629
Views
4
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Acute and persistence of the effects of the SuperSpeed Golf™ weighted-club warm-up on golf driving performance and kinematics

ORCID Icon &
Pages 709-727 | Received 29 Sep 2020, Accepted 04 Feb 2021, Published online: 04 Mar 2021

References

  • Baker, R. (2001). Pelvic angles: A mathematically rigorous definition which is consistent with a conventional clinical understanding of the terms. Gait & Posture, 13(1). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0966-6362(00)00083-7
  • Beak, S. H., Choi, A., Choi, S. W., Oh, S. E., Mun, J. H., Yang, H., Sim, T., & Song, H. R. (2013). Upper torso and pelvis linear velocity during the downswing of elite golfers. Biomedical Engineering Online, 12(13). https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-925X-12-13
  • Bell, A. L., Brand, R. A., & Pedersen, D. R. (1989). Prediction of hip joint centre location from external landmarks. Human Movement Science, 8(1), 3–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-9457(89)90020-1
  • Blazevich, A. J., & Babault, N. (2019). Post-activation potentiation versus post-activation performance enhancement in humans: Historical perspective, underlying mechanisms, and current issues. Frontiers in Physiology, 10(1359). https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2019.01359
  • Broadie, M. (2012). Assessing golfer performance on the PGA tour. Interfaces, 42(2), 146–165. https://doi.org/10.1287/inte.1120.0626
  • Brown, S. J., Selbie, W. S., & Wallace, E. S. (2013). The X-factor: An evaluation of common methods used to analyse major inter-segment kinematics during the golf swing. Journal of Sports Sciences, 31(11), 1156–1163. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2013.775474
  • Chiu, L. Z., Fry, A. C., Weiss, L. W., Schilling, B. K., Brown, L. E., & Smith, S. L. (2003). Postactivation potentiation response in athletic and recreationally trained individuals. Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 17(4), 671–677. https://doi.org/10.1519/1533-4287(2003)017≤0671:ppriaa≥2.0.co;2
  • Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
  • Dempster, W. T. (1955). Space requirements of the seated operator: Geometrical, kinematic, and mechanical aspects of the body with special reference to the limbs. Wright-Patterson Air Force Base. Wright Air Development Center.
  • DeRenne, C., Ho, K. W., Hetzler, R. K., & Chai, D. X. (1992). Effects of warm up with various weighted implements on baseball bat swing velocity. The Journal of Applied Sport Science Research, 6(4), 214–218.
  • Doan, B. K., Newton, R. U., Kraemer, W. J., Kwon, Y. H., & Scheet, T. P. (2007). Salivary cortisol, testosterone, and T/C ratio responses during a 36-hole golf competition. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 28(6), 470–479. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2006-924557
  • Ebben, W. P., Davies, J. A., & Clewien, R. W. (2008). Effect of the degree of hill slope on acute downhill running velocity and acceleration. Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 22(3), 898–902. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e31816a4149
  • Ehlert, A., & Wilson, P. B. (2019). A systematic review of golf warm-ups: Behaviors, injury, and performance. Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 33(12), 3444–3462. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000003329
  • Evans, K., & Tuttle, N. (2015). Improving performance in golf: Current research and implications from a clinical perspective. Brazilian Journal of Physical Therapy, 19(5), 381–389. https://doi.org/10.1590/bjpt-rbf.2014.0122
  • Fletcher, I. M., & Hartwell, M. (2004). Effect of an 8-week combined weights and plyometrics training program on golf drive performance. Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 18(1), 59–62. https://doi.org/10.1519/00124278-200402000-00008
  • Fradkin, A. J., Sherman, C. A., & Finch, C. F. (2004). How well does club head speed correlate with golf handicaps? Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 7(4), 465–472. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1440-2440(04)80265-2
  • Gergley, J. C. (2010). Latent effect of passive static stretching on driver clubhead speed, distance, accuracy, and consistent ball contact in young male competitive golfers. Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 24(12), 3326–3333. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181e725e4
  • Hamada, T., Sale, D. G., MacDougall, J. D., & Tarnopolsky, M. A. (2000). Postactivation potentiation, fiber type, and twitch contraction time in human knee extensor muscles. Journal of Applied Physiology, 88(6), 2131–2137. https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.2000.88.6.2131
  • Hume, P. A., Keogh, J., & Reid, D. (2005). The role of biomechanics in maximising distance and accuracy of golf shots. Sports Medicine, 35(5), 429–449. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200535050-00005
  • Joyce, C., Chivers, P., Sato, K., & Burnett, A. (2016). Multi-segment trunk models used to investigate the crunch factor in golf and their relationship with selected swing and launch parameters. Journal of Sports Sciences, 34(20), 1970–1975. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2016.1149600
  • Joyce, C. (2017). The most important “factor” in producing clubhead speed in golf. Human Movement Science, 55, 138–144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.humov.2017.08.007
  • Keogh, J. W., Marnewick, M. C., Maulder, P. S., Nortje, J. P., Hume, P. A., & Bradshaw, E. J. (2009). Are anthropometric, flexibility, muscular strength, and endurance variables related to clubhead velocity in low- and high-handicap golfers? Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 23(6), 1841–1850. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181b73cb3
  • Kilduff, L. P., Bevan, H. R., Kingsley, M. I., Owen, N. J., Bennett, M. A., Bunce, P. J., … Cunningham, D. J. (2007). Postactivation potentiation in professional rugby players: Optimal recovery. Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 21(4), 1134–1138. https://doi.org/10.1519/r-20996.1
  • Knudson, D., & Bahamonde, R. (2001). Effect of endpoint conditions on position and velocity near impact in tennis. Journal of Sports Sciences, 19(11), 839–844. https://doi.org/10.1080/026404101753113787
  • Langdown, B. L., Bridge, M., & Li, F. X. (2012). Movement variability in the golf swing. Sports Biomechanics, 11(2), 273–287. https://doi.org/10.1080/14763141.2011.650187
  • Langdown, B. L., Wells, J. E. T., Graham, S., & Bridge, M. W. (2019). Acute effects of different warm-up protocols on highly skilled golfers’ drive performance. Journal of Sports Sciences, 37(6), 656–664. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2018.1522699
  • Lephart, S. M., Smoliga, J. M., Myers, J. B., Sell, T. C., & Tsai, Y. S. (2007). An eight-week golf-specific exercise program improves physical characteristics, swing mechanics, and golf performance in recreational golfers. Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 21(3), 860–869. https://doi.org/10.1519/r-20606.1
  • Leyva, W. D., Wong, M. A., & Brown, L. E. (2017). Resisted and assisted training for sprint speed: A brief review. Journal of Physical Fitness, Medicine & Treatment in Sports, 1(1). https://doi.org/10.19080/JPFMTS.2017.01.555554
  • Lowery, R. P., Duncan, N. M., Loenneke, J. P., Sikorski, E. M., Naimo, M. A., Brown, L. E., Wilson, F. G., & Wilson, J. M. (2012). The effects of potentiating stimuli intensity under varying rest periods on vertical jump performance and power. Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 26(12), 3320–3325. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e318270fc56
  • Lynn, S. K., Frazier, B. S., New, K. N., Wu, W. F., Cheetham, P. J., & Noffal, G. J. (2013). Rotational kinematics of the pelvis during the golf swing: Skill level differences and relationship to club and ball impact conditions. International Journal of Golf Science, 2(2), 116–125. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijgs.2013-0011
  • Meister, D. W., Ladd, A. L., Butler, E. E., Zhao, B., Rogers, A. P., Ray, C. J., & Rose, J. (2011). Rotational biomechanics of the elite golf swing: Benchmarks for amateurs. Journal of Applied Biomechanics, 27(3), 242–251. https://doi.org/10.1123/jab.27.3.242
  • Morrison, A., McGrath, D., & Wallace, E. (2014). Changes in club head trajectory and planarity throughout the golf swing. Procedia Engineering, 72, 144–149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2014.06.083
  • Naruo, T., & Mizota, T. (2014). The influence of golf ball dimples on aerodynamic characteristics. Procedia Engineering, 72, 780–785. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2014.06.132
  • Outram, T., & Wheat, J. (2019). Test-retest reliability of segment kinetic energy measures in the golf swing. Sports Biomechanics. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1080/14763141.2018.1553244
  • PGA Tour. (2019a). Official money. Retrieved, 2020, from https://www.pgatour.com/content/pgatour/stats/stat.109.y2019.html.
  • PGA Tour. (2019b). PGA tour statistics (club head speed). Retrieved, 2020, from https://www.pgatour.com/content/pgatour/stats/stat.02401.y2019.html.
  • Qualisys, A. B. (2017). Golf performance module. Qualisys AB.
  • Rab, G., Petuskey, K., & Bagley, A. (2002). A method for determination of upper extremity kinematics. Gait & Posture, 15(2), 113–119. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0966-6362(01)00155-2
  • Reyes, G. F., & Dolny, D. (2009). Acute effects of various weighted bat warm-up protocols on bat velocity. Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 23(7), 2114–2118. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181b3dd32
  • Scott, D. J., Ditroilo, M., & Marshall, P. A. (2017). Complex training: The effect of exercise selection and training status on postactivation potentiation in rugby league players. Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 31(10), 2694–2703. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000001722
  • Seitz, L. B., Trajano, G. S., & Haff, G. G. (2014). The back squat and the power clean: Elicitation of different degrees of potentiation. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 9(4), 643–649. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2013-0358
  • Sheehan, W. B., Watsford, M. L., & Pickering Rodriguez, E. C. (2019). Examination of the neuromechanical factors contributing to golf swing performance. Journal of Sports Sciences, 37(4), 458–466. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2018.1505185
  • Smith, M. F. (2010). The role of physiology in the development of golf performance. Sports Medicine, 40(8), 635–655. https://doi.org/10.2165/11532920-000000000-00000
  • Sorbie, G. G., Gu, Y., Baker, J. S., & Ugbolue, U. C. (2018). Analysis of the X-factor and X-factor stretch during the completion of a golf practice session in low-handicap golfers. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 13(6), 1001–1007. https://doi.org/10.1177/1747954118791330
  • Southard, D., & Groomer, L. (2003). Warm-up with baseball bats of varying moments of inertia: Effect on bat velocity and swing pattern. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 74(3), 270–276. https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.2003.10609091
  • Steele, K. M., Roh, E. Y., Mahtani, G., Meister, D. W., Ladd, A. L., & Rose, J. (2018). Golf swing rotational velocity: The essential follow-through. Annals of Biomedical Engineering, 42(5), 713–721. https://doi.org/10.5535/arm.2018.42.5.713
  • SuperSpeed Golf™. (2020). Unleash your speed. Retrieved, 2020, from https://superspeedgolf.com/.
  • The R&A. (2019). The official rules of golf. Retrieved, 2020, from https://www.randa.org/en/rog/2019/pages/the-rules-of-golf.
  • Tilley, N. R., & Macfarlane, A. (2012). Effects of different warm-up programs on golf performance in elite male golfers. International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy, 7(4), 388–395.
  • Turner, A. P., Bellhouse, S., Kilduff, L. P., & Russell, M. (2015). Postactivation potentiation of sprint acceleration performance using plyometric exercise. Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 29(2), 343–350. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000000647
  • Upton, D. E. (2011). The effect of assisted and resisted sprint training on acceleration and velocity in division IA female soccer athletes. Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 25(10), 2645–2652. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e318201be16
  • Wallace, E. S., Otto, S. R., & Nevill, A. (2007). Ball launch conditions for skilled golfers using drivers of different lengths in an indoor testing facility. Journal of Sports Sciences, 25(7), 731–737. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410601113221
  • Wells, J. E. T., & Langdown, B. L. (2020). Sports science for golf: A survey of high-skilled golfers’ “perceptions” and “practices”. Journal of Sports Sciences, 38(8), 918–927. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2020.1737350
  • Zois, J., Bishop, D., Fairweather, I., Ball, K., & Aughey, R. J. (2013). High-intensity re-warm-ups enhance soccer performance. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 34(9), 800–805. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0032-1331197

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.