Statins and Mortality in COPD: A Methodological Review of Observational Studies

References

• Vogelmeier CF, Criner GJ, Martinez FJ, et al. Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive lung disease 2017 report: GOLD executive summary. Archivos de Bronconeumología (English Edition). 2017;53(3):128–149. doi: 10.1016/j.arbr.2017.02.001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agustí A, Edwards LD, Rennard SI, et al. Persistent systemic inflammation is associated with poor clinical outcomes in COPD: a novel phenotype. PLoS ONE. 2012;7(5):e37483. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037483.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rabe KF, Hurst JR, Suissa S. Cardiovascular disease and COPD: dangerous liaisons? Eur Respiratory Rev. 2018;27:180057. doi: 10.1183/16000617.0057-2018.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jialal I, Stein D, Balis D, et al. Effect of hydroxymethyl glutaryl coenzyme a reductase inhibitor therapy on high sensitive C-reactive protein levels. Circulation. 2001;103(15):1933–1935. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.103.15.1933.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alexeeff SE, Litonjua AA, Sparrow D, et al. Statin use reduces decline in lung function. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2007;176(8):742–747. doi: 10.1164/rccm.200705-656oc.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dobler CC, Wong KK, Marks GB. Associations between statins and COPD: a systematic review. BMC Pulm Med. 2009;9:32. doi: 10.1186/1471-2466-9-32.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Horita N, Miyazawa N, Kojima R, et al. Statins reduce all-cause mortality in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Respir Res. 2014;15(1):80. doi: 10.1186/1465-9921-15-80.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Criner GJ, Connett JE, Aaron SD, et al. Simvastatin for the prevention of exacerbations in moderate-to-Severe COPD. N Engl J Med. 2014;370(23):2201–2210. doi: 10.1056/nejmoa1403086.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schenk P, Spiel AO, Hüttinger F, et al. Can simvastatin reduce COPD exacerbations? A randomised double-blind controlled study. Eur Respir J. 2021;58:2001798. doi: 10.1183/13993003.01798-2020.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suissa S. Co-Morbidity in COPD: the effects of cardiovascular drug therapies. Respiration. 2010;80(1):3–7. doi: 10.1159/000315387.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Janda S, Park K, FitzGerald JM, et al. Statins in COPD. Chest. 2009;136(3):734–743. doi: 10.1378/chest.09-0194.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGowan J, Sampson M, Salzwedel DM, et al. PRESS peer review of electronic search strategies: 2015 guideline statement. J Clin Epidemiol. 2016;75:40–46. doi: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2016.01.021.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riley RD, Higgins JPT, Deeks JJ. Interpretation of random effects meta-analyses. BMJ. 2011;342:d549. doi: 10.1136/bmj.d549.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mancini GBJ, Etminan M, Zhang B, et al. Reduction of morbidity and mortality by statins, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, and angiotensin receptor blockers in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;47(12):2554–2560. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2006.04.039.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soyseth V, Brekke PH, Smith P, et al. Statin use is associated with reduced mortality in COPD. Eur Respir J. 2007;29(2):279–283. doi: 10.1183/09031936.00106406.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mortensen EM, Copeland LA, Pugh MJV, et al. Impact of statins and ACE inhibitors on mortality after COPD exacerbations. Respir Res. 2009;10(1):45. doi: 10.1186/1465-9921-10-45.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartziokas K, Papaioannou AI, Minas M, et al. Statins and outcome after hospitalization for COPD exacerbation: a prospective study. Pulm Pharmacol Ther. 2011;24(5):625–631. doi: 10.1016/j.pupt.2011.06.003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lawes CMM, Thornley S, Young R, et al. Statin use in COPD patients is associated with a reduction in mortality: a national cohort study. Prim Care Respir J. 2012;21(1):35–40. doi: 10.4104/pcrj.2011.00095.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sheng X, Murphy MJ, MacDonald TM, et al. Effect of statins on total cholesterol concentrations, cardiovascular morbidity, and all-cause mortality in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a population-based cohort study. Clin Ther. 2012;34(2):374–384. doi: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2011.12.014.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ekström MP, Hermansson AB, Ström KE. Effects of cardiovascular drugs on mortality in severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2013;187(7):715–720. doi: 10.1164/rccm.201208-1565oc.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lahousse L, Loth DW, Joos GF, et al. Statins, systemic inflammation and risk of death in COPD: the Rotterdam study. Pulm Pharmacol Ther. 2013;26(2):212–217. doi: 10.1016/j.pupt.2012.10.008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ho T-W, Tsai Y-J, Ruan S-Y, et al. In-hospital and one-year mortality and their predictors in patients hospitalized for first-ever chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations: a nationwide population-based study. PLoS ONE. 2014;9(12):e114866. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114866.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fruchter O, Yigla M, Kramer MR. Lipid profile and statin use: the paradox of survival after acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Med Sci. 2015;349(4):338–343. doi: 10.1097/maj.0000000000000435.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Citgez E, van der Palen J, Koehorst-ter Huurne K, et al. Statins and morbidity and mortality in COPD in the COMIC study: a prospective COPD cohort study. BMJ Open Respir Res. 2016;3(1):e000142. doi: 10.1136/bmjresp-2016-000142.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Raymakers AJN, Sadatsafavi M, Sin DD, et al. The impact of statin drug use on all-cause mortality in patients with COPD. Chest. 2017;152(3):486–493. doi: 10.1016/j.chest.2017.02.002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Damkjær M, Håkansson K, Kallemose T, et al. Statins in high-risk chronic obstructive pulmonary disease outpatients: no impact on time to first exacerbation and all-cause mortality – the STATUETTE cohort study. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2021;16:579–589. doi: 10.2147/copd.s296472.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith MC, Ashdown HF, Sheppard JP, et al. Statin prescription in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and risk of exacerbations: a retrospective cohort study in the clinical practice research datalink. BMJ Open. 2021;11(12):e050757. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-050757.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen Y-Y, Li T-C, Li C-I, et al. Statins associated with better long-term outcomes in aged hospitalized patients with COPD: a real-world experience from pay-for-performance program. J Personalized Med. 2022;12:299. doi: 10.3390/jpm12020299.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bakshi A, Suissa S. Effectiveness of aspirin in COPD: biases in the observational studies. COPD: J Chronic Obstruct Pulmonary Dis. 2021;18(4):449–455. doi: 10.1080/15412555.2021.1963696.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suissa S. Immortal time bias in observational studies of drug effects. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2007;16(3):241–249. doi: 10.1002/pds.1357.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suissa S. Immortal time bias in pharmacoepidemiology. Am J Epidemiol. 2008;167(4):492–499. doi: 10.1093/aje/kwm324.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenland S. Quantifying biases in causal models: classical confounding vs collider-stratification bias. Epidemiology. 2003;14(3):300–306. doi: 10.1097/01.ede.0000042804.12056.6c.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cole SR, Platt RW, Schisterman EF, et al. Illustrating bias due to conditioning on a collider. Int J Epidemiol. 2010;39(2):417–420. doi: 10.1093/ije/dyp334.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suissa S. Inhaled corticosteroids preventing pneumonia mortality: paradox or selection bias? Eur Respir J. 2019;53:1802112. doi: 10.1183/13993003.02112-2018.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hernández-Díaz S, Schisterman EF, Hernán MA. The birth weight "paradox" uncovered? Am J Epidemiol. 2006;164(11):1115–1120. doi: 10.1093/aje/kwj275.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suissa S, Dell’Aniello S, Ernst P. Long-term natural history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: severe exacerbations and mortality. Thorax. 2012;67(11):957–963. doi: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2011-201518.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blamoun AI, Batty GN, DeBari VA, et al. Statins may reduce episodes of exacerbation and the requirement for intubation in patients with COPD: evidence from a retrospective cohort study. Int J Clin Pract. 2008;62(9):1373–1378. doi: 10.1111/j.1742-1241.2008.01731.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ajmera M, Shen C, Sambamoorthi U. Association between statin medications and COPD-specific outcomes: a real-world observational study. Drugs Real World Outcomes. 2017;4(1):9–19. doi: 10.1007/s40801-016-0101-6.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Huang C-C, Chan W-L, Chen Y-C, et al. Statin use and hospitalization in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a nationwide population-based cohort study in Taiwan. Clin Ther. 2011;33(10):1365–1370. doi: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2011.08.010.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di Martino M, Kirchmayer U, Agabiti N, et al. The impact of time-window bias on the assessment of the long-term effect of medication adherence: the case of secondary prevention after myocardial infarction. BMJ Open. 2015;5(6):e007866. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2015-007866.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suissa S, Dell’Aniello S. Time‐related biases in pharmacoepidemiology. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2020;29(9):1101–1110. doi: 10.1002/pds.5083.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VanderWeele TJ, Shpitser I. A new criterion for confounder selection. Biometrics. 2011;67(4):1406–1413. doi: 10.1111/j.1541-0420.2011.01619.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jager KJ, Zoccali C, MacLeod A, et al. Confounding: what it is and how to deal with it. Kidney Int. 2008;73(3):256–260. doi: 10.1038/sj.ki.5002650.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mansournia MA, Etminan M, Danaei G, et al. Handling time varying confounding in observational research. BMJ. 2017;359:j4587. doi: 10.1136/bmj.j4587.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sherman RE, Anderson SA, Dal Pan GJ, et al. Real-world evidence—what is it and what can it tell us? N Engl J Med. 2016;375(23):2293–2297. doi: 10.1056/nejmsb1609216.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walsh A, Perrem L, Khashan AS, et al. Statins versus placebo for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019;7(7):CD011959. doi: 10.1002/14651858.cd011959.pub2.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Moosavi SAJ, Raji H, Faghankhani M, et al. Evaluation of the effects of atorvastatin on the treatment of secondary pulmonary hypertension due to chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases: a randomized controlled trial. Iran Red Crescent Med J. 2013;15(8):649–654. doi: 10.5812/ircmj.8267.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suissa S, Moodie EEM, Dell’Aniello S. Prevalent new-user cohort designs for comparative drug effect studies by time-conditional propensity scores. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2017;26(4):459–468. doi: 10.1002/pds.4107.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dormuth CR, Patrick AR, Shrank WH, et al. Statin adherence and risk of accidents. Circulation. 2009;119(15):2051–2057. doi: 10.1161/circulationaha.108.824151.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar