Occurrence of Styxosaurus (Sauropterygia: Plesiosauria) in the Cenomanian: implications for relationships of elasmosaurids of the Western Interior Seaway

References

• Allemand, R., Bardet, N., Houssaye, A., & Vincent, P. (2018). New plesiosaurian specimens (Reptilia, Plesiosauria) from the Upper Cretaceous (Turonian) of Goulmima (Southern Morocco). Cretaceous Research, 82, 83–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cretres.2017.09.017
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allen, J. G., & Shimada, K. (2022). Fossil vertebrates from a unique marine bonebed of the Upper Cretaceous Smoky Hill Chalk, western Kansas, USA: New insights into the paleoecology of the Niobrara Formation. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 41, e2066999. https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.2021.2066999
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Araújo, R., Polcyn, M. J., Lindgren, J., Jacobs, L. L., Schulp, A. S., Mateus, O., Gonçalves, A. O., & Morais, M. L. (2015). New aristonectine elasmosaurid plesiosaur specimens from the early Maastrichtian of Angola and comments on paedomorphism in plesiosaurs. Netherlands Journal of Geosciences – Geologie en Mijnbouw, 94, 93–108. https://doi.org/10.1017/njg.2014.43
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bell, P. R., Fanti, F., Mitchell, M. T., & Currie, P. J. (2014). Marine reptiles (Plesiosauria and Mosasauridae) from the Puskwaskau Formation (Santonian–Campanian), west-central Alberta. Journal of Paleontology, 88, 187–194. https://doi.org/10.1666/13-043
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benson, R. B., & Druckenmiller, P. S. (2014). Faunal turnover of marine tetrapods during the Jurassic–Cretaceous transition. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc, 89, 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12038
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blainville, H.-M. de. (1835). Description de quelques espèces de reptiles de la Californie: précédée de l'analyse d'un systéme général d'erpétologie et d'amphibiologie. Impr. et fonderie de Fain.
   Google Scholar
• Brown, D. (1993). A taxonomic reappraisal of the families Elasmosauridae and Cryptoclididae (Reptilia: Plesiosauroidea). Revue De Paleobiologie, 7, 16.
   Google Scholar
• Campbell, J. A., Mitchell, M. T., Ryan, M. J., & Anderson, J. S. (2021). A new elasmosaurid (Sauropterygia: Plesiosauria) from the non-marine to paralic Dinosaur Park Formation of southern Alberta, Canada. PeerJ, 9, e10720. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.10720
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carpenter, K. (1997). Comparative cranial anatomy of two North American Cretaceous plesiosaurs. In J. M. Callaway & E. L. Nicholls (Eds.), Ancient marine reptiles (pp. 191–216). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-012155210-7/50011-9
   Google Scholar
• Carpenter, K. (1999). Revision of North American elasmosaurs from the Cretaceous of the Western Interior. Paludicola, 2, 148–173.
   Google Scholar
• Carpenter, K. (2008). Vertebrate biostratigraphy of the Smoky Hill Chalk (Niobrara Formation) and the Sharon Springs Member (Pierre Shale). In P. J. Harries (Ed.), High-resolution approaches in stratigraphic paleontology (pp. 421–437). Springer Netherlands. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-9053-0_11
   Google Scholar
• Cheng, Y.-N., Sato, T., Wu, X.-C., & Li, C. (2006). First complete pistosauroid from the Triassic of China. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 26, 501–504. https://doi.org/10.1671/0272-4634(2006)26[501:FCPFTT]2.0.CO;2]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, K. M., Finney, S. C., Gibbard, P. L., & Fan, J.-X. (2013). The ICS international chronostratigraphic chart. Episodes Journal of International Geoscience, 36, 199–204. https://doi.org/10.18814/epiiugs/2013/v36i3/002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cope, E. D. (1869). Synopsis of the extinct Batrachia, Reptilia, and Aves of North America, Part 1. Transactions of the Geological Society of London, series 2, 1, 103–123. https://doi.org/10.2307/1005355
   Google Scholar
• Cope, E. D. (1877). Report on the geology of the region of the Judith River, Montana: And on vertebrate fossils obtained on or near the Missouri River. Department of the Interior, US Geological and Geographical Survey.
   Google Scholar
• Cruickshank, A. R., & Fordyce, R. E. (2002). A new marine reptile (Sauropterygia) from New Zealand: Further evidence for a Late Cretaceous austral radiation of cryptoclidid plesiosaurs. Palaeontology, 45, 557–575. https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-4983.00249
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drake, W. R., & Hawkins, S. J. (2021). Sequence stratigraphy of the Niobrara Formation: Implications for age-constraining tectonic events and stratigraphic complexities in the Denver-Julesburg Basin, United States. AAPG Bulletin, 105, 1293–1328. https://doi.org/10.1306/12092019098
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Everhart, M. J. (2013). Larry Dean Martin (1943–2013) – Renaissance paleontologist. Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science, 116, 59–62. https://doi.org/10.1660/062.116.0109
   Google Scholar
• Fischer, V., Zverkov, N. G., Arkhangelsky, M. S., Stenshin, I. M., Blagovetshensky, I. V., & Uspensky, G. N. (2021). A new elasmosaurid plesiosaurian from the Early Cretaceous of Russia marks an early attempt at neck elongation. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 192, 1167–1194. https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa103
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gale, A., Batenburg, S., Coccioni, R., Dubicka, Z., Erba, E., Falzoni, F., Haggart, J., Hasegawa, T., Ifrim, C., & Jarvis, I. (2023). The global boundary stratotype section and point (GSSP) of the Campanian Stage at Bottaccione (Gubbio, Italy) and its auxiliary sections: Seaford Head (UK), Bocieniec (Poland), Postalm (Austria), Smoky Hill, Kansas (USA), Tepayac (Mexico). Episodes Journal of International Geoscience. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.18814/epiiugs/2022/022048
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goloboff, P. A., & Morales, M. E. (2023). TNT version 1.6, with a graphical interface for MacOS and Linux, including new routines in parallel. Cladistics, 39, 144–153. https://doi.org/10.1111/cla.12524
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kear, B. P., Larsson, D., Lindgren, J., & Kundrat, M. (2017). Exceptionally prolonged tooth formation in elasmosaurid plesiosaurians. PLOS One, 12, e0172759. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0172759
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelley, N. P., & Pyenson, N. D. (2015). Vertebrate evolution. Evolutionary innovation and ecology in marine tetrapods from the Triassic to the Anthropocene. Science, 348, aaa3716. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaa3716
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kennedy, W., Gale, A., Lees, J., & Caron, M. (2004). The global boundary stratotype section and point (GSSP) for the base of the Cenomanian Stage, Mont Risou, Hautes-Alpes, France. Episodes Journal of International Geoscience, 27, 21–32. https://doi.org/10.18814/epiiugs/2004/v27i1/003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ketchum, H. F., & Smith, A. S. (2010). The anatomy and taxonomy of Macroplata tenuiceps (Sauropterygia, Plesiosauria) from the Hettangian (Lower Jurassic) of Warwickshire, United Kingdom. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 30, 1069–1081. https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.2010.483604
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kubo, T., Mitchell, M. T., & Henderson, D. M. (2012). Albertonectes vanderveldei, a new elasmosaur (Reptilia, Sauropterygia) from the Upper Cretaceous of Alberta. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 32, 557–572. https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.2012.658124
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maddison, W., & Maddison, D. (2023). Mesquite: A modular system for evolutionary analysis (Version 3.81). Retrieved June 26, 2023, from http://www.mesquiteproject.org
   Google Scholar
• Marx, M. P., Mateus, O., Polcyn, M. J., Schulp, A. S., Goncalves, A. O., & Jacobs, L. L. (2021). The cranial anatomy and relationships of Cardiocorax mukulu (Plesiosauria: Elasmosauridae) from Bentiaba, Angola. PLOS One, 16, e0255773. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0255773
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matson, S. D., Voorhies, M. R., Corner, R. G., Joeckel, R. M., and Vrana, B. (2002). A new long-necked plesiosaur specimen from the Graneros Shale (Cretaceous, Cenomanian), Ponca State Park, Nebraska. Programs and Proceedings – Nebraska Academy of Sciences, 112, 54–55.
   Google Scholar
• Nicholls, E. L., & Russell, A. P. (1990). Paleobiogeography of the Cretaceous Western Interior Seaway of North America: The vertebrate evidence. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 79, 149–169. https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-0182(90)90110-S
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Gorman, J. P. (2020). Elasmosaurid phylogeny and paleobiogeography, with a reappraisal of Aphrosaurus furlongi from the Maastrichtian of the Moreno Formation. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 39, e1692025. https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.2019.1692025
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Gorman, J. P., Otero, R., Reguero, M., & Gasparini, Z. (2019). Cretaceous Antarctic plesiosaurs: Stratigraphy, systematics and paleobiogeography. Advances in Polar Science, 30, 210–227. https://doi.org/10.13679/j.advps.2018.0049
   Google Scholar
• O’Keefe, F. R. (2006). 12. Neoteny and the plesiomorphic condition of the plesiosaur basicranium. In M. T. Carrano (Ed.), Amniote Paleobiology: Perspectives on the Evolution of Mammals, Birds, and Reptiles (pp. 391–409). University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• O’Keefe, F. R., Otero, R. A., Soto-Acuña, S., O’Gorman, J. P., Godfrey, S. J., & Chatterjee, S. (2017). Cranial anatomy of Morturneria seymourensis from Antarctica, and the evolution of filter feeding in plesiosaurs of the Austral Late Cretaceous. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 37, e1347570. https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.2017.1347570
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Obata, I., Kawashita, Y., Maiya, S., Taketani, Y., Futakami, M., & Suzuki, T. (1989). An Upper Cretaceous plesiosaur (Family Elasmosauridae) from the Wakkanai area, Hokkaido. National Science Museum, Tokyo, Series C, 15, 25–31.
   Google Scholar
• Otero, R. A. (2016). Taxonomic reassessment of Hydralmosaurus as Styxosaurus: New insights on the elasmosaurid neck evolution throughout the Cretaceous. PeerJ, 4, e1777. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.1777
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Otero, R. A., O’Gorman, J. P., Hiller, N., O'Keefe, F. R., & Fordyce, R. E. (2016). Alexandronectes zealandiensis gen. et sp. nov., a new aristonectine plesiosaur from the lower Maastrichtian of New Zealand. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 36, e1054494. https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.2015.1054494
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Owen, R. (1860). Palaeontology, or a systematic summary of extinct animals and their geological relations. Adam and Charlos Black.
   Google Scholar
• Rieppel, O. (1994). The braincases of Simosaurus and Nothosaurus: Monophyly of the Nothosauridae (Reptilia: Sauropterygia). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 14, 9–23. https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.1994.10011535
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rieppel, O. (Ed.). (2000). Sauropterygia I. Verlag Dr Friedrich Pfeil, München.
   Google Scholar
• Rieppel, O., Sander, P. M., & Storrs, G. W. (2002). The skull of the pistosaur Augustasaurus from the Middle Triassic of northwestern Nevada. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 22, 577–592. https://doi.org/10.1671/0272-4634(2002)022[0577:TSOTPA]2.0.CO;2]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riggs, E. S. (1939). A specimen of Elasmosaurus serpentinus. Geological Series of Field Museum of Natural History, 6, 385–391.
   Google Scholar
• Romer, A. S. (1956). Osteology of the reptiles (772 pp). University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Russell, D. A. (1967). Cretaceous vertebrates from the Anderson River NWT. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 4, 21–38. https://doi.org/10.1139/e67-002
   Google Scholar
• Sachs, S., Lindgren, J., & Kear, B. P. (2018). Reassessment of the Styxosaurus snowii (Williston, 1890) holotype specimen and its implications for elasmosaurid plesiosaurian interrelationships. Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology, 42, 560–574. https://doi.org/10.1080/03115518.2018.1508613
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sachs, S., Lindgren, J., Madzia, D., & Kear, B. P. (2021). Cranial osteology of the mid-Cretaceous elasmosaurid Thalassomedon haningtoni from the Western Interior Seaway of North America. Cretaceous Research, 123, 104769. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cretres.2021.104769
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sato, T. (2002). Description of plesiosaurs (Reptilia: Sauropterygia) from the Bearpaw Formation (Campanian–Maastrichtian) and a phylogenetic analysis of the Elasmosauridae [Doctoral thesis]. University of Calgary.
   Google Scholar
• Sato, T. (2003). Terminonatator ponteixensis, a new elasmosaur (Reptilia; Sauropterygia) from the Upper Cretaceous of Saskatchewan. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 23, 89–103. https://doi.org/10.1671/0272-4634(2003)23[89:TPANES]2.0.CO;2]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sato, T., Hasegawa, Y., & Manabe, M. (2006). A new elasmosaurid plesiosaur from the Upper Cretaceous of Fukushima, Japan. Palaeontology, 49, 467–484. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4983.2006.00554.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sato, T., & Wu, X. C. (2006). Review of plesiosaurians (Reptilia: Sauropterygia) from the Upper Cretaceous Horseshoe Canyon Formation in Alberta, Canada. Paludicola, 5, 150–169.
   Google Scholar
• Sato, T., Wu, X.-C., Tirabasso, A., & Bloskie, P. (2011). Braincase of a polycotylid plesiosaur (Reptilia: Sauropterygia) from the Upper Cretaceous of Manitoba, Canada. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 31, 313–329. https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.2011.550358
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schultz, C. B. (1965). The story of a Nebraksa sea serpent. University of Nebraska News, 1965, 1–3. University of Nebraska.
   Google Scholar
• Scott, R. W., Oboh-Ikuenobe, F. E., Benson Jr, D. G., Holbrook, J. M., & Alnahwi, A. (2018). Cenomanian–Turonian flooding cycles: US Gulf Coast and western interior. Cretaceous Research, 89, 191–210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cretres.2018.03.027
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Serratos, D. J., Druckenmiller, P., Benson, R. B. J. (2017). A new elasmosaurid (Sauropterygia, Plesiosauria) from the Bearpaw Shale (Late Cretaceous, Maastrichtian) of Montana demonstrates multiple evolutionary reductions of neck length within Elasmosauridae. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 37, e1278608. https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.2017.1278608
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Storrs, G. (1999). An examination of Plesiosauria (Diapsida: Sauropterygia) from the Niobrara Chalk (Upper Cretaceous) of Central North America. The University of Kansas Paleontological Contributions, 11, 1–15.
   Google Scholar
• Vincent, P., Bardet, N., Houssaye, A., Amaghzaz, M., & Meslouh, S. (2013). New plesiosaur specimens from the Maastrichtian Phosphates of Morocco and their implications for the ecology of the latest Cretaceous marine apex predators. Gondwana Research, 24, 796–805.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vincent, P., Bardet, N., Suberbiola, X. P., Bouya, B., Amaghzaz, M., & Meslouh, S. (2011). Zarafasaura oceanis, a new elasmosaurid (Reptilia: Sauropterygia) from the Maastrichtian phosphates of Morocco and the palaeobiogeography of latest Cretaceous plesiosaurs. Gondwana Research, 19, 1062–1073.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Welles, S. P. (1943). Elasmosaurid plesiosaurs with a description of new material from California and Colorado. University of California Memoirs, 13, 125–254.
   Google Scholar
• Welles, S. P. (1952). A review of the North American Cretaceous Elasmosaurs. University of California Publications in Geological Sciences, 29, 47–144.
   Google Scholar
• Welles, S. P. (1962). A new species of elasmosaur from the Aptian of Colombia and a review of the Cretaceous plesiosaurs. University of California Publications in Geological Sciences, 44, 1–96.
   Google Scholar
• Welles, S. P. (1970). The longest neck in the ocean. University of Nebraska News, Museum Notes, 1970, 1–2.
   Google Scholar
• Welles, S. P., & Bump, J. (1949). Alzadasaurus pembertoni, a new elasmosaur from the Upper Cretaceous of South Dakota. Journal of Paleontology, 23, 521–535.
   Google Scholar
• Williston, S. W. (1890). A new plesiosaur from the Niobrara Cretaceous of Kansas. Transaction of the Kansas Academy of Science, 12, 174–178. https://doi.org/10.2307/3623798
   Google Scholar
• Williston, S. W. (1906). North American plesiosaurs: Elasmosaurus, Cimoliasaurus, and Polycotylus. American Journal of Science, Fourth Series, 21, 221–236. https://doi.org/10.2475/ajs.s4-21.123.221
   Google Scholar