176
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Gujaratia indica, the oldest artiodactyl (Mammalia) from South Asia: new dental material and phylogenetic relationships

ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon
Article: 2267553 | Received 10 Apr 2023, Accepted 22 Sep 2023, Published online: 03 Nov 2023

References

  • Averianov, A. (1996). Artiodactyla from the early Eocene of Kyrgyzstan. In M. Godinot & P. D. Gingerich (Eds.), Paleobiologie et Evolution des Mammiferes Paleogenes (pp. 359–369). Palaeovertebrata, 25.
  • Bai, B., Wang, Y.-Q., Theodor, J. M., & Meng, J. (2023). Small artiodactyls with tapir-like teeth from the middle Eocene of the Erlian Basin, Inner Mongolia, China. Frontiers in Earth Science, 11, 1–20. https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2023.1117911
  • Bajpai, S., Kapur, V. V., Das, D. P., Tiwari, B. N., Saravanan, N., & Sharma, R. (2005). Early Eocene land mammals from the Vastan lignite mine, district Surat (Gujarat), Western India. Journal of The Palaeontological Society of lndia, 50, 101–113.
  • Boisserie, J.-R., Lihoreau, F., Orliac, M., Fisher, R. E., Weston, E. M., & Ducrocq, S. (2010). Morphology and phylogenetic relationships of the earliest known hippopotamids (Cetartiodactyla, Hippopotamidae, Kenyapotaminae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 158, 325–366. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2009.00548.x
  • Boivin, M., Orliac, M., Antunes, M. T., Godinot, M., Laurent, Y., Marandat, B., Vidalenc, D., & Tabuce, R. (2018). New material of Diacodexis (Mammalia, Artiodactyla) from the early Eocene of Southern Europe. Geobios, 51, 285–306. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geobios.2018.06.003
  • Carroll, R. L. (1988). Ungulates, edentates, and whales. In Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution (pp. 502–568). W. H. Freeman and Company.
  • Chatterjee, S., Scotese, C. R., & Bajpai, S. (2017). The restless Indian plate and its epic voyage from Gondwana to Asia: Its tectonic, paleoclimatic, and paleobiogeographic evolution. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 529, 1–147. https://doi.org/10.1130/2017.2529
  • Clementz, M., Bajpai, S., Ravikant, V., Thewissen, J. G. M., Saravanan, N., Singh, I. B., & Prasad, V. (2011). Early Eocene warming events and the timing of terrestrial faunal exchange between India and Asia. Geology, 39, 15–18. https://doi.org/10.1130/G31585.1
  • Cooper, L. N., Seiffert, E. R., Clementz, M., Madar, S. I., Bajpai, S., Hussain, S. T., & Thewissen, J. G. M. (2014). Anthracobunids from the middle Eocene of India and Pakistan are stem perissodactyls. PLoS ONE, 9, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0109232
  • Das, D. P., Carolin, N., & Bajpai, S. (2022). A nyctitheriid insectivore (Eulipotyphla, Mammalia) of Asian affinity from the early Eocene of India. Historical Biology, 34, 1157–1165. https://doi.org/10.1080/08912963.2021.1966002
  • Ducrocq, S. (2019). Pakkokuhyus and Progenitohyus (Artiodactyla, Mammalia) from the Eocene of Southeast Asia are not Helohyidae: Paleobiogeographical implications. Paläontologische Zeitschrift, 93, 105–113. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12542-018-0425-5
  • Ducrocq, S., Soe, A. N., Sein, C., Lazzari, V., Chaimanee, Y., Valentin, X., & Jaeger, J.-J. (2016). First record of a diacodexeid artiodactyl in the middle Eocene Pondaung Formation (Myanmar). Paläontologische Zeitschrift, 90, 611–618. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12542-016-0283-y
  • Erfurt, J., & Sudre, J. (1996). Eurodexeinae, eine neue unterfamilie der Artiodactyla (Mammalia) aus dem unter- und mitteleozän Europas. Palaeovertebrata, 25, 371–390.
  • Estravis, C., & Russell, D. E. (1989). De couverte d’un nouveau Diacodexis dans l’Eocene inferieur de Silveirinha, Portugal. Palaeovertebrata, 19, 29–44.
  • Foss, S. E. (2007). Family Helohyidae. In D. R. Prothero & S. E. Foss (Eds.), The evolution of Artiodactyla (pp. 85–88). The John Hopkins University Press.
  • Garg, R., Ateequzzaman, K., Prasad, V., Tripathi, S. K. M., Singh, I. B., Jauhri, A. K., & Bajpai, S. (2008). Age-diagnostic dinoflagellate cysts from the lignite-bearing sediments of the Vastan lignite mine, Surat district, Gujarat, western India. Journal of The Palaeontological Society of lndia, 53, 99–105.
  • Gatesy, J., Geisler, J. H., Chang, J., Buell, C., Berta, A., Meredith, R. W., Springer, M. S., & McGowen, M. R. (2013). A phylogenetic blueprint for a modern whale. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 66, 479–506. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2012.10.012
  • Gazin, C. L. (1955). A review of the upper Eocene Artiodactyla of North America. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, 128, 1–96.
  • Geisler, J. H. (2001). New morphological evidence for the phylogeny of Artiodactyla, Cetacea, and Mesonychidae. American Museum Novitates, 3344, 1–53. https://doi.org/10.1206/0003-0082(2001)344<0001:NMEftp>2.0.CO;2
  • Geisler, J. H., & Theodor, J. M. (2009). Hippopotamus and whale phylogeny. Nature, 458, E1–E4. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature07776
  • Geisler, J. H., Theodor, J. M., Uhen, M. D., & Foss, S. E. (2007). Phylogenetic relationships of cetaceans to terrestrial artiodactyls. In D. R. Prothero & S. E. Foss (Eds.), The evolution of artiodactyla (pp. 19–31). The John Hopkins University Press.
  • Geisler, J. H., & Uhen, M. D. (2005). Phylogenetic relationships of extinct cetartiodactyls: Results of simultaneous analyses of molecular, morphological, and stratigraphic data. Journal of Mammalian Evolution, 12, 145–160. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10914-005-4963-8
  • Gentry, A.W., & Hooker, J. J. (1988). The phylogeny of the Artiodactyla. In M. J. Benton (Ed.), The phylogeny and classification of the tetrapods. Volume 2. Mammals (pp. 235–272). Clarendon Press.
  • Gill, T. (1872). Arrangement of the families of mammals and synoptical tables of characters of the subdivisions of mammals. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, 11, 1–98.
  • Gingerich P. D. (1989). New earliest Wasatchian mammalian fauna from the Eocene of northwestern Wyoming: Composition and diversity in a rarely sampled high-floodplain assemblage. Papers on Paleontology, 28, 1–97.
  • Gingerich, P. D., Arif, M., Khan, I. H., Ul-Haq, M., Bloch, J. I., Clyde, W. C., & Gunnell, G. F. (2001) Gandhera Quarry, a unique mammalian faunal assemblage from the early Eocene of Baluchistan (Pakistan). In G. F. Gunnell (Ed.), Eocene biodiversity: Unusual occurences and rarely sampled habitats (pp. 251–262). Springer Science + Business Media.
  • Gingerich, P. D., Russell, D. E., Sigogneau-Russell, D., & Hartenberger, J.-L. (1979). Chorlakkia hassani, a new middle Eocene dichobunid (Mammalia, Artiodactyla) from the Kuldana Formation of Kohat (Pakistan). Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan, 25, 117–124.
  • Godinot, M. (1981). Les mammiferes de Rians (Eocene inferieur, Provence). Palaeovertebrata, 10, 43–126.
  • Godinot, M., & Lapparent de Broin, F.. (2003). Arguments for a mammalian and reptilian dispersal from Asia to Europe during the Paleocene–Eocene boundary interval. In J. W. F. Reumer & W. Wessels (Eds.), Distribution and migration of Tertiary mammals in Eurasia (pp. 255–275). Deinsea, 10.
  • Gunnell, G. F., Zonneveld, J.-P., & Bartels, W. S. (2016). Stratigraphy, mammalian paleontology, paleoecology, and age correlation of the Wasatch Formation, Fossil Butte National Monument, Wyoming. Journal of Paleontology, 90, 981–1011. https://doi.org/10.1017/jpa.2016.100
  • Hooker, J. J. (2010). The mammal fauna of the early Eocene Blackheath formation of Abbey Wood, London. Monographs of the Palaeontographical Society, 164, 1–153. https://doi.org/10.1080/25761900.2022.12131814
  • Hooker, J. J., & Thomas, K. M. (2001). A new species of Amphirhagatherium (Choeropotamidae, Artiodactyla, Mammalia) from the late Eocene Headon Hill Formation of southern England and phylogeny of endemic European ‘anthracotheroids’. Palaeontology, 44, 827–853. https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-4983.00203
  • Janis, C. M., Effinger, J. A., Harrison, J. A., Honey, J. G., Kron, D. G., Lander, B., Manning, E., Prothero, D. R., Stevens, M. S., Stucky, R. K., Webb, S. D., & Wright, D. B. (1998). Artiodactyla. In C. M. Janis, K. M. Scott, & L. L. Jacobs (Eds.), Evolution of tertiary mammals of North America (pp. 337–357). Cambridge University Press.
  • Kapur, V. V. (2006). Eocene vertebrates from lignite mines of Gujarat (western India) with emphasis on mammals [PhD thesis, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, India]. Shodhbhagirathi: A Digital Repository of IIT Roorkee Research http://localhost:8081/xmlui/handle/123456789/964
  • Kapur, V. V., Carolin, N., & Bajpai, S. (2022). Early Paleogene mammal faunas of India: A review of recent advances with implications for the timing of initial India–Asia contact. Himalayan Geology, 43, 337–356.
  • Kondrashov, P. E., Lopatin, A. V., & Lucas, S. G. (2004). The oldest known Asian artiodactyl (Mammalia). In S. G. Lucas, K. E. Zeigler, & P. E. Kondrashov (Eds.) Paleogene mammals (pp. 209–214). New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin, 26.
  • Krishtalka, L., & Stucky, R. K. (1985). Revision of the Wind River faunas, early Eocene of Central Wyoming. Part 7. Revision of Diacodexis (Mammalia, Artiodactyla). Annals of Carnegie Museum, 54, 413–486. https://doi.org/10.5962/p.215183
  • Krishtalka, L., & Stucky, R. K. (1986). Early Eocene artiodactyls from the San Juan Basin, New Mexico and the Piceance Basin, Colorado. Rocky Mountain Geology, 24, 183–196.
  • Kumar, K., & Jolly, A. (1986). Earliest artiodactyl (Diacodexis, Dichobunidae: Mammalia) from the Eocene of Kalakot, north-western Himalaya, India. Bulletin of the Indian Society of Geoscientists, 2, 20–30.
  • Kumar, K., Rose, K. D., Rana, R. S., Singh, L., Smith, T., & Sahni, A. (2010). Early Eocene artiodactyls (Mammalia) from western India. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 30, 1245–1274. https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.2010.483605
  • Li, Q., & Li, Q. (2022). A new middle Eocene bunodont artiodactyl from the Erlian Basin (Nei Mongol, China). Historical Biology, 34, 1941–1949. https://doi.org/10.1080/08912963.2021.1989679
  • Lihoreau, F., Boisserie, J.-R., Manthi, F. K., & Ducrocq, S. (2015). Hippos stem from the longest sequence of terrestrial cetartiodactyl evolution in Africa. Nature Communications, 6, 6264. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms7264
  • Luccisano, V., Sudre, J., & Lihoreau, F. (2020). Revision of the Eocene artiodactyls (Mammalia, Placentalia) from Aumelas and Saint-Martin-de-Londres (Montpellier limestones, Hérault, France) questions the early European artiodactyl radiation. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology, 18, 1631–1656. https://doi.org/10.1080/14772019.2020.1799253
  • McKenna, M. C. (1959). Tapochoerus, a Uintan dichobunid artiodactyl from the Sespe Formation of California. Bulletin, Southern California Academy of Sciences, 58, 125–132.
  • Métais, G., Guo, J., & Beard, K. C. (2004). A new small dichobunid artiodactyl from Shanghuang (middle Eocene, eastern China): Implications for the early evolution of proto-selenodonts in Asia. Bulletin of Carnegie Museum of Natural History, 36, 177–197. https://doi.org/10.2992/0145-9058(2004)36[177:ANSDAF2.0.CO;2]
  • Métais, G., Qi, T., Guo, J., & Beard, K. C. (2008). Middle Eocene artiodactyls from Shanghuang (Jiangsu Province, Coastal China) and the diversity of basal dichobunoids in Asia. Naturwissenschaften, 95, 1121–1135. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00114-008-0428-2
  • Missiaen, P., & Gingerich, P. D. (2012). New early Eocene tapiromorph perissodactyls from the Ghazij Formation of Pakistan, with implications for mammalian biochronology in Asia. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 57, 21–34. https://doi.org/10.4202/app.2010.0093
  • Missiaen, P., Quesnel, F., Dupuis, C., Storme, J.-Y., & Smith, T. (2013). The earliest Eocene mammal fauna of the Erquelinnes Sand Member near the French–Belgian border. Geologica Belgica, 16, 262–273.
  • O’Leary, M. A., & Geisler, J. H. (1999). The position of Cetacea within Mammalia: Phylogenetic analysis of morphological data from extinct and extant taxa. Systematic Biology, 48, 455–490. https://doi.org/10.1080/106351599260102
  • Orliac, M. J., & Ducrocq, S. (2012). Eocene raoellids (Mammalia, Cetartiodactyla) outside the Indian Subcontinent: Palaeogeographical implications. Geological Magazine, 149, 80–92. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0016756811000586
  • Owen, R. (1848). Description of teeth and portions of jaws of two extinct anthracotheroid quadrupeds (Hyopotamus vectianus and Hyop. bovinus) discovered by the Marchioness of Hastings in the Eocene deposits on the NW coast of the Isle of Wight: With an attempt to develop Cuvier’s idea of the classification of pachyderms by the number of their toes. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London, 4, 103–141. https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.JGS.1848.004.01-02.21
  • Prothero, D. (2022). Laurasiatheria II. In Vertebrate Evolution (pp. 385–410). CRC Press.
  • Rodrigues, H. G., Lihoreau, F., Orliac, M., & Boisserie, J.-R. (2020). Characters from the deciduous dentition and its interest for phylogenetic reconstruction in Hippopotamoidea (Cetartiodactyla: Mammalia). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 20, 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa147
  • Rodrigues, H. G., Lihoreau, F., Orliac, M., Thewissen, J. G. M., & Boisserie, J.-R. (2019). Unexpected evolutionary patterns of dental ontogenetic traits in cetartiodactyl mammals. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 286, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2018.2417
  • Rose, K. D. (1982). Skeleton of Diacodexis, oldest known artiodactyl. Science, 216, 621–623. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.216.4546.621
  • Rose, K. D. (1996). On the origin of the order Artiodactyla. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 93, 1705–1709. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.93.4.1705
  • Rose, K. D. (2006). Cete and Artiodactyla. In The beginning of the age of mammals (pp. 271–305). The Johns Hopkins University Press.
  • Rose, K. D., Chew, A. E., Dunn, R. H., Kraus, M. J., Fricke, H. C., & Zack, S. P. (2012). Earliest Eocene mammalian fauna from the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum at Sand Creek Divide, southern Bighorn Basin, Wyoming. Papers on Paleontology, 36, 1–122.
  • Rose, K. D., Holbrook, L. T., Kumar, K., Rana, R. S., Ahrens, H. E., Dunn, R. H., Folie, A., Jones, K., & Smith, T. (2020). Anatomy, relationships, and paleobiology of Cambaytherium (Mammalia, Perissodactylamorpha, Anthracobunia) from the lower Eocene of western India. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 39, 1–147. https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.2020.1761370
  • Rose, K. D., Smith, T., Rana, R. S., Sahni, A., Singh, H., Missiaen, P., & Folie, A. (2006). Early Eocene (Ypresian) continental vertebrate assemblage from India, with description of a new anthracobunid (Mammalia, Tethytheria). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 26, 219–225. https://doi.org/10.1671/0272-4634(2006)26[219:EEYCVA2.0.CO;2]
  • Schwermann, L. C. (2016). Evolutionsstadien der Kaufunktionen früher Artiodactyla [Doctoral dissertation, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn]. Universitäts und Landesbibliothek Bonn. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11811/6867
  • Seiffert, E. R. (2007). A new estimate of afrotherian phylogeny based on simultaneous analysis of genomic, morphological, and fossil evidence. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 7, 224. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-7-224
  • Sinclair, W. J. (1914). A revision of the bunodont artiodactyls of the middle and lower Eocene of North America. Bulletin American Museum of Natural History, 33, 267–295.
  • Smith, R., Smith, T., & Sudre, J. (1996). Diacodexis gigasei n. sp., le plus ancien Artiodactyle (Mammalia) Belge, proche de la limite Paleocene–Eocene. Bulletin de l’Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, Sciences de la Terre, 66, 177–186.
  • Soe, A. S., Chavasseau, O., Chaimanee, Y., Sein, C., Jaeger, J.-J., Valentin, X., & Ducrocq, S. (2017). New remains of Siamotherium pondaungensis (Cetartiodactyla, Hippopotamoidea) from the Eocene of Pondaung, Myanmar: Paleoecologic and phylogenetic implications. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 37, e1270290. https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.2017.1270290
  • Soler, L. C. (2004). Revision of genus Diacodexis (Artiodactyla, Mammalia) from the early Eocene of north-eastern Spain. Geobios, 37, 325–335. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geobios.2004.03.001
  • Spaulding, M., O’Leary, M. A., & Gatesy, J. (2009). Relationships of Cetacea (Artiodactyla) among mammals: Increased taxon sampling alters interpretation of key fossils and character evolution. PLoS ONE, 4, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0007062
  • Stock, C. (1934). Microsyopinae and Hyopsodontidae in the Sespe Upper Eocene, California. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 20, 349–354. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.20.6.349
  • Stucky, R. K. (1998). Eocene bunodont and bunoselenodont Artiodactyla (‘dichobunids’). In C. M. Janis, K. M. Scott, & L. L. Jacobs (Eds.), Evolution of tertiary mammals of North America (pp. 358–374). Cambridge University Press.
  • Stucky, R. K., & Krishtalka, L. (1990). Revision of the Wind River faunas, early Eocene of Central Wyoming. Part 10. Bunophorus (Mammalia, Artiodactyla). Annals of Carnegie Museum, 59, 149–171. https://doi.org/10.5962/p.240769
  • Sudre, J., & Erfurt, J. (1996). Artiodactyles du gisement Ypresien terminal de Premontre (Aisne, France). Palaeovertebrata, 25, 391–414.
  • Sudre, J., Russell, D., Louis, P., & Savage, D. E. (1983a). Les Artiodactyles de l’Eocene inferieur d’Europe (première partie). Bulletin du Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle, 5, 281–333.
  • Sudre, J., Russell, D., Louis, P., & Savage, D. E. (1983b). Les Artiodactyles de l’Eocene inferieur d’Europe (deuxième partie). Bulletin du Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle, 5, 339–365.
  • Swofford, D. L. (2003). PAUP* 4.0. Phylogenetic analysis using parsimony (*and other methods). Version 4. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Massachusetts.
  • Theodor, J. M., Erfurt, J., & Métais, G. (2007). The earliest artiodactyls. In D. R. Prothero & S. E. Foss (Eds.), The evolution of artiodactyla (pp. 32–58). The John Hopkins University Press.
  • Theodor, J. M., & Foss, S. E. (2005). Deciduous dentitions of Eocene cebochoerid artiodactyls and cetartiodactyl relationships. Journal of Mammalian Evolution, 12, 161–181. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10914-005-5706-6
  • Thewissen, J. G. M., Cooper, L. N., Clementz, M. T., Bajpai, S., & Tiwari, B. N. (2007). Whales originated from aquatic artiodactyls in the Eocene epoch of India. Nature, 450, 1190–1194. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature06343
  • Thewissen, J. G. M., & Hussain, S. T. (1990). Postcranial osteology of the most primitive artiodactyl Diacodexis pakistanensis (Dichobunidae). Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia, 19, 37–48. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0264.1990.tb00876.x
  • Thewissen, J. G. M., Russell, D. E., Gingerich, P. D., & Hussain, S. T. (1983). A new dichobunid artiodactyl (Mammalia) from the Eocene of north-west Pakistan. Proceedings of the Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen Series B, 86, 153–180.
  • Thewissen, J. G. M., Sensor, J. D., Clementz, M. T., & Bajpai, S. (2011). Evolution of dental wear and diet during the origin of whales. Paleobiology, 37, 655–669. https://doi.org/10.1666/10038.1
  • Thewissen, J. G. M., Williams, E. M., Roe, L. J., & Hussain, S. T. (2001a). Skeletons of terrestrial cetaceans and the relationship of whales of artiodactyls. Nature, 413, 277–281. https://doi.org/10.1038/35095005
  • Thewissen, J. G. M., Williams, E. M., & Hussain, S. T. (2001b). Eocene mammal faunas from northern Indo-Pakistan. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 21, 347–366. https://doi.org/10.1671/0272-4634(2001)021[0347:EMFFNI]2.0.CO;22.0.CO;2]
  • Tong, Y. S., & Wang, J. W. (2006). Fossil mammals from the early Eocene Wutu formation of Shandong Province. Palaeontologica Sinica, New Series C, 28, 1–195.
  • Walsh, S. L. (2000). Bunodont artiodactyls (Mammalia) from the Uintan (Middle Eocene) of San Diego County, California. Proceedings of the San Diego Society of Natural History, 37, 1–27.
  • West, R. M., & Atkins, E. G. (1970). Additional middle Eocene (Bridgerian) mammals from Tabernacle Butte, Sublette County, Wyoming. American Museum Novitates, 2404, 1–26.
  • Westerhold, T., Röhl, U., Donner, B., & Zachos, J. C. (2018). Global extent of early Eocene hyperthermal events: A new Pacific benthic foraminiferal isotope record from Shatsky Rise (ODP Site 1209). Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology, 33, 626–642. https://doi.org/10.1029/2017PA003306
  • Yu, Y., Gao, H., Li, Q., & Ni, X. (2023). A new entelodont (Artiodactyla, Mammalia) from the late Eocene of China and its phylogenetic implications. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology, 21. https://doi.org/10.1080/14772019.2023.2189436
  • Zhang, Q.-Q., Smith, T., Yang, J., & Li, C.-S. (2016). Evidence of a cooler continental climate in East China during the Warm Early Cenozoic. PLoS ONE, 11, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0155507

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.