Cell homing strategy as a promising approach to the vitality of pulp-dentin complexes in endodontic therapy: focus on potential biomaterials

References

• Eramo S, Natali A, Pinna R, et al. Dental pulp regeneration via cell homing. Int Endod J. 2018;51(4):405–419. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang GT, Yamaza T, Shea LD, et al. Stem/progenitor cell-mediated de novo regeneration of dental pulp with newly deposited continuous layer of dentin in an in vivo model. Tissue Eng Part A. 2010;16(2):605–615.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ishizaka R, Iohara K, Murakami M, et al. Regeneration of dental pulp following pulpectomy by fractionated stem/progenitor cells from bone marrow and adipose tissue. Biomaterials. 2012;33(7):2109–2118.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim JY, Xin X, Moioli EK, et al. Regeneration of dental-pulp-like tissue by chemotaxis-induced cell homing. Tissue Eng Part A. 2010;16(10):3023–3031.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murray PE, Garcia-Godoy F, Hargreaves KM. Regenerative endodontics: a review of current status and a call for action. J Endod. 2007;33(4):377–390.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duncan HF, Kobayashi Y, Shimizu E. Growth factors and cell homing in dental tissue regeneration. Curr Oral Health Rep. 2018;5(4):276–285.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Abou Neel EA, Chrzanowski W, Salih VM, et al. Tissue engineering in dentistry. J Dent. 2014;42(8):915–928.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jontell M, Okiji T, Dahlgren U, et al. Immune defense mechanisms of the dental pulp. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med. 1998;9(2):179–200.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yu C, Abbott PV. An overview of the dental pulp: its functions and responses to injury. Aust Dent J. 2007;52(1 Suppl):S4–16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lizier NF, Kerkis A, Gomes CM, et al. Scaling-up of dental pulp stem cells isolated from multiple niches. PLoS One. 2012;7(6):e39885.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shi S, Gronthos S. Perivascular niche of postnatal mesenchymal stem cells in human bone marrow and dental pulp. J Bone Miner Res. 2003;18(4):696–704.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang YD, Chen Z, Song YQ, et al. Making a tooth: growth factors, transcription factors, and stem cells. Cell Res. 2005;15(5):301–316.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soares DG, Bordini EA, Swanson WB, et al. Platform technologies for regenerative endodontics from multifunctional biomaterials to tooth-on-a-chip strategies. Clin Oral Investig. 2021;25(8):4749–4779.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khurshid Z, Alnaim AJA, Alhashim AAA, et al. Future of decellularized dental pulp matrix in regenerative endodontics. Eur J Dent. 2022.
   Google Scholar
• Nait Lechguer A, Kuchler-Bopp S, Hu B, et al. Vascularization of engineered teeth. J Dent Res. 2008;87(12):1138–1143.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sumita Y, Tsuchiya S, Asahina I, et al. The location and characteristics of two populations of dental pulp cells affect tooth development. Eur J Oral Sci. 2009;117(2):113–121.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang G-J, Garcia-Godoy F. Missing concepts in de novo pulp regeneration. J Dent Res. 2014;93(8):717–724.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Langer R, Vacanti JP. Tissue engineering. Science. 1993;260(5110):920–926.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Honda MJ, Sumita Y, Kagami H, et al. Histological and immunohistochemical studies of tissue engineered odontogenesis. Arch Histol Cytol. 2005;68(2):89–101.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakao K, Morita R, Saji Y, et al. The development of a bioengineered organ germ method. Nat Methods. 2007;4(3):227–230.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang L, Morsi Y, Wang Y, et al. Review scaffold design and stem cells for tooth regeneration. Japan Dent Sci Rev. 2013;49(1):14–26. .
   Google Scholar
• Ohara T, Itaya T, Usami K, et al. Evaluation of scaffold materials for tooth tissue engineering. J Biomed Mater Res A. 2010;94A(3):800–805.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yuan Z, Nie H, Wang S, et al. Biomaterial selection for tooth regeneration. Tissue Eng Part B Rev. 2011;17(5):373–388.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang GT-J. Dental pulp and dentin tissue engineering and regeneration–advancement and challenge. Front Biosci (Elite Ed). 2011;3(2):788.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Uijlenbroek H, Liu Y, Wismeijer D. Soft tissue expansion: principles and inferred intraoral hydrogel tissue expanders. 2015.
   Google Scholar
• Chang Y, Zhang F, Liu F, et al. Self-swelling tissue expander for soft tissue reconstruction in the craniofacial region: an in vitro and in vivo evaluation. Biomed Mater Eng. 2022;33(1):77–90.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dissanayaka WL, Zhang C. Scaffold-based and scaffold-free strategies in dental pulp regeneration. J Endod. 2020;46(9):S81–S9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ovsianikov A, Khademhosseini A, Mironov V. The synergy of scaffold-based and scaffold-free tissue engineering strategies. Trends Biotechnol. 2018;36(4):348–357.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luo L, He Y, Wang X, et al. Potential roles of dental pulp stem cells in neural regeneration and repair. Stem Cells Int. 2018;2018:1–15. 2018 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitsiadis TA, Magloire H, Pagella P. Nerve growth factor signalling in pathology and regeneration of human teeth. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):1–14.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lee S-M, Zhang Q, Le AD. Dental stem cells: sources and potential applications. Curr Oral Health Rep. 2014;1(1):34–42.
   Google Scholar
• Yoshida S, Tomokiyo A, Hasegawa D, et al. Insight into the role of dental pulp stem cells in regenerative therapy. Biology (Basel). 2020;9(7):160.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Miran S, Mitsiadis TA, Pagella P. Innovative dental stem cell-based research approaches: the future of dentistry. Stem Cells Int. 2016;2016:1–7.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hughes D, Song B. Dental and nondental stem cell based regeneration of the craniofacial region: a tissue based approach. Stem Cells Int. 2016;2016:1–20.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bakopoulou A, Leyhausen G, Volk J, et al. Comparative characterization of STRO-1(neg)/CD146(pos) and STRO-1(pos)/CD146(pos) apical papilla stem cells enriched with flow cytometry. Arch Oral Biol. 2013;58(10):1556–1568.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garna D, Kaur M, Hughes FJ, et al. Comparison of the expression of periodontal markers in dental and bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Open Dent J. 2020;14(1):196–202.
   Google Scholar
• Kandalam S, De Berdt P, Ucakar B, et al. Human dental stem cells of the apical papilla associated to BDNF-loaded pharmacologically active microcarriers (PAMs) enhance locomotor function after spinal cord injury. Int J Pharm. 2020;587:119685.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• De Berdt P, Vanacker J, Ucakar B, et al. Dental apical papilla as therapy for spinal cord injury. J Dent Res. 2015;94(11):1575–1581.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu T, Xu W, Chen H, et al. Comparison of the differentiation of dental pulp stem cells and periodontal ligament stem cells into neuron-like cells and their effects on focal cerebral ischemia. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai). 2020;52(9):1016–1029.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rajan TS, Giacoppo S, Diomede F, et al. The secretome of periodontal ligament stem cells from MS patients protects against EAE. Sci Rep. 2016;6(1):1–16.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hargreaves KM, Diogenes A, Teixeira FB. Treatment options: biological basis of regenerative endodontic procedures. Pediatr Dent. 2013;35(2):129–140.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kahler B, Rossi-Fedele G, Chugal N, et al. An evidence-based review of the efficacy of treatment approaches for immature permanent teeth with pulp necrosis. J Endod. 2017;43(7):1052–1057.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reichardt LF. Neurotrophin-regulated signalling pathways. Philos Trans R Soc B. 2006;361(1473):1545–1564.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomellini E, Lagadec C, Polakowska R, et al. Role of p75 neurotrophin receptor in stem cell biology: more than just a marker. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2014;71(13):2467–2481.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levi-Montalcini R. The nerve growth factor 35 years later. Science. 1987;237(4819):1154–1162.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silverman JD, Kruger L. An interpretation of dental innervation based upon the pattern of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-immunoreactive thin sensory axons. Somatosens Res. 1987;5(2):157–175
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernard GW, Shih C. The osteogenic stimulating effect of neuroactive calcitonin gene-related peptide. Peptides. 1990;11(4):625–632.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang Y, Xu J, Ruan YC, et al. Implant-derived magnesium induces local neuronal production of CGRP to improve bone-fracture healing in rats. Nat Med. 2016;22(10):1160–1169.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El Karim IA, Linden GJ, Irwin CR, et al. Neuropeptides regulate expression of angiogenic growth factors in human dental pulp fibroblasts. J Endod. 2009;35(6):829–833.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kerezoudis NP, Olgart L, Edwall L. Involvement of substance P but not nitric oxide or calcitonin gene-related peptide in neurogenic plasma extravasation in rat incisor pulp and lip. Arch Oral Biol. 1994;39(9):769–774.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heyeraas KJ, Kim S, Raab WH, et al. Effect of electrical tooth stimulation on blood flow, interstitial fluid pressure and substance P and CGRP-immunoreactive nerve fibers in the low compliant cat dental pulp. Microvasc Res. 1994;47(3):329–343.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iohara K, Imabayashi K, Ishizaka R, et al. Complete pulp regeneration after pulpectomy by transplantation of CD105+ stem cells with stromal cell-derived factor-1. Tissue Eng Part A. 2011;17(15–16):1911–1920.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yildirim S, Fu SY, Kim K, et al. Tooth regeneration: a revolution in stomatology and evolution in regenerative medicine. Int J Oral Sci. 2011;3(3):107–116.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mao JJ, Kim SG, Zhou J, et al. Regenerative endodontics: barriers and strategies for clinical translation. Dent Clin North Am. 2012;56(3):639–649.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Laird DJ, von Andrian UH, Wagers AJ. Stem cell trafficking in tissue development, growth, and disease. Cell. 2008;132(4):612–630.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mao JJ, Stosich MS, Moioli EK, et al. Facial reconstruction by biosurgery: cell transplantation versus cell homing. Tissue Eng Part B Rev. 2010;16(2):257–262.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim SG, Zheng Y, Zhou J, et al. Dentin and dental pulp regeneration by the patient’s endogenous cells. Endod Topics. 2013;28(1):106–117.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Xiao L, Nasu M. From regenerative dentistry to regenerative medicine: progress, challenges, and potential applications of oral stem cells. Stem Cells Cloning. 2014;7:89–99.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Laureys WG, Cuvelier CA, Dermaut LR, et al. The critical apical diameter to obtain regeneration of the pulp tissue after tooth transplantation, replantation, or regenerative endodontic treatment. J Endod. 2013;39(6):759–763.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moretti S, Bartolommei L, Galosi C, et al. Fine-tuning of Th17 cytokines in periodontal disease by IL-10. J Dent Res. 2015;94(9):1267–1275.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang F, Jiang Y, Huang X, et al. Pro-Inflammatory cytokine TNF-α attenuates BMP9-Induced osteo/odontoblastic differentiation of the Stem Cells of Dental Apical Papilla (SCAPs). Cell Physiol Biochem. 2017;41(5):1725–1735.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kao RT, Murakami S, Beirne OR. The use of biologic mediators and tissue engineering in dentistry. Periodontol. 2000;50(1):127–153.
   Google Scholar
• Chieruzzi M, Pagano S, Moretti S, et al. Nanomaterials for tissue engineering in dentistry. Nanomaterials. 2016;6(7):134.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lau TT, Wang DA. Stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1): homing factor for engineered regenerative medicine. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2011;11(2):189–197.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El-Sayed KM F, Jakusz K, Jochens A, et al. Stem cell transplantation for pulpal regeneration: a systematic review. Tissue Eng Part B Rev. 2015;21(5):451–460.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suzuki T, Lee CH, Chen M, et al. Induced migration of dental pulp stem cells for in vivo pulp regeneration. J Dent Res. 2011;90(8):1013–1018.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Engler AJ, Sen S, Sweeney HL, et al. Matrix elasticity directs stem cell lineage specification. Cell. 2006;126(4):677–689.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keung AJ, Asuri P, Kumar S, et al. Soft microenvironments promote the early neurogenic differentiation but not self-renewal of human pluripotent stem cells. Integr Biol. 2012;4(9):1049–1058.
   Google Scholar
• Alipour M, Firouzi N, Aghazadeh Z, et al. The osteogenic differentiation of human dental pulp stem cells in alginate-gelatin/nano-hydroxyapatite microcapsules. BMC Biotechnol. 2021;21(1):1–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saha K, Keung AJ, Irwin EF, et al. Substrate modulus directs neural stem cell behavior. Biophys J. 2008;95(9):4426–4438.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Semler EJ, Moghe PV. Engineering hepatocyte functional fate through growth factor dynamics: the role of cell morphologic priming. Biotechnol Bioeng. 2001;75(5):510–520.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim IG, Gil C-H, Seo J, et al. Mechanotransduction of human pluripotent stem cells cultivated on tunable cell-derived extracellular matrix. Biomaterials. 2018;150:100–111.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fu J, Chuah YJ, Ang WT, et al. Optimization of a polydopamine (PD)-based coating method and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) substrates for improved mouse embryonic stem cell (ESC) pluripotency maintenance and cardiac differentiation. Biomater Sci. 2017;5(6):1156–1173.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graziano A, d’Aquino R, MGC-D A, et al. Scaffold’s surface geometry significantly affects human stem cell bone tissue engineering. J Cell Physiol. 2008;214(1):166–172.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Umapathi R, Vepuri SB, Venkatesu P, et al. Comprehensive computational and experimental analysis of biomaterial toward the behavior of imidazolium-based ionic liquids: an interplay between hydrophilic and hydrophobic interactions. J Phys Chem A. 2017;121(18):4909–4922.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braatz JA, Heifetz AH, Kehr CL. A new hydrophilic polymer for biomaterial coatings with low protein adsorption. J Biomater Sci Polym Ed. 1992;3(6):451–462.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang B, Sun H, Wu L, et al. 3D printing of calcium phosphate bioceramic with tailored biodegradation rate for skull bone tissue reconstruction. Bio-Design and Manufacturing. 2019;2(3):161–171.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang B, Pei X, Song P, et al. Porous bioceramics produced by inkjet 3D printing: effect of printing ink formulation on the ceramic macro and micro porous architectures control. Compos Part B Eng. 2018;155:112–121.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maleki Dizaj S, Sharifi S, Ahmadian E, et al. An update on calcium carbonate nanoparticles as cancer drug/gene delivery system. Expert Opin Drug Deliv. 2019;16(4):331–345.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu H, Wang X, Han Y, et al. Icariin promotes the migration of bone marrow stromal cells via the SDF-1α/HIF-1α/CXCR4 pathway. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2018;12:4023–4031.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou T, Yan Y, Zhao C, et al. Resveratrol improves osteogenic differentiation of senescent bone mesenchymal stem cells through inhibiting endogenous reactive oxygen species production via AMPK activation. Redox Rep. 2019;24(1):62–69.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li Y, Wang J, Chen G, et al. Quercetin promotes the osteogenic differentiation of rat mesenchymal stem cells via mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling. Exp Ther Med. 2015;9(6):2072–2080.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rassi CM, Lieberherr M, Chaumaz G, et al. Modulation of osteoclastogenesis in porcine bone marrow cultures by quercetin and rutin. Cell Tissue Res. 2005;319(3):383–393.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao B, Xiong Y, Zhang Y, et al. Rutin promotes osteogenic differentiation of periodontal ligament stem cells through the GPR30-mediated PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 2020;245(6):552–561.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gu Q, Cai Y, Huang C, et al. Curcumin increases rat mesenchymal stem cell osteoblast differentiation but inhibits adipocyte differentiation. Pharmacogn Mag. 2012;8(31):202–208.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mani H, Sidhu GS, Kumari R, et al. Curcumin differentially regulates TGF-beta1, its receptors and nitric oxide synthase during impaired wound healing. Biofactors. 2002;16(1–2):29–43.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen S, Liang H, Ji Y, et al. Curcumin modulates the crosstalk between macrophages and bone mesenchymal stem cells to ameliorate osteogenesis. Front Cell Dev Biol. 2021;9:634650.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharifi S, Zununi Vahed S, Ahmadian E, et al. Stem cell therapy: curcumin does the trick. Phytother Res. 2019;33(11):2927–2937.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khezri K, Maleki Dizaj S, Rahbar Saadat Y, et al. Osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells via curcumin-containing nanoscaffolds. Stem Cells Int. 2021 2021;2021:1–9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li M, Choi ST, Tsang KS, et al. DNA microarray expression analysis of baicalin-induced differentiation of C17.2 neural stem cells. Chembiochem. 2012;13(9):1286–1290.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yao R, Zhang L, Li X, et al. Effects of epimedium flavonoids on proliferation and differentiation of neural stem cells in vitro. Neurol Res. 2010;32(7):736–742.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharifi S, Moghaddam FA, Abedi A, et al. Phytochemicals impact on osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. BioFactors. 2020;46(6):874–893.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alipour M, Pouya B, Aghazadeh Z, et al. The antimicrobial, antioxidative, and anti-inflammatory effects of polycaprolactone/gelatin scaffolds containing chrysin for regenerative endodontic purposes. Stem Cells Int. 2021 2021;2021:1–11.
   Google Scholar
• Forouzideh N, Nadri S, Fattahi A, et al. Epigallocatechin gallate loaded electrospun silk fibroin scaffold with anti-angiogenic properties for corneal tissue engineering. J Drug Delivery Sci Technol. 2020;56:101498.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alipour M, Fadakar S, Aghazadeh M, et al. Synthesis, characterization, and evaluation of curcumin‐loaded endodontic reparative material. J Biochem Mol Toxicol. 2021;35(9):e22854.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tseng P-C, Hou S-M, Chen R-J, et al. Resveratrol promotes osteogenesis of human mesenchymal stem cells by upregulating RUNX2 gene expression via the SIRT1/FOXO3A axis. J Bone Miner Res. 2011;26(10):2552–2563.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samiei M, Abedi A, Sharifi S, et al. Early osteogenic differentiation stimulation of dental pulp stem cells by calcitriol and curcumin. Stem Cells Int. 2021;2021:1–7. 2021.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ren M, Zhao Y, He Z, et al. Baicalein inhibits inflammatory response and promotes osteogenic activity in periodontal ligament cells challenged with lipopolysaccharides. BMC Compl Med Ther. 2021;21(1):43.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Um IW. Demineralized Dentin Matrix (DDM) as a carrier for recombinant human bone morphogenetic proteins (rhBMP-2). Adv Exp Med Biol. 2018;1077:487–499.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holiel AA, Mahmoud EM, Abdel-Fattah WM, et al. Histological evaluation of the regenerative potential of a novel treated dentin matrix hydrogel in direct pulp capping. Clin Oral Investig. 2021;25(4):2101–2112.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bessho K, Tagawa T, Murata M. Purification of rabbit bone morphogenetic protein derived from bone, dentin, and wound tissue after tooth extraction. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1990;48(2):162–169.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butler WT, Mikulski A, Urist MR, et al. Noncollagenous proteins of a rat dentin matrix possessing bone morphogenetic activity. J Dent Res. 1977;56(3):228–232.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galler KM, Widbiller M, Buchalla W, et al. EDTA conditioning of dentine promotes adhesion, migration and differentiation of dental pulp stem cells. Int Endod J. 2016;49(6):581–590.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith AJ, Tobias RS, Cassidy N, et al. Odontoblast stimulation in ferrets by dentine matrix components. Arch Oral Biol. 1994;39(1):13–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomson PL, Grover LM, Lumley PJ, et al. Dissolution of bio-active dentine matrix components by mineral trioxide aggregate. J Dent. 2007;35(8):636–642.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graham L, Cooper PR, Cassidy N, et al. The effect of calcium hydroxide on solubilisation of bio-active dentine matrix components. Biomaterials. 2006;27(14):2865–2873.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferracane JL, Cooper PR, Smith AJ. Dentin matrix component solubilization by solutions of pH relevant to self-etching dental adhesives. J Adhes Dent. 2013;15(5):407–412.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cassidy N, Fahey M, Prime SS, et al. Comparative analysis of transforming growth factor-beta isoforms 1-3 in human and rabbit dentine matrices. Arch Oral Biol. 1997;42(3):219–223.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith AJ. Vitality of the dentin-pulp complex in health and disease: growth factors as key mediators. J Dent Educ. 2003;67(6):678–689.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mazzoni A, Tjäderhane L, Checchi V, et al. Role of dentin MMPs in caries progression and bond stability. J Dent Res. 2015;94(2):241–251.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dung SZ, Gregory RL, Li Y, et al. Effect of lactic acid and proteolytic enzymes on the release of organic matrix components from human root dentin. Caries Res. 1995;29(6):483–489.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Charadram N, Farahani RM, Harty D, et al. Regulation of reactionary dentin formation by odontoblasts in response to polymicrobial invasion of dentin matrix. Bone. 2012;50(1):265–275.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Widbiller M, Eidt A, Hiller KA, et al. Ultrasonic activation of irrigants increases growth factor release from human dentine. Clin Oral Investig. 2017;21(3):879–888.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duncan HF, Smith AJ, Fleming GJ, et al. Release of bio-active dentine extracellular matrix components by histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi). Int Endod J. 2017;50(1):24–38.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galler KM, Buchalla W, Hiller KA, et al. Influence of root canal disinfectants on growth factor release from dentin. J Endod. 2015;41(3):363–368.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin DE, De Almeida JF, Henry MA, et al. Concentration-dependent effect of sodium hypochlorite on stem cells of apical papilla survival and differentiation. J Endod. 2014;40(1):51–55.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakashima M. Induction of dentine in amputated pulp of dogs by recombinant human bone morphogenetic proteins-2 and −4 with collagen matrix. Arch Oral Biol. 1994;39(12):1085–1089.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gronthos S, Mankani M, Brahim J, et al. Postnatal human dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) in vitro and in vivo. Proc Nat Acad Sci. 2000;97(25):13625–13630.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tziafas D, Smith AJ, Lesot H. Designing new treatment strategies in vital pulp therapy. J Dent. 2000;28(2):77–92.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakashima M, Reddi AH. The application of bone morphogenetic proteins to dental tissue engineering. Nat Biotechnol. 2003;21(9):1025–1032.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith AJ, Scheven BA, Takahashi Y, et al. Dentine as a bioactive extracellular matrix. Arch Oral Biol. 2012;57(2):109–121.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruangsawasdi N, Zehnder M, Patcas R, et al. Effects of stem cell factor on cell homing during functional pulp regeneration in human immature teeth. Tissue Eng Part A. 2017;23(3–4):115–123.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaviño-Orduña JF, Caviedes-Bucheli J, Manzanares-Céspedes MC et al. Dentin growth after direct pulp capping with the different fractions of plasma rich in growth factors (PRGF) vs. MTA: experimental study in animal model. J Clin Med. 2021;10(15):3432.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Widbiller M, Driesen RB, Eidt A, et al. Cell homing for pulp tissue engineering with endogenous dentin matrix proteins. J Endod. 2018;44(6): 956–62.e2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim NR, Lee DH, Chung P-H, et al. Distinct differentiation properties of human dental pulp cells on collagen, gelatin, and chitosan scaffolds. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontology. 2009;108(5):e94–e100
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murakami M, Horibe H, Iohara K, et al. The use of granulocyte-colony stimulating factor induced mobilization for isolation of dental pulp stem cells with high regenerative potential. Biomaterials. 2013;34(36):9036–9047.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang W, Walboomers XF, van Kuppevelt TH, et al. The performance of human dental pulp stem cells on different three-dimensional scaffold materials. Biomaterials. 2006;27(33):5658–5668.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin GSS, Cher CY, Goh YH, et al. An insight into the role of marine biopolymer alginate in endodontics: a review. Marine Drugs. 2022;20(8):539.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakashima M, Akamine A. The application of tissue engineering to regeneration of pulp and dentin in endodontics. J Endod. 2005;31(10):711–718.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruangsawasdi N, Zehnder M, Weber FE. Fibrin gel improves tissue ingrowth and cell differentiation in human immature premolars implanted in rats. J Endod. 2014;40(2):246–250.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Decup F, Six N, Palmier B, et al. Bone sialoprotein-induced reparative dentinogenesis in the pulp of rat’s molar. Clin Oral Investig. 2000;4(2):110–119.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rahaman MN, Mao JJ. Stem cell-based composite tissue constructs for regenerative medicine. Biotechnol Bioeng. 2005;91(3):261–284.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupte MJ, Ma PX. Nanofibrous scaffolds for dental and craniofacial applications. J Dent Res. 2012;91(3):227–234.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Athanasiou KA, Niederauer GG, Agrawal CM. Sterilization, toxicity, biocompatibility and clinical applications of polylactic acid/polyglycolic acid copolymers. Biomaterials. 1996;17(2):93–102.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fu YC, Nie H, Ho ML, et al. Optimized bone regeneration based on sustained release from three-dimensional fibrous PLGA/HAp composite scaffolds loaded with BMP-2. Biotechnol Bioeng. 2008;99(4):996–1006. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li WJ, Laurencin CT, Caterson EJ, et al. Electrospun nanofibrous structure: a novel scaffold for tissue engineering. J Biomed Mater Res. 2002;60(4):613–621.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li WJ, Tuli R, Huang X, et al. Multilineage differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells in a three-dimensional nanofibrous scaffold. Biomaterials. 2005;26(25):5158–5166.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang J, Webb AR, Pickerill SJ, et al. Synthesis and evaluation of poly(diol citrate) biodegradable elastomers. Biomaterials. 2006;27(9):1889–1898.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Linde A. The extracellular matrix of the dental pulp and dentin. J Dent Res. 1985;64(4):523–529.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Da Sacco L, Masotti A. Chitin and chitosan as multipurpose natural polymers for groundwater arsenic removal and AS2O3 delivery in tumor therapy. Mar Drugs. 2010;8(5):1518–1525.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oktay EO, Demiralp B, Demiralp B, et al. Effects of platelet-rich plasma and chitosan combination on bone regeneration in experimental rabbit cranial defects. J Oral Implantol. 2010;36(3):175–184.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wen P, Gao J, Zhang Y, et al. Fabrication of chitosan scaffolds with tunable porous orientation structure for tissue engineering. J Biomater Sci Polym Ed. 2011;22(1–3):19–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nie H, Lee LY, Tong H, et al. PLGA/chitosan composites from a combination of spray drying and supercritical fluid foaming techniques: new carriers for DNA delivery. J Control Release. 2008;129(3):207–214.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith J, Smith A, Shelton R, et al. Dental pulp cell behavior in biomimetic environments. J Dent Res. 2015;94(11):1552–1559.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dobie K, Smith G, Sloan A, et al. Effects of alginate hydrogels and TGF-β1 on human dental pulp repair in vitro. Connect Tissue Res. 2002;43(2–3):387–390.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iohara K, Murakami M, Takeuchi N, et al. A novel combinatorial therapy with pulp stem cells and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor for total pulp regeneration. Stem Cells Transl Med. 2013;2(7):521–533.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prescott RS, Alsanea R, Fayad MI, et al. In vivo generation of dental pulp-like tissue by using dental pulp stem cells, a collagen scaffold, and dentin matrix Protein 1 after subcutaneous transplantation in mice. J Endod. 2008;34(4):421–426.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Srisuwan T, Tilkorn DJ, Al-Benna S, et al. Revascularization and tissue regeneration of an empty root canal space is enhanced by a direct blood supply and stem cells. Dental Traumatology. 2013;29(2):84–91
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ishimatsu H, Kitamura C, Morotomi T, et al. Formation of dentinal bridge on surface of regenerated dental pulp in dentin defects by controlled release of fibroblast growth Factor-2 from gelatin hydrogels. J Endod. 2009;35(6):858–865.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boehler RM, Graham JG, Shea LD. Tissue engineering tools for modulation of the immune response. Biotechniques. 2011;51(4):239.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liesveld JL, Sharma N, Aljitawi OS. Stem cell homing: from physiology to therapeutics. Stem Cells. 2020;38(10):1241–1253.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aurand ER, Lampe KJ, Bjugstad KB. Defining and designing polymers and hydrogels for neural tissue engineering. Neurosci Res. 2012;72(3):199–213.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hynd MR, Turner JN, Shain W. Applications of hydrogels for neural cell engineering. J Biomater Sci Polym Ed. 2007;18(10):1223–1244.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nisbet DR, Crompton KE, Horne MK, et al. Neural tissue engineering of the CNS using hydrogels. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater. 2008;87(1):251–263.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kothapalli CR, Kamm RD. 3D matrix microenvironment for targeted differentiation of embryonic stem cells into neural and glial lineages. Biomaterials. 2013;34(25):5995–6007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Socransky S, Manganiello S. The oral microbiota of man from birth to senility. J Periodontol. 1971;42(8):485–496.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dioguardi M, Perrone D, Troiano G, et al. Cytotoxicity evaluation of five different dual-cured resin cements used for fiber posts cementation. Int J Clin Exp Med. 2015;8(6):9327.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chevalier M, Ranque S, Prêcheur I. Oral fungal-bacterial biofilm models in vitro: a review. Med Mycol. 2018;56(6):653–667.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ducret M, Fabre H, Celle A, et al. Current challenges in human tooth revitalization. Biomed Mater Eng. 2017;28(s1):S159–S68.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Assed S, Ito I, Leonardo M, et al. Anaerobic microorganisms in root canals of human teeth with chronic apical periodontitis detected by indirect immunofluorescence. Dental Traumatology. 1996;12(2):66–69
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swimberghe R, Coenye T, De Moor R, et al. Biofilm model systems for root canal disinfection: a literature review. Int Endod J. 2019;52(5):604–628.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rivera Aguayo P, Bruna Larenas T, Alarcón Godoy C, et al. Antimicrobial and antibiofilm capacity of chitosan nanoparticles against wild type strain of pseudomonas sp. Isolated from milk of cows diagnosed with bovine mastitis. Antibiotics. 2020;9(9):551.
   Google Scholar
• Shin SR, Li YC, Jang HL, et al. Graphene-based materials for tissue engineering. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2016;105(Pt B):255–274.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ding X, Liu H, Fan Y. Graphene-based materials in regenerative medicine. Adv Healthc Mater. 2015;4(10):1451–1468.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang K, Wan J, Zhang S, et al. The influence of surface chemistry and size of nanoscale graphene oxide on photothermal therapy of cancer using ultra-low laser power. Biomaterials. 2012;33(7):2206–2214.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee WC, Lim CH, Shi H, et al. Origin of enhanced stem cell growth and differentiation on graphene and graphene oxide. ACS Nano. 2011;5(9):7334–7341.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruijtenberg S, van den Heuvel S. Coordinating cell proliferation and differentiation: antagonism between cell cycle regulators and cell type-specific gene expression. Cell Cycle. 2016;15(2):196–212.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar