Coordinating and doxing data: Hong Kong protesters’ and government supporters’ data strategies in the age of datafication

References

• Benford, R., & Snow, D. (2000). Framing processes and social movements: An overview and assessment. Annual Review of Sociology, 26, 611–639. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.26.1.611
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beraldo, D., & Milan, S. (2019). From data politics to the contentious politics of data. Big Data & Society, 6(2), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1177/2053951719885967
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bitso, C., Fourie, I., & Bothma, T. (2012). Trends in Transition from Classical Censorship to Internet Censorship: Selected Country Overviews. The International Federation of Library Association (IFLA). https://www.ifla.org/publications/trends-in-transition-from-classical-censorship-to-intenet-censorship-selected-country-o
   Google Scholar
• Carty, V., & Reynoso Barron, F. G. (2019). Social movements and new technology: The dynamics of cyber activism in the digital age. In B. Berberoglu (Ed.), The Palgrave Handbook of Social Movements, Revolution, and Social Transformation (pp. 373–397). Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Chan, H. (2019). Hong Kong court grants temporary injunction against inciting violence via messaging app Telegram and LIHKG forum. Retrieved from Hong Kong Free Press: https://hongkongfp.com/2019/10/31/hong-kong-court-grants-temporary-injunction-inciting-violence-via-messaging-app-telegram-lihkg-forum/
   Google Scholar
• della Porta, D., Peterson, A., & Reiter, H. (Eds.). (2006). The policing of transnational protest. Ashgate.
   Google Scholar
• Dencik, L., Hintz, A., & Cable, J. (2016). Towards data justice? The ambiguity of anti-surveillance resistance in political activism. Big Data & Society, 3(2), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1177/2053951716679678
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Douglas, D. M. (2016). Doxing: A conceptual analysis. Ethics and Information Technology, 18(3), 199–210. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10676-016-9406-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Earl, J., & Soule, S. (2006). Seeing blue: A police-centered explanation of protest policing. Mobilization: An International Quarterly, 11(2), 145–164. https://doi.org/10.17813/maiq.11.2.u1wj8w41n301627u
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fish, A., & Follis, L. (2016). Gagged and doxed: Hacktivism’s self-incrimination complex. International Journal of Communication, 10, 3281–3300.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flesher Fominaya, C., & Gillan, K. (2017). Navigating the technology-media-movements complex. Social Movement Studies, 16(4), 383–402. https://doi.org/10.1080/14742837.2017.1338943
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foucault, M. (1977). Discipline and Punish: The birth of the prison. Penguin.
   Google Scholar
• Haggerty, K. D., & Ericson, R. V. (2000). The surveillance assemblage. The British Journal of Sociology, 51(4), 605–622. https://doi.org/10.1080/00071310020015280
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hermida, A., & Hernández-Santaolalla, V. (2018). Twitter and video activism as tools for counter-surveillance: The case of social protests in Spain. Information, Communication & Society, 21(3), 416–433. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2017.1284880
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoyng, R. (2021). From open data to “grounded openness”: Recursive politics and postcolonial struggle in Hong Kong. Television & New Media, 22(6), 703–720. https://doi.org/10.1177/1527476420931444
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson, W., Gilmore, J., & Monk, H. (2019). Policing unacceptable protest in England and Wales: A case study of the policing of anti-fracking protests. Critical Social Policy, 39(1), 23–43. https://doi.org/10.1177/0261018317753087
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kazansky, B., Torres, G., van der Velden, L., Wissenbach, K. R., & Milan, S. (2019). Data for the social good: Toward a data-activist research agenda. In A. Daly & M. Mann (Eds.), Good data (pp. 244–259). Institute of Network Cultures.
   Google Scholar
• Lee, F. (2020). Solidarity in the Anti-Extradition Bill movement in Hong Kong. Critical Asian Studies, 52(1), 18–32. https://doi.org/10.1080/14672715.2020.1700629
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lehtiniemi, T., & Haapoja, J. (2020). Data agency at stake: MyData activism and alternative frames of equal participation. New Media & Society, 22(1), 87–104. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444819861955
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lyon, D. (2018). The culture of surveillance: Watching as a way of life. Polity Press.
   Google Scholar
• MacAllister, J. M. (2017). The doxing dilemma: Seeking a remedy for the malicious publication of personal information. Fordham Law Review, 85(5), 2451–2483.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mann, S. (2005). Sousveillance and Cyborglogs: A 30-Year empirical voyage through ethical, legal, and policy issues. Presence Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, 14(6), 625–646. https://doi.org/10.1162/105474605775196571
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mann, S. (2013). Veillance and reciprocal transparency: Surveillance versus sousveillance, ARGlass, lifeglogging, and wearable computing. Available at: http://wearcam.org/veillance/veillance.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Mann, S., & Ferenbok, J. (2013). New Media and the power politics of sousveillance in a surveillance-dominated world. Surveillance & Society, 11(1/2), 18–34. https://doi.org/10.24908/ss.v11i1/2.4456
   Google Scholar
• Maragkou, E. (2019). “Dadfindboy”: How activists in Hong Kong are hijacking state tools of surveillance. Retrieved from: http://mastersofmedia.hum.uva.nl/blog/2019/09/23/dadfindboy-how-activists-in-hong-kong-are-hijacking-state-tools-of-surveillance/
   Google Scholar
• Marx, G. T. (1999). What’s in a name? Some reflections on the sociology of anonymity. The Information Society, 15(2), 99–112. https://doi.org/10.1080/019722499128565
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McNealy, J. (2018). What is doxxing, and why is it so scary? Retrieved from The Conversation: https://theconversation.com/what-is-doxxing-and-why-is-it-so-scary-95848
   Google Scholar
• Meng, A., DiSalvo, C., Tsui, L., & Best, M. (2019). The social impact of open government data in Hong Kong: Umbrella Movement protests and adversarial politics. The Information Society, 35(4), 216–228. https://doi.org/10.1080/01972243.2019.1613464
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milan, S. (2015). From social movements to cloud protesting: The evolution of collective identity. Information, Communication & Society, 18(8), 887–900. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2015.1043135
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milan, S., & van der Velden, L. (2016). The alternative epistemologies of data activism. Digital Culture & Society, 2(2), 57–74. https://doi.org/10.14361/dcs-2016-0205
   Google Scholar
• Mozur, P. (2019). In Hong Kong Protests, Faces Become Weapons. Retrieved from The New York Times: https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/26/technology/hong-kong-protests-facial-recognition-surveillance.html
   Google Scholar
• Pellegrino, G., Söderberg, J., & Milan, S. (2019). Datafication from below: Epistemology, ambivalences, challenges. Tecnoscienza: Italian Journal of Science and Technology Studies, 10(1), 89–113.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Repnikova, M., & Fang, K. (2018). Authoritarian participatory persuasion 2.0: Netizens as thought work collaborators in China. Journal of Contemporary China, 27(113), 763–779. https://doi.org/10.1080/10670564.2018.1458063
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schlembach, R. (2018). Undercover policing and the spectre of ‘domestic extremism’: The covert surveillance of environmental activism in Britain. Social Movement Studies, 17(5), 491–506. https://doi.org/10.1080/14742837.2018.1480934
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schrock, A. R. (2016). Civic hacking as data activism and advocacy: A history from publicity to open government data. New Media & Society, 18(4), 581–599. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444816629469
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stewart, C. J., Smith, C. A., & Denton, R. E. (2007). Persuasion and social movements. Waveland Press.
   Google Scholar
• Stoycheff, E., Liu, J., Xu, K., & Wibowo, K. (2019). Privacy and the Panopticon: Online mass surveillance’s deterrence and chilling effects. New Media & Society, 21(3), 602–619. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444818801317
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tarrow, S. (2011). Power in Movement: Social Movements and Contentious Politics. Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Tilly, C. (2006). Regimes and repertoires. University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Tilly, C. (2008). Contentious performances. Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Trottier, D. (2017). Digital vigilantism as weaponisation of visibility. Philosophy & Technology, 30(1), 55–72. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13347-016-0216-4
   Google Scholar
• Tufekci, Z. (2017). Twitter and Tear Gas: The Power and Fragility of Networked Protest. Yale University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ullrich, P., & Knopp, P. (2018). Protesters’ reactions to video surveillance of demonstrations: Counter-moves, security cultures, and the spiral of surveillance and counter-surveillance. Surveillance & Society, 16(2), 183–202. https://doi.org/10.24908/ss.v16i2.6823
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ullrich, P., & Wollinger, G. R. (2011). A surveillance studies perspective on protest policing: The case of video surveillance of demonstrations in Germany. Interface: A Journal for and About Social Movements, 3(1), 12–38.
   Google Scholar
• van der Graaf, A., Otjes, S., & Rasmussen, A. (2016). Weapon of the weak? The social media landscape of interest groups. European Journal of Communication, 31(2), 120–135. https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323115612210
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, P., Joosse, P., & Cho, L. L. (2020). The evolution of protest policing in a hybrid regime. The British Journal of Criminology, 60(6), 1523–1546. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azaa040
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wood, M. A., & Thompson, C. (2018). Crowdsourced countersurveillance: A countersurveillant assemblage? Surveillance & Society, 16(1), 20–38. https://doi.org/10.24908/ss.v16i1.6402
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar