Why is authenticity associated with being and acting extraverted? Exploring the mediating role of positive affect

References

• Anglim, J., Horwood, S., Smillie, L. D., Marrero, R. J., & Wood, J. K. (2020). Predicting psychological and subjective wellbeing from personality: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 146(4), 279–323. https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000226
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Argyle, M., & Lu, L. (1990). The happiness of extraverts. Personality and Individual Differences, 11(10), 1011–1017. https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-8869(90)90128-E
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baumeister, R. F., Vohs, K. D., Aaker, J. L., & Garbinsky, E. N. (2013). Some key differences between a happy life and a meaningful life. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 8(6), 505–516. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2013.830764
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bedford-Petersen, C., DeYoung, C. G., Tiberius, V., & Syed, M. (2019). Integrating philosophical and psychological approaches to wellbeing: The role of success in personal projects. Journal of Moral Education, 48(1), 84–97. https://doi.org/10.1080/03057240.2018.1463203
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biswas-Diener, R., Kashdan, T. B., & King, L. A. (2009). Two traditions of happiness research, not two distinct types of happiness. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 4(3), 208–211. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760902844400
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blackie, L. E. R., Roepke, A. M., Forgeard, M. J. C., Jayawickreme, E., & Fleeson, W. (2014). Act well to be well:The promise of changing personality states to promote wellbeing. In A. C. Parks & S. Schueller (Eds.), The Wiley-Blackwell handbook of positive psychological interventions (pp. 462–474). Wiley-Blackwell. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118315927.ch27
   Google Scholar
• Bolger, N., & Laurenceau, J. P. (2013). Intensive longitudinal methods: An introduction to diary and experience sampling research. Guilford press.
   Google Scholar
• Boot, W. R., Simons, D. J., Stothart, C., & Stutts, C. (2013). The pervasive problem with placebos in psychology: Why active control groups are not sufficient to rule out placebo effects. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 8(4), 445–454.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bossom, I. R. L., & Zelenski, J. M. (2022). The impact of trait introversion-extraversion and identity on state authenticity: debating the benefits of extraversion. Journal of Research in Personality, 97, 104208. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JRP.2022.104208
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cain, S. (2012). Quiet: The power of introverts in a world that can’t stop talking. Crown Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M. F. (1982). Control theory: A useful conceptual framework for personality-social, clinical, and health psychology. Psychological Bulletin, 92(1), 111–135.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M. F. (1990). Origins and functions of positive and negative affect: A control-process view. Psychological Review, 97(1), 19–35. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.97.1.19
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M. F. (1998). On the self-regulation of behavior. Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ching, C. M., Church, A. T., Katigbak, M. S., Reyes, J. A. S., Tanaka-Matsumi, J., Takaoka, S., Zhang, H., Shen, J., Arias, R. M., & Rincon, B. C. (2014). The manifestation of traits in everyday behavior and affect: A five-culture study. Journal of Research in Personality, 48, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2013.10.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooper, A. B., Sherman, R. A., Rauthmann, J. F., Serfass, D. G., & Brown, N. A. (2018). Feeling good and authentic: Experienced authenticity in daily life is predicted by positive feelings and situation characteristics, not trait-state consistency. Journal of Research in Personality, 77, 57–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2018.09.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeYoung, C. G., Quilty, L. C., & Peterson, J. B. (2007). Between facets and domains: 10 aspects of the Big Five. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 93(5), 880–896. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.93.5.880
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diener, E. (2000). Subjective wellbeing: The science of happiness and a proposal for a national index. American Psychologist, 55(1), 34–43. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.34
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Disabato, D. J., Goodman, F. R., Kashdan, T. B., Short, J. L., & Jarden, A. (2016). Different types of wellbeing? A cross-cultural examination of hedonic and eudaimonic wellbeing. Psychological Assessment, 28(5), 471–482. https://doi.org/10.1037/pas0000209
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dwyer, R. J., Dunn, E. W., & Hershfield, H. E. (2017). Cousins or conjoined twins: How different are meaning and happiness in everyday life? Comprehensive Results in Social Psychology, 2(2–3), 199–215. https://doi.org/10.1080/23743603.2017.1376580
   Google Scholar
• Fisher, A. J., Medaglia, J. D., & Jeronimus, B. F. (2018). Lack of group-to-individual generalizability is a threat to human subjects research. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 115(27), E6106–E6115. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1711978115
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fleeson, W. (2001). Toward a structure- and process-integrated view of personality: Traits as density distributions of states. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80(6), 1011–1027. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.80.6.1011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fleeson, W., & Gallagher, P. (2009). The implications of Big Five standing for the distribution of trait manifestation in behavior: Fifteen experience-sampling studies and a meta-analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 97(6), 1097–1114. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0016786
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fleeson, W., Malanos, A. B., & Achille, N. M. (2002). An intraindividual process approach to the relationship between extraversion and positive affect: Is acting extraverted as “good” as being extraverted? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83(6), 1409–1422. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.83.6.1409
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fleeson, W., & Wilt, J. (2010). The relevance of big five trait content in behavior to subjective authenticity: Do high levels of within-person behavioral variability undermine or enable authenticity achievement? Journal of Personality, 78(4), 1353–1382. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2010.00653.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fredrickson, B. L. (2001). The role of positive emotions in positive psychology. The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions. The American Psychologist, 56(3), 218–226. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.56.3.218
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fulford, D., Johnson, S. L., Llabre, M. M., & Carver, C. S. (2010). Pushing and coasting in dynamic goal pursuit. Psychological Science, 21(7), 1021–1027. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797610373372
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gallagher, P., Fleeson, W., & Hoyle, R. H. (2011). A self-regulatory mechanism for personality trait stability: Contra-trait effort. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 2(4), 335–342. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550610390701
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geldhof, G. J., Preacher, K. J., & Zyphur, M. J. (2014). Reliability estimation in a multilevel confirmatory factor analysis framework. Psychological Methods, 19(1), 72–91. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0032138
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldberg, L. R. (1992). The development of markers for the Big-Five factor structure. Psychological Assessment, 4(1), 26–42. https://doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.4.1.26
   Google Scholar
• Goldman, B. M., & Kernis, M. H. (2002). The role of authenticity in healthy psychological functioning and subjective wellbeing. Annals of the American Psychotherapy Association, 5(6), 18–20.
   Google Scholar
• Gross, J. J., Sutton, S. K., & Ketelaar, T. (1998). Relations between affect and personality: Support for the affect-level and affective reactivity views. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 24(3), 279–288. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167298243005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grosz, M. P., Rohrer, J. M., & Thoemmes, F. (2020). The taboo against explicit causal inference in nonexperimental psychology. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 15(5), 1243–1255. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691620921521
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hampson, S. E., Goldberg, L. R., & John, O. P. (1987). Category‐breadth and social‐desirability values for 573 personality terms. European Journal of Personality, 1(4), 241–258. https://doi.org/10.1002/per.2410010405
   Google Scholar
• Henrich, J., Heine, S. J., & Norenzayan, A. (2010). Most people are not WEIRD. Nature, 466(7302), 29. https://doi.org/10.1038/466029a
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heppner, W. L., Kernis, M. H., Nezlek, J. B., Foster, J., Lakey, C. E., & Goldman, B. M. (2008). Within-person relationships among daily self-esteem, need satisfaction, and authenticity: Research article. Psychological Science, 19(11), 1140–1145. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02215.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howell, R. T., Ksendzova, M., Nestingen, E., Yerahian, C., & Iyer, R. (2017). Your personality on a good day: How trait and state personality predict daily wellbeing. Journal of Research in Personality, 69, 250–263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2016.08.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huta, V., & Waterman, A. S. (2014). Eudaimonia and its distinction from Hedonia: Developing a classification and terminology for understanding conceptual and operational definitions. Journal of Happiness Studies, 15(6), 1425–1456. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-013-9485-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Isen, A. M., & Reeve, J. (2005). The influence of positive affect on intrinsic and extrinsic motivation: Facilitating enjoyment of play, responsible work behavior, and self-control. Motivation and Emotion, 29(4), 295–323. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-006-9019-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ito, M., & Kodama, M. (2007). Sense of authenticity, affectivity, and cultural construal of the self among Japanese university students. Psychological Reports, 100(1), 83–86. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.100.1.83-86
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacques-Hamilton, R., Sun, J., & Smillie, L. D. (2019). Costs and benefits of acting extraverted: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 148(9), 1538–1556. https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0000516
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jayawickreme, E., Zachry, C. E., & Fleeson, W. (2019). Whole trait theory: An integrative approach to examining personality structure and process. Personality and Individual Differences, 136, 2–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2018.06.045
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• John, O. P., Naumann, L. P., & Soto, C. J. (2008). Paradigm shift to the integrative big five trait taxonomy: history, measurement, and conceptual issues. In O. P. John, R. W. Robins, & L. A. Pervin (Eds.), Handbook of personality: Theory and research (3rd ed., pp. 114–158). Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Jongman-Sereno, K. P., & Leary, M. R. (2016). Self-perceived authenticity is contaminated by the valence of one’s behavior. Self and Identity, 15(3), 283–301.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jongman-Sereno, K. P., & Leary, M. R. (2019). The enigma of being yourself: A critical examination of the concept of authenticity. Review of General Psychology, 23(1), 133–142. https://doi.org/10.1037/gpr0000157
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joshanloo, M. (2016). Revisiting the empirical distinction between hedonic and eudaimonic aspects of well-being using exploratory structural equation modeling. Journal of Happiness Studies, 17(5), 2023–2036. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-015-9683-z
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kahneman, D., Diener, E., & Schwarz, N. (1999). Well-being: Foundations of hedonic psychology. Russell Sage Foundation.
   Google Scholar
• Kashdan, T. B., Biswas-Diener, R., & King, L. A. (2008). Reconsidering happiness: The costs of distinguishing between hedonics and eudaimonia. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 3(4), 219–233. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760802303044
   Google Scholar
• Kernis, M. H., & Goldman, B. M. (2005). Authenticity, social motivation, and psychological adjustment. In J. P. Forgas, K. D. Williams, & S. M. Laham (Eds.), Social motivation: Conscious and unconscious processes (pp. 210–227). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511735066.014
   Google Scholar
• Kernis, M. H., & Goldman, B. M. (2006). A multicomponent conceptualization of authenticity: theory and research. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 38, pp. 283–357). Elsevier Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2601(06)38006-9
   Google Scholar
• Keyes, C. L. M., & Annas, J. (2009). Feeling good and functioning well: Distinctive concepts in ancient philosophy and contemporary science. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 4(3), 197–201. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760902844228
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kifer, Y., Heller, D., Perunovic, W. Q. E., & Galinsky, A. D. (2013). The good life of the powerful: The experience of power and authenticity enhances subjective wellbeing. Psychological Science, 24(3), 280–288. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797612450891
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King, L. A., Hicks, J. A., Krull, J. L., & Del Gaiso, A. K. (2006). Positive affect and the experience of meaning in life. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90(1), 179–196. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.90.1.179
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larsen, J. T. (2017). Holes in the case for mixed emotions. Emotion Review, 9(2), 118–123. https://doi.org/10.1177/1754073916639662
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, K., & Ashton, M. C. (2004). Psychometric properties of the HEXACO personality inventory. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 39(2), 329–358. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327906mbr3902_8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lenton, A. P., Bruder, M., Slabu, L., & Sedikides, C. (2013). How does “being real” feel? The experience of state authenticity. Journal of Personality, 81(3), 276–289. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2012.00805.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lenton, A. P., Slabu, L., & Sedikides, C. (2016). State authenticity in everyday life. European Journal of Personality, 30(1), 64–82. https://doi.org/10.1002/per.2033
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lenton, A. P., Slabu, L., Sedikides, C., & Power, K. (2013). I feel good, therefore I am real: Testing the causal influence of mood on state authenticity. Cognition & Emotion, 27(7), 1202–1224. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2013.778818
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Little, B. R. (2008). Personal projects and free traits: Personality and motivation reconsidered. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 2(3), 1235–1254. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9004.2008.00106.x
   Google Scholar
• Lucas, R. E., & Fujita, F. (2000). Factors influencing the relation between extraversion and pleasant affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79(6), 1039–1056. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.79.6.1039
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lucas, R. E., Le, K., & Dyrenforth, P. S. (2008). Explaining the extraversion/positive affect relation: Sociability cannot account for extraverts’ greater happiness. Journal of Personality, 76(3), 385–414. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2008.00490.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lyubomirsky, S., King, L., & Diener, E. (2005). The benefits of frequent positive affect: Does happiness lead to success? Psychological Bulletin, 131(6), 803–855. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.131.6.803
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacKinnon, D. P., Lockwood, C. M., & Williams, J. (2004). Confidence limits for the indirect effect: Distribution of the product and resampling methods. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 39(1), 99–128. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327906mbr3901_4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Margolis, S., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2020). Experimental manipulation of extraverted and introverted behavior and its effects on well-being. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 149(4), 719. https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0000668
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maslow, A. H. (1968). Toward a Psychology of being. Van Nostrand Reinhold.
   Google Scholar
• McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. T. (1992). Discriminant validity of NEO-PIR facet scales. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 52(1), 229–237. https://doi.org/10.1177/001316449205200128
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. T., Jr. (1994). The stability of personality: Observations and evaluations. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 3(6), 173–175. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8721.ep10770693
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McNiel, J., & Fleeson, W. (2006). The causal effects of extraversion on positive affect and neuroticism on negative affect: Manipulating state extraversion and state neuroticism in an experimental approach. Journal of Research in Personality, 40(5), 529–550. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2005.05.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McNiel, J. M., Lowman, J. C., & Fleeson, W. (2010). The effect of state extraversion on four types of affect. European Journal of Personality, 24(1), 18–35. https://doi.org/10.1002/per.738
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MetricWireInc. (2017). Metricwire (Version2.2.10 to Version3.2.0). Mobileapplicationsoftware. Retrieved from https://play.google.com/
   Google Scholar
• Muthén, B. O., & Asparouhov, T. (2011). Beyond multilevel regression modeling: Multilevel analysis in a general latent variable framework. In J. Hox & J. K. Roberts (Eds.), The handbook of advanced multilevel analysis (pp. 15–40). Taylor & Francis.
   Google Scholar
• Muthén, L., & Muthén, B. (2012). Mplus user’s guide (5th ed.). Author.
   Google Scholar
• Oishi, S., & Westgate, E. C. (2022). A psychologically rich life: Beyond happiness and meaning. Psychological Review, 129(4), 790–811. https://doi.org/10.1037/rev0000317
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2004). SPSS and SAS procedures for estimating indirect effects in simple mediation models. Behavior Research Methods, 36(4), 717–731. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03206553
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Preacher, K. J., Zhang, Z., & Zyphur, M. J. (2011). Alternative methods for assessing mediation in multilevel data: The advantages of multilevel SEM. Structural Equation Modeling, 18(2), 161–182. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705511.2011.557329
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Preacher, K. J., Zyphur, M. J., & Zhang, Z. (2010). A general multilevel SEM framework for assessing multilevel mediation. Psychological Methods, 15(3), 209–233. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0020141
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rauthmann, J. F., Horstmann, K. T., & Sherman, R. A. (2018). Do self-reported traits and aggregated states capture the same thing? A nomological perspective on trait-state homomorphy. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 10(5), 596–611. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550618774772
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• R Core Development Team. (2020). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing.
   Google Scholar
• Reinecke, L., & Trepte, S. (2014). Authenticity and wellbeing on social network sites: A two-wave longitudinal study on the effects of online authenticity and the positivity bias in SNS communication. Computers in Human Behavior, 30, 95–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2013.07.030
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Revelle, W. (1995). Personality processes. Annual Review of Psychology, 46(1), 295–328. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ps.46.020195.001455
   Google Scholar
• Revelle, W. (2020). Psych: Procedures for Personality and Psychological research. Northwestern University. http://CRAN.R-project.org/package=psychVersion=1.9.12.31
   Google Scholar
• Rogers, C. R. (1961). On becoming a person. Houghton Mifflin.
   Google Scholar
• Rohrer, J. M., Hünermund, P., Arslan, R. C., & Elson, M. (2022). That’s a lot to PROCESS! Pitfalls of popular path models. PsyArxiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/paeb7
   Google Scholar
• Rosenberg, E. L. (1998). Levels of analysis and the organization of affect. Review of General Psychology, 2(3), 247–270. https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.2.3.247
   Google Scholar
• Rusting, C. L., & Larsen, R. J. (1997). Extraversion, neuroticism, and susceptibility to positive and negative affect: A test of two theoretical models. Personality and Individual Differences, 22(5), 607–612. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(96)00246-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryan, R., & Deci, E. (2001). On happiness and human potentials: A review of research on hedonic and eudaimonic wellbeing. Annual Review of Psychology, 52(1), 141–166. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.141
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scherbaum, C. A., & Ferreter, J. M. (2009). Estimating statistical power and required sample sizes for organizational research using multilevel modeling. Organizational Research Methods, 12(2), 347–367. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094428107308906
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schlegel, R. J., & Hicks, J. A. (2011). The true self and psychological health: Emerging evidence and future directions. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 5(12), 989–1003. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9004.2011.00401.x
   Google Scholar
• Schlegel, R. J., Hicks, J. A., Arndt, J., & King, L. A. (2009). Thine own self: True self-concept accessibility and meaning in life. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 96(2), 473–490. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0014060
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schlegel, R. J., Hicks, J. A., Davis, W. E., Hirsch, K. A., & Smith, C. M. (2013). The dynamic interplay between perceived true self-knowledge and decision satisfaction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 104(3), 542–558. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0031183
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmader, T., & Sedikides, C. (2018). State authenticity as fit to environment: The implications of social identity for fit, authenticity, and self-segregation. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 22(3), 228–259. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868317734080
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwarz, N., & Clore, G. L. (1983). Mood, misattribution, and judgments of well-being: Informative and directive functions of affective states. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45(3), 513–523. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.45.3.513
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sedikides, C., Slabu, L., Lenton, A. P., & Thomaes, S. (2017). State authenticity. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 26(6), 521–525. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721417713296
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheldon, K. M., & Kasser, T. (1995). Coherence and congruence: Two aspects of personality integration. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68(3), 531–543. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.68.3.531
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheldon, K. M., Ryan, R. M., Rawsthorne, L. J., & Ilardi, B. (1997). Trait self and true self: Cross-role variation in the Big-Five personality traits and its relations with psychological authenticity and subjective well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73(6), 1380–1393. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.73.6.1380
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sherman, R. A., Nave, C. S., & Funder, D. C. (2012). Properties of persons and situations related to overall and distinctive personality-behavior congruence. Journal of Research in Personality, 46(1), 87–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2011.12.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shrout, P. E., & Fleiss, J. L. (1979). Intraclass correlations: Uses in assessing rater reliability. Psychological Bulletin, 86(2), 420–428. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.86.2.420
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shrout, P. E., & Lane, S. P. (2012). Psychometrics. In Handbook of research methods for studying daily life (pp. 302–320). Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Slabu, L., Lenton, A. P., Sedikides, C., & Bruder, M. (2014). Trait and state authenticity across cultures. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 45(9), 1347–1373. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022114543520
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smallenbroek, O., Zelenski, J. M., & Whelan, D. C. (2017). Authenticity as a eudaimonic construct: The relationships among authenticity, values, and valence. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 12(2), 197–209. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2016.1187198
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smillie, L. D., Cooper, A., Wilt, J., & Revelle, W. (2012). Do extraverts get more bang for the buck? Refining the affective-reactivity hypothesis of extraversion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 103(2), 306–326. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0028372
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smillie, L. D., DeYoung, C. G., & Hall, P. J. (2015). Clarifying the relation between extraversion and positive affect. Journal of Personality, 83(5), 564–574. https://doi.org/10.1111/jopy.12138
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smillie, L. D., Wilt, J., Kabbani, R., Garratt, C., & Revelle, W. (2015). Quality of social experience explains the relation between extraversion and positive affect. Emotion, 15(3), 339–349. https://doi.org/10.1037/emo0000047
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun, J., Kaufman, S. B., & Smillie, L. D. (2018). Unique associations between big five personality aspects and multiple dimensions of wellbeing. Journal of Personality, 86(2), 158–172. https://doi.org/10.1111/jopy.12301
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun, J., Stevenson, K., Kabbani, R., Richardson, B., & Smillie, L. D. (2017). The pleasure of making a difference: Perceived social contribution explains the relation between extraverted behavior and positive affect. Emotion, 17(5), 794–810. https://doi.org/10.1037/emo0000273
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sutton, A. (2020). Living the good life: A meta-analysis of authenticity, well-being and engagement. Personality and Individual Differences, 153, 109645. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2019.109645
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thoemmes, F. (2015). Reversing arrows in mediation models does not distinguish plausible models. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 37(4), 226–234. https://doi.org/10.1080/01973533.2015.1049351
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Underwood, B. J. (1975). Individual differences as a crucible in theory construction. American Psychologist, 30(2), 128. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0076759
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Allen, Z. M., Walker, D. L., Streiner, T., & Zelenski, J. M. (2021). Enacted extraversion as a well-being enhancing strategy in everyday life: Testing across three, week-long interventions. Collabra: Psychology, 7(1), 29931. https://doi.org/10.1525/collabra.29931
   Google Scholar
• Waterman, A. S. (1984). The psychology of individualism. Praeger Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Watson, D., & Clark, L. A. (1994). The PANAS-X: Manual for the positive and negative affect schedule-expanded form. The British Journal of Clinical Psychology the British Psychological Society, 65, 836–851. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.65.4.836
   Google Scholar
• Watson, D., & Clark, L. A. (1997). Extraversion and its positive emotional core. In R. Hogan, J. Johnson, & S. Briggs (Eds.), Handbook of personality psychology (pp. 767–793). Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(6), 1063–1070. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.1063
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watson, D., & Tellegen, A. (1999). Issues in dimensional structure of affect–effects of descriptors, measurement error, and response formats: Comment on Russell and Carroll (1999). Psychological Bulletin, 125(5), 601–610. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.125.5.601
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wickham, R. E., Reed, D. E., & Williamson, R. E. (2015). Establishing the psychometric properties of the self and perceived-partner authenticity in relationships scale-short Form (AIRS-SF): Measurement invariance, reliability, and incremental validity. Personality and Individual Differences, 77(), 62–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2014.12.049
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilt, J. A., Bleidorn, W., & Revelle, W. (2017). Velocity explains the links between personality states and affect. Journal of Research in Personality, 69, 86–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2016.06.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilt, J., Noftle, E. E., Fleeson, W., & Spain, J. S. (2012). The dynamic role of personality states in mediating the relationship between extraversion and positive affect. Journal of Personality, 80(5), 1205–1236. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2011.00756.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilt, J., & Revelle, W. (2009). Extraversion. In M. Leary, & R. Hoyle (Eds.), Handbook of individual differences in social behavior (pp. 27–45). Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Wilt, J., & Revelle, W. (2016). Extraversion. In T. A. Widiger (Ed.), The oxford handbook of the five factor model of personality. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199352487.013.15
   Google Scholar
• Wilt, J. A., Thomas, S., & McAdams, D. P. (2019). Authenticity and inauthenticity in narrative identity. Heliyon, 5(7), e02178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02178
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wood, A. M., Linley, P. A., Maltby, J., Baliousis, M., & Joseph, S. (2008). The authentic personality: A theoretical and empirical conceptualization and the development of the authenticity scale. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 55(3), 385–399. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.55.3.385
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wrzus, C., & Roberts, B. W. (2017). Processes of personality development in adulthood: The TESSERA framework. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 21(3), 253–277. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868316652279
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zelenski, J. M., Santoro, M. S., & Whelan, D. C. (2012). Would introverts be better off if they acted more like extraverts? Exploring emotional and cognitive consequences of counterdispositional behavior. Emotion, 12(2), 290–303. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0025169
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zelenski, J. M., Whelan, D. C., Nealis, L. J., Besner, C. M., Santoro, M. S., & Wynn, J. E. (2013). Personality and affective forecasting: Trait introverts underpredict the hedonic benefits of acting extraverted. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 104(6), 1092–1108. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0032281
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zinbarg, R. E., Revelle, W., Yovel, I., & Li, W. (2005). Cronbach’s alpha, Revelle’s beta, and McDonald’s (omega H): Their relations with each other and two alternative conceptualizations of reliability. psychometrika, 70(1), 123–133. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11336-003-0974-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar