References
- Almanza, M., Mason, M., & Melde, C. (2022). Perceptions of school resource officers: Protectors or prosecutors? Criminal Justice Review, 48(3), 318–338. https://doi.org/10.1177/07340168221113352
- Barajas, J. (2015). S.C. school resource officer fired after he drags student, sheriff says. PBS News Hour. https://www.pbs.org/newshour/nation/south-carolina-video
- Bartollas, C., & Miller, S. J. (2017). Juvenile justice in America (8th ed.). NJ: Prentice Hall.
- Boyce, S. (2020). Disparities within school discipline: An examination of race, English language learner status, and suspension [Thesis, Minnesota State University, Mankato]. Cornerstone: A Collection of Scholarly and Creative Works for Minnesota State University, Mankato. https://cornerstone.lib.mnsu.edu/etds/1073
- Burch, A. D. S., & Blinder, A. (2019). Parkland officer who stayed outside during shooting faces criminal charges. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/04/us/parkland-scot-peterson.html
- Cooper, W. M. (2020). Students’ perceptions of school resource officer quality and school safety (Publication No. 27837748) [Doctoral Dissertation, Mississippi State University], ProQuest Dissertations Publishing.
- Corley, C. (2018). Do police officers in schools really make them safer? NPR: All Things Considered. https://www.npr.org/2018/03/08/591753884/do-police-officers-in-schools-really-make-them-safer
- Crenshaw, K. (1989). Demarginalizing the intersection of race and sex: A black feminist critique of antidiscrimination doctrine, feminist theory and antiracist politics. University of Chicago Legal Forum, 1989(1), 139–167.
- Creswell, J. W., & Poth, C. N. (2018). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches (3rd ed.). Sage.
- Department of Education. (2021). An overview of exclusionary discipline practices in public schools for the 2017-2018 school year. Department of Education, Office for Civil Rights.
- DiIulio, J. J. (1995). The coming of the superpredators. The Weekly Standard.
- DiIulio, J. J. (1996). My black crime problem, and ours. City Journal. http://www.city-journal.org/html/6_2_my_black.html
- Diliberti, M., Jackson, M., Correa, S., & Padgett, Z. (2019). Crime, violence, discipline, and safety in U.S. public schools: Findings from the school survey on crime and safety 2017–18 [(NCES 2019-061]. U.S. Department of Education.
- Fader, J. J., Schall, V., & Stokes, B. (2012). Narrowing the school-to-prison pipeline in New York State: Two innovative approaches. University of Albany, SUNY, School of Criminal Justice.
- Flannery, M. E. (2015). The school-to-prison pipeline: Time to shut it down. NEA Today. National Education Association.
- Garcia, D. (2020). DPS board Of education votes unanimously to remove Denver police from schools. Denver News. https://denver.cbslocal.com/2020/06/11/school-leaders-parents-debate-police-officers-in-denver-public-schools/
- Heitzeg, N. A. (2009). Education or incarceration: Zero-tolerance policies and the school-to- prison pipeline. Forum on Public Policy. http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ870076.pdf
- Higgins, E. M., Overstreet, S., Coffey, B., & Fisher, B. W. (2020). ‘Bridging the gap’: school resource officers as bridge builders in the community policing era. Journal of Crime and Justice, 43(4), 433–448. https://doi.org/10.1080/0735648X.2019.1704837
- Houston Public Media. (2023). Turner, Miles lock horns over plan to convert Houston ISD libraries to “team centers.” relocate librarians. Author. https://www.houstonpublicmedia.org/articles/news/education-news/hisd/2023/07/31/458255/turner-miles-houston-isd-libraries-discipline-centers-relocate-librarians/
- Illinois Compiled Statutes. (2013). Chapter 105. Schools’ subsection 5 school code for Illinois state. https://www.ilga.gov/legislation/ilcs/ilcs3.asp?ChapterID=17&ActID=1005
- Illinois General Assembly. (2016). Public Act 100–0150. Author. https://www.ilga.gov/legislation/publicacts/fulltext.asp?Name=100-0105
- Jacobo, J., & El-Bawab, N. (2022). Timeline: How the shooting at a Texas elementary school unfolded. ABCNews. https://abcnews.go.com/US/timeline-shooting-texas-elementary-school-unfolded/story?id=84966910
- Justice Policy Institute. (2020). The presence of school resource officers (SROs) in America’s schools. https://justicepolicy.org/research/policy-brief-2020-the-presence-of-school-resource-officers-sros-in-americas-schools/
- Kim, C. Y., Losen, D. J., & Hewitt, D. T. (2010). The school-to-prison-pipeline: Structuring legal reform. New York University Press.
- Kipper, B. (1996). Law enforcements role in addressing school violence. Police Chief, 63, 26–29.
- Lee, J. (2023). Discipline: Zero-tolerance makes a comeback. Texas Observer. https://www.texasobserver.org/zero-tolerance-makes-a-comeback/
- Losen, D. J., Martinez, P., & Shin, G. H. R. (2021). Disability inequity: The urgent need for race-conscious resource remedies. The Center for Civil Rights Remedies at the Civil Rights Project, UCLA Los Angeles, CA.
- Maskaly, J., Donner, C. M., Lanterman, J., & Jennings, W. G. (2011). On the association between SROs, private security guards, use-of-force capabilities, and violent crime in schools. Journal of Police Crisis Negotiations, 11(2), 159–176. https://doi.org/10.1080/15332586.2011.587381
- Mendez, M. (2023). Uvalde school shooting: What we know on year later. The Texas Tribune. https://www.texastribune.org/2023/05/24/uvalde-school-shooting-what-to-know/
- Muir, M. (2004). Research brief: Zero-tolerance policies. Education Partnerships, Inc. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED539008.pdf
- National Association of School Resource Officers. (2023). To protect & educate: The schoolresource officer and the prevention of violence in schools.
- National Center for Learning Disabilities. (2020). Significant disproportionality in special education: Current trends and actions for impact.
- Nelson, L., & Lind, D. (2015). The school-to-prison pipeline, explained. Justice Policy Institute.
- New York Times. (2014). The superpredator scare. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rjHTrpIlddw
- Paterson, J. (2022). Making schools safe and just. NEAToday. https://www.nea.org/nea-today/all-news-articles/making-schools-safe-and-just
- Payne-Tsoupros, C. (2021). Removing police from schools using state law and heightened scrutiny. Northwestern Journal of Law & Social Policy, 17(1), 1–35.
- PBS News Hour. (n.d.). Students document positive relationships with their school safety. https://studentreportinglabs.org/news/students-document-positive-school-safety-officer-relationships
- Pereira, I. (2023). Parkland school resource officer, who allegedly fled shooting, found not guilty on all counts. ABC 11 Eyewitness News. https://abc11.com/scot-peterson-parkland-trial-verdict-not-guilty/13441247/
- Perera, R. M., & Diliberti, M. K. (2023). Survey: Understanding how U.S. public schools approach school discipline. https://www.brookings.edu/articles/survey-understanding-how-us-public-schools-approach-school-discipline/
- Peterson, J., Densley, J., & Erickson, G. (2021). Presence of armed school officials and fatal and nonfatal gunshot injuries during mass school shootings, United States, 1980-2019. Journal of the American Medical Association Network Open, 4(2), e2037394. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.37394
- Petteruti, A. (2011). Education under arrest: The case against police in schools. Justice Policy Institute. http://www.justicepolicy.org/uploads/justicepolicy/documents/educationunderarrest_fullreport.pdf
- Portner, J. (1993). School violence up over past 5 years, 82% survey say. Education Week, 9. https://www.edweek.org/leadership/school-violence-up-over-past-5-years-82-in-survey-say/1993/01
- Puzzanchera, C. (2013). Juvenile arrest rate trends. Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.
- Robinson, T. R. (2006). Understanding the role of the school resource officer (SRO): Perceptions from middle school administrators and SROs. Knoxville, TN: University of Tennessee. Unpublished doctoral dissertation.
- Sabol, T. J., Kessler, C. L., Rogers, L. O., Petitclerc, A., Silver, J., Briggs-Gowan, M., & Wakschlag, L. S. (2021). A window into racial and socioeconomic disparities in preschool disciplinary action using developmental methodology. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1508(1), 123–136. https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.14687
- Senate Bill 245. (2022). Relating to discipline management and access to telehealth mental health services in public schools. Texas. https://capitol.texas.gov/tlodocs/88R/billtext/html/SB00245I.htm
- Sorensen, L. C., Avila-Acosta, M., Engberg, J. B., & Bushway, S. D. (2023). The thin blue line in schools: New evidence on school-based policing across the U.S. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 42(4), 941–970. https://doi.org/10.1002/pam.22498
- Sumner, M. D., Silverman, C. J., & Frampton, M. L. (n.d.). School-based restorative justice as an alternative to zero-tolerance policies: Lessons from West Oakland. https://www.law.berkeley.edu/files/thcsj/10-2010_School-based_Restorative_Justice_As_an_Alternative_to_Zero-Tolerance_Policies.pdf
- Taborda, N. (2022). Board of education focuses on zero-tolerance policies, alternative education in equity report. https://kansasreflector.com/2022/05/11/board-of-education-focuses-on-zero-tolerance-policies-alternative-education-in-equity-report/
- Texas Library Association. (2023). Statement opposing HISD elimination of librarian jobs and library services. Author. https://txla.org/news/statement-opposing-hisd-elimination-of-librarian-jobs-and-library-services/#:∼:text=Superintendent%20Miles%20recently%20announced%20plans,discipline%20centers%20for%20disruptive%20students
- Theriot, M. T. (2009). School resource officers and the criminalization of student behavior. Journal of Criminal Justice, 37(3), 280–287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2009.04.008
- Thorsborne, M., & Vinegrad, D. (2017). Rethinking behavior management: Restorative practices in schools. Routledge.
- Torbet, P., & Szymanski, L. (1998). Juvenile tried as adults. Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.
- Travis, L. F., III., & Coon, J. K. (2002). Role of law enforcement in public school safety in the United States, 2002. U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs.
- Trump, K. (2015). Spring Valley High School –student altercation analysis: A failure of administration and school resource officer (SRO) best practices. National School Safety and Security Services. https://www.schoolsecurity.org/2015/11/spring-valley-high-school-police-student-altercation-analysis-a-failure-of-administration-and-school-resource-officer-sro-best-practices/
- Turner, E. O., & Beneke, A. J. (2022). Softening school resource officers: The extension of police presence in an era of black lives matter, school shootings, and rising inequality. I. P. Burch (Ed.), System failure: Policy and practice in the school-to-prison pipeline. Routledge.
- U.S. Code. (1994a). 20 USC, Chapter 68, Subchapter VII, Safe schools. https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?path=/prelim@title20/chapter68/subchapter7&edition=prelim
- U.S. Code. (1994b). 20 USC, 7671, Gun-free requirements. https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title20-section7961&num=0&edition=preli
- U.S. Department of Justice. (2005). Education on lockdown: The schoolhouse to jailhouse track. [NCJ 209551].
- Van Patten, J. J., & Siegrist, J. (2000). Developing a common faith and ethic for School safety. Paper presented at the meeting of the American Educational Research Association, New Orleans, LA.
- Wiley, K. (2022). There were no Uvalde officers on campus to stop shooter. KXAN. https://www.kxan.com/investigations/uvalde-school-police-officer-was-first-to-engage-shooter/
- Williams, J. A., III, Edosomwan, K., Grice, S., Richardson, S. C., & Young, J. (2023). Is the employment of school resource officers in high schools associated with black girls’ discipline outcomes? Race Ethnicity and Education, 26(3), 398–418. https://doi.org/10.1080/13613324.2022.2160774
- Wood, B. J., & Hampton, E. (2021). The influence of school resource officer presence on teachers’ perceptions of school safety and security. School Psychology Review, 50(2-3), 360–370. https://doi.org/10.1080/2372966X.2020.1844547