References
- Ma TY, Nighot P, Al-Sadi R. Chapter 25 - tight junctions and the intestinal barrier. In: Said HM, editor. Physiology of the gastrointestinal tract. Sixth ed. Academic Press; 2018. p. 587–639.
- Garcia-Hernandez V, Quiros M, Nusrat A. Intestinal epithelial claudins: expression and regulation in homeostasis and inflammation. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2017;1397(1):66–79.
- Turner JR. Intestinal mucosal barrier function in health and disease. Nat Rev Immunol. 2009;9(11):799–809.
- Raju P, Shashikanth N, Tsai PY, et al. Inactivation of paracellular cation-selective claudin-2 channels attenuates immune-mediated experimental colitis in mice. J Clin Invest. 2020 Oct 1;130(10):5197–5208.
- Levine B, Kroemer G. Autophagy in the pathogenesis of disease. Cell. 2008;132(1):27–42.
- Deretic V, Saitoh T, Akira S. Autophagy in infection, inflammation and immunity. Nat Rev Immunol. 2013 Oct;13(10):722–737.
- Hampe J, Franke A, Rosenstiel P, et al. A genome-wide association scan of nonsynonymous SNPs identifies a susceptibility variant for Crohn disease in ATG16L1. Nat Genet. 2007;39(2):207–211.
- Rioux JD, Xavier RJ, Taylor KD, et al. Genome-wide association study identifies new susceptibility loci for Crohn disease and implicates autophagy in disease pathogenesis. Nat Genet. 2007;39(5):596–604.
- Parkes M, Barrett JC, Prescott NJ, et al. Sequence variants in the autophagy gene IRGM and multiple other replicating loci contribute to Crohn’s disease susceptibility. Nat Genet. 2007;39(7):830–832.
- Lavoie S, Conway KL, Lassen KG, et al. The Crohn’s disease polymorphism, ATG16L1 T300A, alters the gut microbiota and enhances the local Th1/Th17 response. Elife. 2019 Jan 22;8. DOI:10.7554/eLife.39982
- Saitoh T, Fujita N, Jang MH, et al. Loss of the autophagy protein Atg16L1 enhances endotoxin-induced IL-1beta production. Nature. 2008;456(7219):264–268.
- Strisciuglio C, Duijvestein M, Verhaar AP, et al. Impaired autophagy leads to abnormal dendritic cell-epithelial cell interactions. J Crohns Colitis. 2013 Aug;7(7):534–541.
- Cooney R, Baker J, Brain O, et al. NOD2 stimulation induces autophagy in dendritic cells influencing bacterial handling and antigen presentation. Nat Med. 2010;16(1):90–97.
- Nighot PK, Hu CA, Ma TY. Autophagy enhances intestinal epithelial tight junction barrier function by targeting claudin-2 protein degradation. J Biol Chem. 2015 Mar 13;290(11):7234–7246.
- Park D, Jeong H, Lee MN, et al. Resveratrol induces autophagy by directly inhibiting mTOR through ATP competition. Sci Rep. 2016 Feb 23;6(1):21772.
- Renna M, Jimenez-Sanchez M, Sarkar S, et al. Chemical inducers of autophagy that enhance the clearance of mutant proteins in neurodegenerative diseases. J Biol Chem. 2010 Apr 9;285(15):11061–11067.
- Shaw RJ, Lamia KA, Vasquez D, et al. The kinase LKB1 mediates glucose homeostasis in liver and therapeutic effects of metformin. Science. 2005 Dec 9;310(5754):1642–1646.
- Yuk J-M, Shin D-M, Lee H-M, et al. Vitamin D3 induces autophagy in human monocytes/macrophages via cathelicidin. Cell Host Microbe. 2009 2009/09/17/;6(3):231–243.
- Van Itallie CM, Holmes J, Bridges A, et al. The density of small tight junction pores varies among cell types and is increased by expression of claudin-2. J Cell Sci. 2008;121(Pt 3):298–305.
- Anderson JM, Van Itallie CM. Physiology and function of the tight junction. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. 2009;1(2):a002584.
- Egan DF, Chun MG, Vamos M, et al. Small molecule inhibition of the autophagy kinase ULK1 and identification of ULK1 substrates. Mol Cell. 2015 Jul 16;59(2):285–297.
- Ikari A, Taga S, Watanabe R, et al. Clathrin-dependent endocytosis of claudin-2 by DFYSP peptide causes lysosomal damage in lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2015 Oct;1848(10 Pt A):2326–2336.
- Furuse M, Furuse K, Sasaki H, et al. Conversion of zonulae occludentes from tight to leaky strand type by introducing claudin-2 into Madin-Darby canine kidney I cells. J Cell Biol. 2001;153(2):263–272.
- Koivusalo M, Welch C, Hayashi H, et al. Amiloride inhibits macropinocytosis by lowering submembranous pH and preventing Rac1 and Cdc42 signaling. J Cell Biol. 2010;188(4):547–563.
- Hailstones D, Sleer LS, Parton RG, et al. Regulation of caveolin and caveolae by cholesterol in MDCK cells. J Lipid Res. 1998 1998/02/01/;39(2):369–379.
- Wang LH, Rothberg KG, Anderson RG. Mis-assembly of clathrin lattices on endosomes reveals a regulatory switch for coated pit formation. J Cell Biol. 1993 Dec;123(5):1107–1117.
- Traub LM. Sorting it out: AP-2 and alternate clathrin adaptors in endocytic cargo selection. J Cell Biol. 2003 Oct 27;163(2):203–208.
- Tian Y, Chang JC, Fan EY, et al. Adaptor complex AP2/PICALM, through interaction with LC3, targets Alzheimer’s APP-CTF for terminal degradation via autophagy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2013;110(42):17071–17076.
- Chang C, Shi X, Jensen LE, et al. Reconstitution of cargo-induced LC3 lipidation in mammalian selective autophagy. Sci Adv. 2021 Apr;7(17). doi:10.1126/sciadv.abg4922.
- Conner SD, Schmid SL. Identification of an adaptor-associated kinase, AAK1, as a regulator of clathrin-mediated endocytosis. J Cell Biol. 2002 Mar 4;156(5):921–929.
- Ricotta D, Conner SD, Schmid SL, et al. Phosphorylation of the AP2 mu subunit by AAK1 mediates high affinity binding to membrane protein sorting signals. J Cell Biol. 2002 Mar 4;156(5):791–795.
- Neveu G, Ziv-Av A, Barouch-Bentov R, et al. AP-2-associated protein kinase 1 and cyclin G-associated kinase regulate hepatitis C virus entry and are potential drug targets. J Virol. 2015 Apr;89(8):4387–4404.
- Karaman MW, Herrgard S, Treiber DK, et al. A quantitative analysis of kinase inhibitor selectivity. Nat Biotechnol. 2008 2008/01/01;26(1):127–132.
- Bekerman E, Neveu G, Shulla A, et al. Anticancer kinase inhibitors impair intracellular viral trafficking and exert broad-spectrum antiviral effects. J Clin Invest. 2017 Apr 3;127(4):1338–1352.
- Ravikumar B, Moreau K, Jahreiss L, et al. Plasma membrane contributes to the formation of pre-autophagosomal structures. Nat Cell Biol. 2010 Aug;12(8):747–757.
- Popovic D, Dikic I. TBC1D5 and the AP2 complex regulate ATG9 trafficking and initiation of autophagy. EMBO Rep. 2014 Apr;15(4):392–401.
- Bonifacino JS, Traub LM. Signals for sorting of transmembrane proteins to endosomes and lysosomes. Annu Rev Biochem. 2003;72(1):395–447.
- Tsuboi K, Nishitani M, Takakura A, et al. Autophagy protects against colitis by the maintenance of normal gut microflora and secretion of mucus. J Biol Chem. 2015;290(33):20511–20526.
- Van Itallie CM, Mitic LL, Anderson JM. Claudin-2 forms homodimers and is a component of a high molecular weight protein complex. J Biol Chem. 2010;286(5):3442–3450.
- Amasheh S, Meiri N, Gitter AH, et al. Claudin-2 expression induces cation-selective channels in tight junctions of epithelial cells. J Cell Sci. 2002;115(Pt 24):4969–4976.
- Terry SJ, Zihni C, Elbediwy A, et al. Spatially restricted activation of RhoA signalling at epithelial junctions by p114RhoGEF drives junction formation and morphogenesis. Nat Cell Biol. 2011;13(2):159–166.
- Shin K, Fogg VC, Margolis B. Tight junctions and cell polarity. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol. 2006;22(1):207–235.
- Wong M, Ganapathy AS, Suchanec E, et al. Intestinal epithelial tight junction barrier regulation by autophagy-related protein ATG6/beclin 1. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2019 May 1;316(5):C753–C765.
- Dukes JD, Whitley P, Chalmers AD. The PIKfyve inhibitor YM201636 blocks the continuous recycling of the tight junction proteins claudin-1 and claudin-2 in MDCK cells. PLoS One. 2012;7(3):e28659.
- Lu R, Johnson DL, Stewart L, et al. Rab14 regulation of claudin-2 trafficking modulates epithelial permeability and lumen morphogenesis. Mol Biol Cell. 2014;25(11):1744–1754.
- Ikari A, Takiguchi A, Atomi K, et al. Epidermal growth factor increases clathrin-dependent endocytosis and degradation of claudin-2 protein in MDCK II cells. J Cell Physiol. 2011;226(9):2448–2456.
- Birgisdottir ÅB, Johansen T. Autophagy and endocytosis - interconnections and interdependencies. J Cell Sci. 2020 May 22;133(10): 1–16.
- Tooze SA, Abada A, Elazar Z. Endocytosis and Autophagy: exploitation or Cooperation? Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. 2014 May 1;6(5):1–15.
- Lynch-Day MA, Bhandari D, Menon S, et al. Trs85 directs a Ypt1 GEF, TRAPPIII, to the phagophore to promote autophagy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010 Apr 27;107(17):7811–7816.
- Liang C, Lee JS, Inn KS, et al. Beclin1-binding UVRAG targets the class C Vps complex to coordinate autophagosome maturation and endocytic trafficking. Nat Cell Biol. 2008 Jul;10(7):776–787.
- Moreau K, Ravikumar B, Renna M, et al. Autophagosome precursor maturation requires homotypic fusion. Cell. 2011 Jul 22;146(2):303–317.
- Longatti A, Lamb CA, Razi M, et al. TBC1D14 regulates autophagosome formation via Rab11- and ULK1-positive recycling endosomes. J Cell Biol. 2012 May 28;197(5):659–675.
- Jäger S, Bucci C, Tanida I, et al. Role for Rab7 in maturation of late autophagic vacuoles. J Cell Sci. 2004 Sep 15;117(Pt 20):4837–4848.
- Loi M, Muller A, Steinbach K, et al. Macroautophagy proteins control MHC class i levels on dendritic cells and shape anti-viral CD8(+) T cell responses. Cell Rep. 2016 May 3;15(5):1076–1087.
- Wu X, Fleming A, Ricketts T, et al. Autophagy regulates Notch degradation and modulates stem cell development and neurogenesis. Nat Commun. 2016 Feb 3;7(1):10533.
- Kenific CM, Stehbens SJ, Goldsmith J, et al. NBR1 enables autophagy-dependent focal adhesion turnover. J Cell Biol. 2016 Feb 29;212(5):577–590.
- Lamouille S, Xu J, Derynck R. Molecular mechanisms of epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2014 Mar;15(3):178–196.
- Zeissig S, Burgel N, Gunzel D, et al. Changes in expression and distribution of claudin 2, 5 and 8 lead to discontinuous tight junctions and barrier dysfunction in active Crohn’s disease. Gut. 2007;56(1):61–72.
- Heller F, Florian P, Bojarski C, et al. Interleukin-13 is the key effector Th2 cytokine in ulcerative colitis that affects epithelial tight junctions, apoptosis, and cell restitution. Gastroenterology. 2005;129(2):550–564.
- Schmitz H, Barmeyer C, Fromm M, et al. Altered tight junction structure contributes to the impaired epithelial barrier function in ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology. 1999;116(2):301–309.
- Suzuki T, Yoshinaga N, Tanabe S. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) regulates claudin-2 expression and tight junction permeability in intestinal epithelium. J Biol Chem. 2011;286(36):31263–31271.
- Kinugasa T, Sakaguchi T, Gu X, et al. Claudins regulate the intestinal barrier in response to immune mediators. Gastroenterology. 2000;118(6):1001–1011.
- Mankertz J, Amasheh M, Krug SM, et al. TNFalpha up-regulates claudin-2 expression in epithelial HT-29/B6 cells via phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase signaling. Cell Tissue Res. 2009;336(1):67–77.
- Weber CR, Nalle SC, Tretiakova M, et al. Claudin-1 and claudin-2 expression is elevated in inflammatory bowel disease and may contribute to early neoplastic transformation. Lab Invest. 2008;88(10):1110–1120.
- Dhawan P, Ahmad R, Chaturvedi R, et al. Claudin-2 expression increases tumorigenicity of colon cancer cells: role of epidermal growth factor receptor activation. Oncogene. 2011;30(29):3234–3247.
- Nighot PK, Blikslager AT. Chloride channel ClC-2 modulates tight junction barrier function via intracellular trafficking of occludin. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2012;302(1):C178–87.
- Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW. NIH Image to ImageJ: 25 years of image analysis. Nat Methods. 2012 Jul;9(7):671–675.
- Karsli-Uzunbas G, Guo JY, Price S, et al. Autophagy is required for glucose homeostasis and lung tumor maintenance. Cancer Discov. 2014;4(8):914–927.
- Nighot M, Ganapathy AS, Saha K, et al. Matrix metalloproteinase MMP-12 promotes macrophage transmigration across intestinal epithelial tight junctions and increases severity of experimental colitis. J Crohns Colitis. 2021Apr;9:jjab064.
- Nighot P, Al-Sadi R, Rawat M, et al. Matrix metalloproteinase 9-induced increase in intestinal epithelial tight junction permeability contributes to the severity of experimental DSS colitis. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2015 Dec 15;309(12):G988–97.