“Distorted mirror”? 20 years of elders’ images in Time magazine advertising

References

• Adoni, H., & Mane, S. (1984). Media and the social construction of reality: Toward an. integration of theory and research. Communication Research, 11(3), 323–340. doi:10.1177/009365084011003001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andrews, M. (2018). The seduction of agelessness, take 2. Gender and Age: A Focus on Women, 41(4), 75–82.
   Google Scholar
• Ayokunle, A. M., Oyeyemi, F. T., Onipede, W., O, T. F., Olagunju, A. E., Makinde, G. B., … Oluwatomipe, A. P. (2015). The definitions and onset of an old person in South-Western Nigeria. Educational Gerontology, 41(7), 494–503. doi:10.1080/03601277.2014.1003492
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baiocchi-Wagner, E. A. (2012). Framing the aging experience in care facility brochures: A mixed-method analysis. Southern Communication Journal, 77(4), 349–368. doi:10.1080/1041794X.2012.679991
   Google Scholar
• Balazs, A. (1995). The use and image of mature adults in health care advertising (1954-1989). Health Marketing Quarterly, 12(3), 13–26. doi:10.1300/J026v12n03_03
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Baughman, J. (1998). The transformation of Time magazine: From opinion leader to supporting player. Media Studies Journal, 12(3), 120–127.
   Google Scholar
• Belch, G. E., & Belch, M. A. (2013). A content analysis study of the use of celebrity endorsers in magazine advertising. International Journal of Advertising, 32(3), 369–389. doi:10.2501/IJa-32-3-369-389
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bramlett-Solomon, S., & Subramanian, G. (1999). Nowhere near perfect: Images of the elderly in Life and Ebony magazine ads, 1990-1997. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 76(3), 565–572. doi:10.1177/107769909907600311
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bramlett-Solomon, S., & Wilson, V. (1989). Images of the elderly in Life and Ebony, 1978-1987. Journalism Quarterly, 66(1), 185–188. doi:10.1177/107769908906600127
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brooks, M. E., Bichard, S., & Craig, C. (2016). What’s the score?: A content analysis of mature adults in Super Bowl commercials. Howard Journal of Communications, 27(4), 347–366. doi:10.1080/10646175.2016.1206046
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bump, P. (2021, June 10). 7 Brands that got inclusive marketing right. https://blog.hubspot.com/marketing/inclusive-marketing-campaigns
   Google Scholar
• Butler, R. (1969). Age-Ism: Another form of bigotry. The Gerontologist, 9(4), 243–246. doi:10.1093/geront/9.4_Part_1.243
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control [CDC]. (2020, September 11). https://www.cdc.gov>2019-ncov
   Google Scholar
• Cheng, H. (1997). Toward an understanding of cultural values manifest in advertising: A content analysis of Chinese television commercials in 1990 and 1995. Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly, 74(4), 773–796. doi:10.1177/107769909707400408
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooper-Chen, A., Leung, E., & Cho, S.-H. (1994). The image of women in East Asian magazine advertising, 1989-1990. Paper presented to the International Association for Mass Communication Research, Seoul.
   Google Scholar
• Cuddy, A. J. C., & Fiske, S. T. (2002). Doddering but dear: Process, content, and function in stereotyping of older persons. In T. D. Nelson (Ed.), Ageism: Stereotyping and prejudice against older persons (pp. 3–26). Cambridge, MA: A Bradford Book.
   Google Scholar
• Dolan, J. (2017). Contemporary cinema and ‘old age’: Gender and the silvering of stardom. London, UK: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Esswein, P. M., & Block, S. (2014, July 31). Retire in style at a continuing care retirement community: Continuing care retirement communities offer a resort-like setting and care when you need it. Kiplinger. https://www.kiplinger.com/article/retirement/t010-c000-s002-ccrc-continuing-care-retirement-community.html
   Google Scholar
• Facebook. (2021, March 8). The difference diversity makes in online advertising. https://www.facebook.com/business/news/insights/the-difference-diversity-makes-in-online-advertising
   Google Scholar
• Felsenthal, E. (2018, October 1). A new era for TIME. Time, 192(13),2.
   Google Scholar
• Gaille, B. (2016, March 21). 43 distressing Time magazine demographics. Brandongaille.com.
   Google Scholar
• Gamson, W., Croteau, D., Haynes, W., & Sasson, T. (1992). Media images of the social construction of reality. Annual Review of Sociology, 18(1), 373–393. doi:10.1146/annurev.so.18.080192.002105
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gantz, W., Gartenberg, H., & Rainbow, C. (1980). Approaching invisibility: The portrayal of the elderly in magazine advertisements. Journal of Communication, 30(winter), 56–60. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.1980.tb01769.x
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gullette, M. M. (2017, December 21). Against ‘aging’: How to talk about growing older. Theory, Culture & Society, 35(7–8), 251–270. https://www.theoryculturesociety.org/blog/margaret-morganroth-gullette-aging-talk-growing-older
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hackley, C. (1999). An epistemological odyssey: Toward social construction of the advertising process. Journal of Marketing Communications, 5(3), 157–168. doi:10.1080/135272699345653
   Google Scholar
• Herships, S. (2016, August 29). There are more adult diapers sold in Japan than baby diapers. https://www.marketplace.org/2016/08/29/japans-changing-culture/
   Google Scholar
• Irving, P. (2018, February 23). Aging populations: A blessing for business. Forbes, https://www.forbes.com/sites/nextavenue/2018/02/23/aging-populations-a-blessing-for-business/?sh=925c7c77a77a
   Google Scholar
• KAF Editor. (2020, March 23). 8 historical facts about Time magazine. https://www.kickassfacts.com/8-historical-facts-about-time-magazine/
   Google Scholar
• Katz, S. (1996). Disciplining old age: The formation of gerontological knowledge. Charlottesville, VA: University Press of Virginia.
   Google Scholar
• Katz, S., & Marshall, B. (2003). New sex for old: Lifestyle, consumerism, and the ethics of aging well. Journal of Aging Studies, 17(1), 3–16. doi:10.1016/S0890-4065(02)00086-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lauzen, M. M., & Dozier, D. M. (2005). Maintaining the double standard: Portrayals of age and gender in popular films. Sex Roles, 52(7/8), 437–446. doi:10.1007/s11199-005-3710-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lei, L., Cooper-Chen, A., & Cheng, H. (2007). Advertising portrayals of the elderly in Chinese and U.S. elder-audience magazines. Paper presented at the Ohio Communication Association annual meeting, Boardman, OH.
   Google Scholar
• Llana, S. (2017, January 2 & 9). Where seniors count. The Christian Science Monitor Weekly, pp. 26–32.
   Google Scholar
• MacGregor, R. M. (1989). The distorted mirror: Images of visible minority women in Canadian print advertising. Atlantis, 15(1), 137–143.
   Google Scholar
• Maronick, T. (2005). Celebrity versus company president as endorsers of high risk products for elderly consumers. Journal of Promotion Management, 11(4), 63–80. doi:10.1300/j057v11n04_06
   Google Scholar
• McConatha, J., Schell, F., & McKenna, A. (1999). Description of older adults as depicted in magazine advertisements. Psychological Reports, 85(3), 1051–1056. doi:10.2466/pr0.1999.85.3.1051
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitchell, W. J. T. (2005). What do pictures want? The lives and loves of images. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Moschis, G. P. (1992). Marketing to older consumers: A handbook of information for strategy development. Westport, CT: Quorum Books.
   Google Scholar
• O’Driscoll, A. (2021). Documenting the changing cultural values in TV advertising in Ireland from 1960s to 1980s. Creative Industries Journal. doi:10.1080/17510694.2021.1878668
   Google Scholar
• Older persons. (n.d.) The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). https://emergency.unhcr.org/entry/43935/older-persons#:~:text=An%20older%20person%20is%20defined,or%20age%2Drelated%20health%20conditions
   Google Scholar
• Oxford Economics. (n.d.). The longevity economy. https://www.oxfordeconomics.com/recent-releases/the-longevity-economy
   Google Scholar
• Peterson, R. T. (2007). Consumer magazine advertisement portrayal of models by race in the US: An assessment. Journal of Marketing Communications, 13(3), 199–211. doi:10.1080/13527260601086488
   Google Scholar
• Pinsker, J. (2020, January 27). When does someone become ‘old’? The Atlantic. https://www.theatlantic.com/family/archive/2020/01/old-people-older-elderly-middle-age/605590/
   Google Scholar
• Pollay, R. (1983). Measuring the cultural values manifest in advertising. Current Issues and Research in Advertising, 6(1), 71–92. doi:10.1080/01633392.1983.10505333
   Google Scholar
• Pollay, R. (1986). The distorted mirror: Reflections on the unintended consequences of advertising. Journal of Marketing, 50(April), 18–36. doi:10.1177/002224298605000202
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pollay, R., & Gallagher, K. (1990). Advertising and cultural values: Reflections in the distorted mirror. International Journal of Advertising, 9(4), 359–372. doi:10.1080/02650487.1990.11107165
   Google Scholar
• Raman, P., Harwood, J., Weis, D., Anderson, J., & Miller, G. (2008). Portrayals of older adults in U.S. and Indian magazine advertisements: A cross-cultural comparison. The Howard Journal of Communications, 19(3), 221–240. doi:10.1080/10646170802218214
   Google Scholar
• Ritchie, H. (2019, May 23). The world population is changing. https://ourworldindata.org/population-aged-65-outnumber-children
   Google Scholar
• Rowe, J. W., & Kahn, R. L. (1998). Successful aging. New York, NY: Dell Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Roy, A., & Harwood, J. (1997). Underrepresented, positively portrayed: Older adults in television commercials. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 25(1), 39–56. doi:10.1080/00909889709365464
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shoemaker, P., & Reese, S. (1996). Mediating the message (2nd ed.). White Plains, NY: Longman.
   Google Scholar
• Signorielli, N. (2004). Aging on television: Messages relating to gender, race, and occupation in prime time. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 48(2), 279–301. doi:10.1207/s15506878jobem4802_7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Signorielli, N., & Bacue, A. (1999). Recognition and respect: A content analysis of prime-time television characters across three decades. Sex Roles, 40(7/8), 527–544. doi:10.1023/A:1018883912900
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Terrell, K. (2019, December 19). Americans 50 and older would be world’s third-largest economy, AARP study finds. https://www.aarp.org/politics-society/advocacy/info-2019/older-americans-economic-impact-growth.html
   Google Scholar
• Time media kit. (n.d.) https://www.timemediakit.com/digital-audience/
   Google Scholar
• Tretheway, A. (2001). Reproducing and resisting the master narrative of decline: Midlife women’s experience and aging. Management Communication Quarterly, 15(2), 183–226. doi:10.1177/0893318901152002
   Google Scholar
• Uribe, R., & Manzur, E. (2012). Sample size in content analysis of advertising: The case of Chilean consumer magazines. International Journal of Advertising, 31(4), 907–920. doi:10.2501/IJA-31-4-907-920
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• U.S. Census Bureau. (2020). Current Population Survey. Annual Social and Economic Supplement, 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Williams, A., Ylanne, V., & Wadleigh, P. M. (2007). Selling the ‘Elixir of Life’: Images of the elderly in an Olivio advertising campaign. Journal of Aging Studies, 21(1), 1–21. doi:10.1016/j.jaging.2006.09.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woodward, K. (1999). Introduction. In K. Woodward (Ed.), Figuring age: Women, bodies, generations (pp. ix–xxix). Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Xue, F., & Ellzey, M. (2009). What do couples do? A content analysis of couple images in consumer magazine advertising. Journal of Magazine and New Media Research, 10(2), 1–17.
   Google Scholar
• Yanni, D. (1990). The social construction of women as mediated by advertising. Journal of Communication Inquiry, 14(1), 71–81. doi:10.1177/019685999001400107
   Google Scholar
• Ylanne, V., Williams, A., & Wadleigh, P. M. (2009). Ageing well? Older people’s health and well-being as portrayed in UK magazine advertisements. International Journal of Ageing and Later Life, 4(2), 33–62. doi:10.3384/ijal.1652-8670.094233
   Google Scholar
• Zhang, Y. B., Harwood, J., Williams, A., Ylanne-McEwen, V., Wadleigh, P. M., & Thimm, C. (2006). The portrayal of older adults in advertising: A cross-national review. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 25(3), 264–282. doi:10.1177/0261927X06289479
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zmuda, N. (2014). The new faces of advertising. Advertising Age, 85(5), 14.
   Google Scholar