148
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Articles

Examining the impact of legalization on the prevalence of driving after using cannabis: A comparison of rural and non-rural parts of Canada

, , , &
Pages 571-578 | Received 04 Jan 2024, Accepted 19 Mar 2024, Published online: 04 Apr 2024

References

  • Amlung M. 2018. Cannabis-impaired driving in Canada: methodological challenges and emerging research priorities. CJA. 9(3):15–17. doi:10.1097/CXA.0000000000000028.
  • Azagba S, Shan L, Latham K. 2020. Rural-urban differences in cannabis detected in fatally injured drivers in the United States. Prev Med. 132:105975. doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2019.105975.
  • Brubacher JR, Chan H, Erdelyi S, Asbridge M, Mann RE, Purssell RA, Solomon R. 2018. Police documentation of drug use in injured drivers: implications for monitoring and preventing drug-impaired driving. Accid Anal Prev. 118:200–206. doi:10.1016/j.aap.2018.02.018.
  • Callaghan RC, Vander Heiden J, Sanches M, Asbridge M, Hathaway A, Kish SJ. 2021. Impacts of Canada’s cannabis legalization on police-reported crime among youth: early evidence. Addiction. 116(12):3454–3462. doi:10.1111/add.15535.
  • Cartwright J, Asbridge M. 2011. Passengers’ decisions to ride with a driver under the influence of either alcohol or cannabis. J Stud Alcohol Drugs. 72(1):86–95. doi:10.15288/jsad.2011.72.86.
  • Charlton SG, Starkey NJ. 2016. Risk in our midst: centerlines, perceived risk, and speed choice. Accid Anal Prev. 95(Pt A):192–201. doi:10.1016/j.aap.2016.07.019.
  • Colonna R. 2022. Mass media campaigns and media advocacy related to cannabis-impaired driving: a scoping review. J Subst Use. 29(1):21–29. doi:10.1080/14659891.2022.2120436.
  • Cox JA, Beanland V, Filtness AJ. 2017. Risk and safety perception on urban and rural roads: effects of environmental features, driver age and risk sensitivity. Traffic Inj Prev. 18(7):703–710. doi:10.1080/15389588.2017.1296956.
  • Cristiano N, Hathaway A, Cullen G, Wrathall M, Walters D. 2023. High time for the development of gendered interventions to prevent young people driving after cannabis use: evidence from Canada’s National Cannabis Survey. Drugs: Educ Prev Policy. 30(6):593–602. doi:10.1080/09687637.2022.2117021.
  • Friesen EL, Bailey J, Hyett S, Sedighi S, de Snoo ML, Williams K, Barry R, Erickson A, Foroutan F, Selby P, et al. 2022. Hazardous alcohol use and alcohol-related harm in rural and remote communities: a scoping review. Lancet Public Health. 7(2):e177–e187. doi:10.1016/S2468-2667(21)00159-6.
  • Ginsburg BC. 2019. Strengths and limitations of two cannabis-impaired driving detection methods: a review of the literature. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 45(6):610–622. doi:10.1080/00952990.2019.1655568.
  • Greene KM, Murphy ST, Rossheim ME. 2018. Context and culture: reasons young adults drink and drive in rural America. Accid Anal Prev. 121:194–201. doi:10.1016/j.aap.2018.09.008.
  • Greer A, Zakimi N, Butler A, Ferencz S. 2022. Simple possession as a ‘tool’: drug law enforcement practices among police officers in the context of depenalization in British Columbia, Canada. Int J Drug Policy. 99:103471. doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2021.103471.
  • Gueye NR, Bohémier M, de Moissac D. 2019. Substance use and impaired driving prevalence among Francophone and Anglophone postsecondary students in Western Canada. Addict Behav Rep. 9:100154. doi:10.1016/j.abrep.2018.100154.
  • Halseth G, Ryser L. 2006. Trends in service delivery: examples from rural and small town Canada, 1998 to 2005. J Rural Community D. 1(2):69–90.
  • Hartman RL, Brown TL, Milavetz G, Spurgin A, Pierce RS, Gorelick DA, Gaffney G, Huestis MA. 2015. Cannabis effects on driving lateral control with and without alcohol. Drug Alcohol Depend. 154:25–37. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.06.015.
  • Harkness A, Mulrooney K. 2020. The future of rural crime prevention. In: Harkness A, editor. Rural crime prevention: theory, tactics and techniques. New York (NY): Routledge.
  • Harrison LD. 1995. The validity of self-reported data on drug use. J Drug Issues. 25(1):91–111. doi:10.1177/002204269502500107.
  • Huerne K, Ells C, Grad R, Filion KB, Eisenberg MJ. 2023. Cannabis-impaired driving: ethical considerations for the primary care practitioner. Ann Med. 55(1):24–33. doi:10.1080/07853890.2022.2151716.
  • Huestis MA. 2015. Cannabis-impaired driving: a public health and safety concern. Clin Chem. 61(10):1223–1225. doi:10.1373/clinchem.2015.245001.
  • Junger-Tas J, Marshall IH. 1999. The self-report methodology in crime research. Crime Justice. 25:291–367. doi:10.1086/449291.
  • Kilmer B, Rivera-Aguirre A, Queirolo R, Ramirez J, Cerdá M. 2022. Cannabis legalization and traffic injuries: exploring the role of supply mechanisms. Addiction. 117(8):2325–2330. doi:10.1111/add.15840.
  • Leatherdale ST. 2019. Natural experiment methodology for research: a review of how different methods can support real-world research. Int J Soc Res Methodol. 22(1):19–35. doi:10.1080/13645579.2018.1488449.
  • Lewis M. 2007. Stepwise versus Hierarchical Regression: pros and Cons. ERIC. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED534385.
  • MacDonald S, Mann R, Chipman M, Pakula B, Erickson P, Hathaway A, MacIntyre P. 2008. Driving behavior under the influence of cannabis or cocaine. Traffic Inj Prev. 9(3):190–194. doi:10.1080/15389580802040295.
  • MacDonald S, Zhao J, Martin G, Brubacher J, Stockwell T, Arason N, Steinmetz S, Chan H. 2013. The impact on alcohol-related collisions of the partial decriminalization of impaired driving in British Columbia, Canada. Accid Anal Prev. 59:200–205. doi:10.1016/j.aap.2013.05.012.
  • Movig KLL, Mathijssen MPM, Nagel PHA, van Egmond T, de Gier JJ, Leufkens HGM, Egberts ACG. 2004. Psychoactive substance use and the risk of motor vehicle accidents. Accid Anal Prev. 36(4):631–636. doi:10.1016/S0001-4575(03)00084-8.
  • Myran DT, Gaudreault A, Pugliese M, Manuel DG, Tanuseputro P. 2023. Cannabis-involved traffic injury emergency department visits after cannabis legalization and commercialization. JAMA Netw Open. 6(9):e2331551-e2331551. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.31551.
  • Nazif-Munoz JI, Oulhote Y, Ouimet MC. 2020. The association between legalization of cannabis use and traffic deaths in Uruguay. Addiction. 115(9):1697–1706. doi:10.1111/add.14994.
  • Perreault S. 2016. Impaired driving in Canada, 2015. Juristat: Canadian Centre for Justice Statistics. 85(33):3–38.
  • Perreault S. 2021. Impaired driving in Canada, 2019. Juristat: Canadian Centre for Justice Statistics. 85(38):3–33.
  • Perreault S. 2023. Police-reported crime in rural and urban areas in the Canadian provinces, 2021. Juristat: Canadian Centre for Justice Statistics. 43(1):1–48.
  • Pickett W, Davison C, Torunian M, McFaull S, Walsh P, Thompson W. 2012. Drinking, substance use and the of motor vehicles by young adolescents in Canada. PLoS One. 7(8):e42807–e42807. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0042807.
  • Pruitt LR. 2009. The forgotten fifth: rural youth and substance abuse. Stan L & Pol’y Rev. 20:359–404.
  • Public Safety Canada. 2020. Annual national data report to inform trends and patterns in drug-impaired driving. Ottawa (ON): Public Safety Canada [accessed 2022 Sept 6]. https://publications.gc.ca/site/eng/9.894577/publication.html.
  • Rakauskas ME, Ward NJ, Gerberich SG. 2009. Identification of differences between rural and urban safety cultures. Accid Anal Prev. 41(5):931–937. doi:10.1016/j.aap.2009.05.008.
  • Robertson RD, Mainegra Hing M, Pashley CR, Brown SW, Vanlaar WGM. 2017. Prevalence and trends of drugged driving in Canada. Accid Anal Prev. 99(Pt A):236–241. doi:10.1016/j.aap.2016.12.008.
  • Robertson RD, Wicklund C, Holmes E, Biderman P. 2016. Impaired driving in rural jurisdictions: problems and solutions. Ottawa (ON): Traffic Injury Research Foundation [accessed 2022 Sept 20]. https://tirf.ca/?s=Impaired+Driving+in+Rural+Jurisdictions%3A+Problems+and+Solutions.
  • Ruddell R, O’Connor C. 2022. What do the rural folks think? Perceptions of police performance. Polic-J Policy Prac. 16(1):107–121. doi:10.1093/police/paab063.
  • Santaella-Tenorio J, Wheeler-Martin K, DiMaggio CJ, Castillo-Carniglia A, Keyes KM, Hasin D, Cerdá M. 2020. Association of recreational cannabis laws in Colorado and Washington State with changes in traffic fatalities, 2005-2017. JAMA Intern Med. 180(8):1061–1068. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.1757.
  • Sewell RA, Poling J, Sofuoglu M. 2009. The effect of cannabis compared with alcohol on driving. Am J Addict. 18(3):185–193. doi:10.1080/10550490902786934.
  • Solomon R, Chamberlain E, Vandenberghe M. 2018. Canada’s new cannabis-related driving legislation: the elusive quest for an effective deterrent. Can Crim Law Rev. 23(3):265–290.
  • Stanton DL, Makin D, Stohr M, Lovrich NP, Willits D, Hemmens C, Meize M, Bowers O, Snyder J. 2022. Law enforcement perceptions of cannabis legalization effects on policing: challenges of major policy change implementation at the street level. Contemp Drug Probl. 49(1):20–45. doi:10.1177/00914509211053660.
  • Swift RM, Grenga A, Tempelman L, Moeller M. 2010. Transdermal alcohol detection vs. self report for determining alcohol drinking in non-alcoholic, alcohol drinkers. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 34(6):236–236.
  • Walker M, Saarela O, Mann R, Carpino M, Cusimano MD. 2023. The effect of recreational cannabis legalization on rates of traffic injury in Canada. Addiction. 118(8):1517–1526. doi:10.1111/add.16188.
  • Ward NJ. 2007. The culture of traffic safety in rural America. Improving traffic safety culture in the United States. Washington DC: AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety.
  • Webster JM, Dickson MF, Staton M. 2018. A descriptive analysis of drugged driving among rural DUI offenders. Traffic Inj Prev. 19(5):462–467. doi:10.1080/15389588.2018.1450980.
  • Weisheit RA. 2020. Preventing rural alcohol-and drug-related crime. In Harkness A, editor. Rural crime prevention: theory, tactics and techniques. New York (NY): Routledge.
  • Windle SB, Wade K, Filion KB, Kimmelman J, Thombs BD, Eisenberg MJ. 2019. Potential harms from legalization of recreational cannabis use in Canada. Can J Public Health. 110(2):222–226. doi:10.17269/s41997-018-00173-1.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.