 Jan;35(1):170–180.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lam CK, Yoo T, Hiner B, et al. Embolus extravasation is an alternative mechanism for cerebral microvascular recanalization. Nature. 2010 May 27;465(7297):478–482.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ibrahim AG, Cheng K, Marban E. Exosomes as critical agents of cardiac regeneration triggered by cell therapy. Stem Cell Rep. 2014 May 06;2(5):606–619.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xie Y, Ibrahim A, Cheng K, et al. Importance of cell-cell contact in the therapeutic benefits of cardiosphere-derived cells. Stem Cells. 2014 Sep;32(9):2397–2406.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malliaras K, Li TS, Luthringer D, et al. Safety and efficacy of allogeneic cell therapy in infarcted rats transplanted with mismatched cardiosphere-derived cells. Circulation. 2012 Jan 03;125(1):100–112.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hinkel R, El-Aouni C, Olson T, et al. Thymosin beta4 is an essential paracrine factor of embryonic endothelial progenitor cell-mediated cardioprotection. Circulation. 2008 Apr 29;117(17):2232–2240.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li GH, Luo B, Lv YX, et al. Dual effects of VEGF-B on activating cardiomyocytes and cardiac stem cells to protect the heart against short- and long-term ischemia-reperfusion injury. J Transl Med. 2016 May 04;14(1):116.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang J, Nachtigal MW, Kardami E, et al. FGF-2 protects cardiomyocytes from doxorubicin damage via protein kinase C-dependent effects on efflux transporters. Cardiovasc Res. 2013 Apr 01;98(1):56–63.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xia P, Liu Y, Cheng Z. Signaling pathways in cardiac myocyte apoptosis. Biomed Res Int. 2016;2016:9583268.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barile L, Lionetti V, Cervio E, et al. Extracellular vesicles from human cardiac progenitor cells inhibit cardiomyocyte apoptosis and improve cardiac function after myocardial infarction. Cardiovasc Res. 2014 Sep 01;103(4):530–541.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sahoo S, Klychko E, Thorne T, et al. Exosomes from human CD34(+) stem cells mediate their proangiogenic paracrine activity. Circ Res. 2011 Sep 16;109(7):724–728.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malliaras K, Ibrahim A, Tseliou E, et al. Stimulation of endogenous cardioblasts by exogenous cell therapy after myocardial infarction. EMBO Mol Med. 2014 Jun;6(6):760–777.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellison GM, Torella D, Dellegrottaglie S, et al. Endogenous cardiac stem cell activation by insulin-like growth factor-1/hepatocyte growth factor intracoronary injection fosters survival and regeneration of the infarcted pig heart. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011 Aug 23;58(9):977–986.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Segers VF, Tokunou T, Higgins LJ, et al. Local delivery of protease-resistant stromal cell derived factor-1 for stem cell recruitment after myocardial infarction. Circulation. 2007 Oct 9;116(15):1683–1692.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malliaras K, Zhang Y, Seinfeld J, et al. Cardiomyocyte proliferation and progenitor cell recruitment underlie therapeutic regeneration after myocardial infarction in the adult mouse heart. EMBO Mol Med. 2013 Feb;5(2):191–209.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun L, Yu J, Qi S, et al. Bone morphogenetic protein-10 induces cardiomyocyte proliferation and improves cardiac function after myocardial infarction. J Cell Biochem. 2014 Nov;115(11):1868–1876.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tseliou E, de Couto G, Terrovitis J, et al. Angiogenesis, cardiomyocyte proliferation and anti-fibrotic effects underlie structural preservation post-infarction by intramyocardially-injected cardiospheres. Plos One. 2014;9(2):e88590.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lang JK, Young RF, Ashraf H, et al. Inhibiting extracellular vesicle release from human cardiosphere derived cells with lentiviral knockdown of nSMase2 differentially effects proliferation and apoptosis in cardiomyocytes, fibroblasts and endothelial cells in vitro. Plos One. 2016;11(11):e0165926.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramkisoensing AA, de Vries AA, Atsma DE, et al. Interaction between myofibroblasts and stem cells in the fibrotic heart: balancing between deterioration and regeneration. Cardiovasc Res. 2014 May 01;102(2):224–231.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kang JW, Kang KS, Koo HC, et al. Soluble factors-mediated immunomodulatory effects of canine adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Stem Cells Dev. 2008 Aug;17(4):681–693.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hasan AS, Luo L, Yan C, et al. Cardiosphere-derived cells facilitate heart repair by modulating M1/M2 macrophage polarization and neutrophil recruitment. Plos One. 2016;11(10):e0165255.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jing D, Fonseca AV, Alakel N, et al. Hematopoietic stem cells in co-culture with mesenchymal stromal cells–modeling the niche compartments in vitro. Haematologica. 2010 Apr;95(4):542–550.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang WJ, Li SH, Weisel RD, et al. Cell fusion contributes to the rescue of apoptotic cardiomyocytes by bone marrow cells. J Cell Mol Med. 2012 Dec;16(12):3085–3095.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vrtovec B, Poglajen G, Lezaic L, et al. Effects of intracoronary CD34+ stem cell transplantation in nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy patients: 5-year follow-up. Circ Res. 2013 Jan 4;112(1):165–173.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ziebart T, Yoon CH, Trepels T, et al. Sustained persistence of transplanted proangiogenic cells contributes to neovascularization and cardiac function after ischemia. Circ Res. 2008 Nov 21;103(11):1327–1334.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellison GM, Vicinanza C, Smith AJ, et al. Adult c-kit(pos) cardiac stem cells are necessary and sufficient for functional cardiac regeneration and repair. Cell. 2013 Aug 15;154(4):827–842.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoon CH, Koyanagi M, Iekushi K, et al. Mechanism of improved cardiac function after bone marrow mononuclear cell therapy: role of cardiovascular lineage commitment. Circulation. 2010 May 11;121(18):2001–2011.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borrelli E, Heyman R, Hsi M, et al., Targeting of an inducible toxic phenotype in animal cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1988 October;8520:7572–7576.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ziebart T, Yoon CH, Trepels T, et al. Sustained persistence of transplanted proangiogenic cells contributes to neovascularization and cardiac function after ischemia. Circ Res. 2008 Nov 21;103(11):1327–1334.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark AJ, Iwobi M, Cui W, et al. Selective cell ablation in transgenic mice expression E. coli nitroreductase. Gene Ther. 1997 Feb;4(2):101–110.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramos CA, Asgari Z, Liu E, et al. An inducible caspase 9 suicide gene to improve the safety of mesenchymal stromal cell therapies. Stem Cells. 2010 Jun;28(6):1107–1115.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palmiter R. Interrogation by toxin. Nat Biotechnol. 2001 Aug;19(8):731–732.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng K, Blusztajn A, Shen D, et al. Functional performance of human cardiosphere-derived cells delivered in an in situ polymerizable hyaluronan-gelatin hydrogel. Biomaterials. 2012 Jul;33(21):5317–5324.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng K, Shen D, Smith J, et al. Transplantation of platelet gel spiked with cardiosphere-derived cells boosts structural and functional benefits relative to gel transplantation alone in rats with myocardial infarction. Biomaterials. 2012 Apr;33(10):2872–2879.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Danoviz ME, Nakamuta JS, Marques FL, et al. Rat adipose tissue-derived stem cells transplantation attenuates cardiac dysfunction post infarction and biopolymers enhance cell retention. Plos One. 2010 Aug 10;5(8):e12077.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suuronen EJ, Veinot JP, Wong S, et al. Tissue-engineered injectable collagen-based matrices for improved cell delivery and vascularization of ischemic tissue using CD133+ progenitors expanded from the peripheral blood. Circulation. 2006 Jul 04;114(1 Suppl):I138–44.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Godier-Furnemont AF, Martens TP, Koeckert MS, et al. Composite scaffold provides a cell delivery platform for cardiovascular repair. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011 May 10;108(19):7974–7979.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ceccaldi C, Fullana SG, Alfarano C, et al. Alginate scaffolds for mesenchymal stem cell cardiac therapy: influence of alginate composition. Cell Transplant. 2012;21(9):1969–1984.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu S, Wang H, Lu W, et al. Both the transplantation of somatic cell nuclear transfer- and fertilization-derived mouse embryonic stem cells with temperature-responsive chitosan hydrogel improve myocardial performance in infarcted rat hearts. Tissue Eng A. 2010 Apr;16(4):1303–1315.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang T, Jiang XJ, Tang QZ, et al. Bone marrow stem cells implantation with alpha-cyclodextrin/MPEG-PCL-MPEG hydrogel improves cardiac function after myocardial infarction. Acta Biomater. 2009 Oct;5(8):2939–2944.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin YD, Yeh ML, Yang YJ, et al. Intramyocardial peptide nanofiber injection improves postinfarction ventricular remodeling and efficacy of bone marrow cell therapy in pigs. Circulation. 2010 Sep 14;122(11 Suppl):S132–41.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mihic A, Cui Z, Wu J, et al. A conductive polymer hydrogel supports cell electrical signaling and improves cardiac function after implantation into myocardial infarct. Circulation. 2015 Aug 25;132(8):772–784.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rane AA, Christman KL. Biomaterials for the treatment of myocardial infarction: a 5-year update. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011 Dec 13; 58(25):2615–2629.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan BP, Hui TY, Yeung CW, et al. Self-assembled collagen-human mesenchymal stem cell microspheres for regenerative medicine. Biomaterials. 2007 Nov;28(31):4652–4666.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aguado BA, Mulyasasmita W, Su J, et al. Improving viability of stem cells during syringe needle flow through the design of hydrogel cell carriers. Tissue Eng A. 2012 Apr;18(7–8):806–815.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang W, Zhao S, Rao W, et al. A novel core-shell microcapsule for encapsulation and 3D culture of embryonic stem cells. J Mat Chem B Mater Biol Med. 2013;2013(7):1002–1009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lam J, Segura T. The modulation of MSC integrin expression by RGD presentation. Biomaterials. 2013 May;34(16):3938–3947.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mao AS, Shin JW, Utech S, et al. Deterministic encapsulation of single cells in thin tunable microgels for niche modelling and therapeutic delivery. Nat Mater. 2017 Feb;16(2):236–243.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuraitis D, Hou C, Zhang Y, et al. Ex vivo generation of a highly potent population of circulating angiogenic cells using a collagen matrix. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 2011 Aug;51(2):187–197.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silva NA, Moreira J, Ribeiro-Samy S, et al. Modulation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell secretome by ECM-like hydrogels. Biochimie. 2013 Dec;95(12):2314–2319.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ifkovits JL, Tous E, Minakawa M, et al. Injectable hydrogel properties influence infarct expansion and extent of postinfarction left ventricular remodeling in an ovine model. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010 Jun 22;107(25):11507–11512.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng K, Malliaras K, Shen D, et al. Intramyocardial injection of platelet gel promotes endogenous repair and augments cardiac function in rats with myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012 Jan 17;59(3):256–264.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chachques JC, Trainini JC, Lago N, et al. Myocardial Assistance by Grafting a New Bioartificial Upgraded Myocardium (MAGNUM trial): clinical feasibility study. Ann Thorac Surg. 2008 Mar;85(3):901–908.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takehara N, Tsutsumi Y, Tateishi K, et al. Controlled delivery of basic fibroblast growth factor promotes human cardiosphere-derived cell engraftment to enhance cardiac repair for chronic myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008 Dec 02;52(23):1858–1865.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yacoub MH, Caduceus TJ. SCIPIO, ALCADIA: cell therapy trials using cardiac-derived cells for patients with post myocardial infarction LV dysfunction, still evolving. Glob Cardiol Sci Pract. 2013;2013(1):5–8.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mangi AA, Noiseux N, Kong D, et al. Mesenchymal stem cells modified with Akt prevent remodeling and restore performance of infarcted hearts. Nat Med. 2003 Nov;9(9):1195–1201.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li W, Ma N, Ong LL, et al. Bcl-2 engineered MSCs inhibited apoptosis and improved heart function. Stem Cells. 2007 Aug;25(8):2118–2127.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liang Y, Lin Q, Zhu J, et al. The caspase-8 shRNA-modified mesenchymal stem cells improve the function of infarcted heart. Mol Cell Biochem. 2014 Dec;397(1–2):7–16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fischer KM, Cottage CT, Wu W, et al. Enhancement of myocardial regeneration through genetic engineering of cardiac progenitor cells expressing Pim-1 kinase. Circulation. 2009 Nov 24;120(21):2077–2087.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Song H, Chang W, Lim S, et al. Tissue transglutaminase is essential for integrin-mediated survival of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Stem Cells. 2007 Jun;25(6):1431–1438.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang J, Zhang Z, Guo J, et al. Genetic modification of mesenchymal stem cells overexpressing CCR1 increases cell viability, migration, engraftment, and capillary density in the injured myocardium. Circ Res. 2010 Jun 11;106(11):1753–1762.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ward MR, Thompson KA, Isaac K, et al. Nitric oxide synthase gene transfer restores activity of circulating angiogenic cells from patients with coronary artery disease. Mol Ther. 2011 Jul;19(7):1323–1330.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu Y, Ip JE, Huang J, et al. Essential role of ICAM-1/CD18 in mediating EPC recruitment, angiogenesis, and repair to the infarcted myocardium. Circ Res. 2006 Aug 4;99(3):315–322.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang Y, Chen Q, Zhang Z, et al. Interleukin-10 overexpression improves the function of endothelial progenitor cells stimulated with TNF-alpha through the activation of the STAT3 signaling pathway. Int J Mol Med. 2015 Feb;35(2):471–477.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Song H, Kwon K, Lim S, et al. Transfection of mesenchymal stem cells with the FGF-2 gene improves their survival under hypoxic conditions. Mol Cells. 2005 Jun 30;19(3):402–407.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gomez-Mauricio G, Moscoso I, Martin-Cancho MF, et al. Combined administration of mesenchymal stem cells overexpressing IGF-1 and HGF enhances neovascularization but moderately improves cardiac regeneration in a porcine model. Stem Cell Res Ther. 2016 Jul 16;7(1):94.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haider H, Jiang S, Idris NM, et al. IGF-1-overexpressing mesenchymal stem cells accelerate bone marrow stem cell mobilization via paracrine activation of SDF-1alpha/CXCR4 signaling to promote myocardial repair. Circ Res. 2008 Nov 21;103(11):1300–1308.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson R, Tilokee EL, Latham N, et al. Paracrine engineering of human cardiac stem cells with insulin-like growth factor 1 enhances myocardial repair. J Am Heart Assoc. 2015 Sep 11;4(9):e002104.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang M, Mal N, Kiedrowski M, et al. SDF-1 expression by mesenchymal stem cells results in trophic support of cardiac myocytes after myocardial infarction. Faseb J. 2007 Oct;21(12):3197–3207.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Das H, George JC, Joseph M, et al. Stem cell therapy with overexpressed VEGF and PDGF genes improves cardiac function in a rat infarct model. Plos One. 2009 Oct 07;4(10):e7325.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cerrada I, Ruiz-Sauri A, Carrero R, et al. Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha contributes to cardiac healing in mesenchymal stem cells-mediated cardiac repair. Stem Cells Dev. 2013 Feb 01;22(3):501–511.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang X, Zhao T, Huang W, et al. Hsp20-engineered mesenchymal stem cells are resistant to oxidative stress via enhanced activation of Akt and increased secretion of growth factors. Stem Cells. 2009 Dec;27(12):3021–3031.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mangi AA, Noiseux N, Kong D, et al. Mesenchymal stem cells modified with Akt prevent remodeling and restore performance of infarcted hearts. Nat Med. 2003 Sep;9(9):1195–1201.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fischer KM, Cottage CT, Wu W, et al. Enhancement of myocardial regeneration through genetic engineering of cardiac progenitor cells expressing Pim-1 kinase. Circulation. 2009 Nov 24;120(21):2077–2087.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Sullivan JF, Leblond AL, Kelly G, et al. Potent long-term cardioprotective effects of single low-dose insulin-like growth factor-1 treatment postmyocardial infarction. Circ Cardiovasc Interv. 2011 Aug;4(4):327–335.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson R, Tilokee EL, Latham N, et al. Paracrine engineering of human cardiac stem cells with insulin-like growth factor 1 enhances myocardial repair. J Am Heart Assoc. 2015 Sep;4(9):e002104.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tilokee EL, Latham N, Jackson R, et al. Paracrine engineering of human explant-derived cardiac stem cells to over-express stromal-cell derived factor 1alpha enhances myocardial repair. Stem Cells. 2016 Apr 5;1826–1835.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Douglas KL. Toward development of artificial viruses for gene therapy: a comparative evaluation of viral and non-viral transfection. Biotechnol Prog. 2008 Jul-Aug;24(4):871–883.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gwizdala A, Rozwadowska N, Kolanowski TJ, et al. Safety, feasibility and effectiveness of first in-human administration of muscle-derived stem/progenitor cells modified with connexin-43 gene for treatment of advanced chronic heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail. 2017 Jan;19(1):148–157.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Behfar A, Yamada S, Crespo-Diaz R, et al. Guided cardiopoiesis enhances therapeutic benefit of bone marrow human mesenchymal stem cells in chronic myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010 Aug 24;56(9):721–734.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laflamme MA, Chen KY, Naumova AV, et al. Cardiomyocytes derived from human embryonic stem cells in pro-survival factors enhance function of infarcted rat hearts. Nat Biotechnol. 2007 Sep;25(9):1015–1024.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartunek J, Behfar A, Dolatabadi D, et al. Cardiopoietic stem cell therapy in heart failure: the C-CURE (Cardiopoietic stem Cell therapy in heart failURE) multicenter randomized trial with lineage-specified biologics. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013 Jun 11;61(23):2329–2338.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tekin D, Dursun AD, Xi L. Hypoxia inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) and cardioprotection. Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2010 Sep;31(9):1085–1094.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu X, Xu Y, Zhong Z, et al. A large-scale investigation of hypoxia-preconditioned allogeneic mesenchymal stem cells for myocardial repair in nonhuman primates: paracrine activity without remuscularization. Circ Res. 2016 Mar 18;118(6):970–983.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kubo M, Li TS, Suzuki R, et al. Hypoxic preconditioning increases survival and angiogenic potency of peripheral blood mononuclear cells via oxidative stress resistance. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2008 Feb;294(2):H590–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tang YL, Zhu W, Cheng M, et al. Hypoxic preconditioning enhances the benefit of cardiac progenitor cell therapy for treatment of myocardial infarction by inducing CXCR4 expression. Circ Res. 2009 May 22;104(10):1209–1216.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang X, Zhao T, Huang W, et al. Hsp20-engineered mesenchymal stem cells are resistant to oxidative stress via enhanced activation of Akt and increased secretion of growth factors. Stem Cells. 2009 Dec;27(12):3021–3031.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feng Y, Huang W, Meng W, et al. Heat shock improves Sca-1+ stem cell survival and directs ischemic cardiomyocytes toward a prosurvival phenotype via exosomal transfer: a critical role for HSF1/miR-34a/HSP70 pathway. Stem Cells. 2014 Feb;32(2):462–472.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar