26
Views
34
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Special Topic Papers

Mercury and Selenium – A Review on Aspects Related to the Health of Human Populations in the Amazon

, , , &
Pages 222-245 | Published online: 04 Sep 2009

REFERENCES

  • Agarwal , R and Behari , JR. 2007 . Effect of selenium pretreatment in chronic mercury intoxication in rats . Bull Environ Contam Toxicol , 79 : 306 – 10 .
  • Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) . 1998 . Toxicological Profile for Mercury , Washington, DC : U.S. Department of Health and Human Services . Division of Toxicology and Environmental Medicine
  • Akagi , H , Kinjo , Y , Branches , FJP , Malm , O , Harada , M and Pfeiffer , WC. 1995 . Methylmercury pollution in the Amazon, Brazil . Sci Total Environ , 5 : 85 – 95 .
  • Akagi , H , Kinjo , Y , Branches , P , Malm , O , Harada , M , Pfeffer , WC and Kato , H. 1994 . Methylmercury pollution in Tapajós River Basin, Amazon . Environ Sci , 3 : 25 – 32 .
  • Arribere , MA , Ribeiro Guevara , S , Bubach , DF , Arcagni , M and Vigliano , PH. 2008 . Selenium and mercury in native and introduced fish species of patagonian lakes, Argentina . Biol Trace Elem Res , 122 : 42 – 63 .
  • Aschner , M. 1989 . Brain, kidney and liver 203Hg-methyl mercury uptake in the rat: relationship to the neutral amino acid carrier . Pharmacol Toxicol , 65 : 17 – 20 .
  • Aschner , M and Clarkson , TW. 1988 . Uptake of methylmercury in the rat brain: effects of amino acids . Brain Res , 462 : 31 – 9 .
  • Aschner , M , Syversen , T , Souza , DO , Rocha , JB and Farina , M. 2007 . Involvement of glutamate and reactive oxygen species in methylmercury neurotoxicity . Braz J Med Biol Res , 40 : 285 – 91 .
  • Bakir , F , Damluji , SF , Amin-Zaki , L , Murtadha , M , Khalidi , A , al-Rawi , NY , Tikriti , S , Dahahir , HI , Clarkson , TW and Smith , JC . 1973 . Methylmercury poisoning in Iraq . Science , 181 : 230 – 41 . and others
  • Barbosa , AC , Garcia , AM and Souza , J. 1997 . Mercury contamination in hair of riverine of Apiacás Reserve in the Brazilian Amazon . Water, Air and Soil Pollution , 97 : 1 – 8 .
  • Barbosa , AC , Jardim , W , Dorea , JG , Fosberg , B and Souza , J. 2001 . Hair mercury speciation as a function of gender, age, and body mass index in inhabitants of the Negro River basin, Amazon, Brazil . Arch Environ Contam Toxicol , 40 : 439 – 44 .
  • Barbosa , AC , Silva , SR and Dorea , JG. 1998 . Concentration of mercury in hair of indigenous mothers and infants from the Amazon basin . Arch Environ Contam Toxicol , 34 : 100 – 5 .
  • Belzile , N , Chen , YW , Gunn , JM , Tong , J , Alarie , Y , Delonchamp , T and Lang , CY. 2006 . The effect of selenium on mercury assimilation by freshwater organisms . Can J Fish Aquat Sci , 63 : 1 – 10 .
  • Bem , EM , Mailer , K and Elson , CM. 1985 . Influence of mercury (II), cadmium (II), methylmercury, and phenylmercury on the kinetic properties of rat liver glutathione peroxidase . Can J Biochem Cell Biol , 63 : 1212 – 6 .
  • Berry , MJ and Ralston , NVC. 2008 . Mercury Toxicity and the Mitigating Role of Selenium . Ecohealth , 5 : 456 – 459 .
  • Bidone , ED , Castilhos , ZC , Souza , TMC and Lacerda , LD. 1997 . Fish contamination and human exposure to mercury in the Tapajós River, Pará State, Amazon, Brazil: a screening approach . Bull Environ Contam Toxicol , 59 : 194 – 201 .
  • Boischio , AA and Cernichiari , E. 1998 . Longitudinal hair mercury concentration in riverside mothers along the Upper Madeira river (Brazil) . Environ Res , 77 : 79 – 83 .
  • Brabo , ES , Santos , EO , Jesus , IM , Mascarenhas , AFS and Faial , KF. 2000 . Mercury contamination of fish and exposures of on indigenous community in Para State, Brazil . Environ Res , 84 : 197 – 203 .
  • Brabo , ES , Santos , EO , Jesus , IM , Mascarenhas , AF and Faial , KF. 1999 . Níveis de mercúrio em peixes consumidos pela comunidade indígena de Sai Cinza, na Reserva Munduruku, município de Jacareacanga, estado do Pará – Brasil . Cad Saúde Pública , 15 : 325 – 331 .
  • Branches , FJ , Erickson , TB , Aks , SE and Hryhorczuk , DO. 1993 . The price of gold: mercury exposure in the Amazonian rain forest . J Toxicol Clin Toxicol , 31 : 295 – 306 .
  • Burk , RF , Foster , KA , Greenfield , PM , Kiker , KW and Hannon , JP. 1974 . Binding of simultaneously administered inorganic selenium and mercury to a rat plasma protein . Proc Soc Exp Biol Med , 145 : 782 – 5 .
  • Burk , RF and Levander , OA. 1999 . “ Selenium ” . In Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease , 9th , Edited by: Shil , SM , Olson , J , Shike , M and Ross , AC . 265 – 276 . Baltimore, MD : Williams and Wilkins .
  • Câmara , Vde M , Filhote , MI , Lima , MI , Alheira , FV , Martins , MS , Dantas , TO and Luiz , RR. 1997 . Strategies for preventing adolescent mercury exposure in Brazilian gold mining areas . Toxicol Ind Health , 13 : 285 – 97 .
  • Campos , MS , Sarkis , JES , Muller , RCS , Brabo , EA and Santos , EO. 2002 . Correlation between mercury and selenium concentrations in Indian hair from Rondônia State, Amazon region, Brazil . Sci Total Environ , 287 : 155 – 161 .
  • Carvalho , CM , Chew , EH , Hashemy , SI , Lu , J and Holmgren , A. 2008 . Inhibition of the human thioredoxin system. A molecular mechanism of mercury toxicity . J Biol Chem , 283 : 11913 – 23 .
  • Castro , MB , Albert , B and Pfeiffer , WC. . Mercury levels in Yanomami indians hair from Roraima, Brazil . VIII International Conferency on Heavy Metals in the Environment . pp. 367 – 70 . p
  • Chansler , MW , Mutanen , M , Morris , VC and Levander , OA. 1986 . Nutritional bioavailability to rats of selenium in Brazil nuts and Mushrooms . Nutr Res , 6 : 1419 – 1428 .
  • Chen , RW , Whanger , PD and Fang , SC. 1974 . Diversion of mercury binding in rat tissues by selenium: a possible mechanism of protection . Pharmacol Res Commun , 6 : 571 – 9 .
  • Choi , AL , Budtz-Jorgensen , E , Jorgensen , PJ , Steuerwald , U , Debes , F , Weihe , P and Grandjean , P. 2008 . Selenium as a potential protective factor against mercury developmental neurotoxicity . Environ Res , 107 : 45 – 52 .
  • Chunhieng , T , Petritis , K , Elfakir , C , Brochier , J , Goli , T and Montet , D. 2004 . Study of selenium distribution in the protein fractions of the Brazil nut, Bertholletia excelsa . J Agric Food Chem , 52 : 4318 – 22 .
  • Clarkson , TW and Magos , L. 2006 . The toxicology of mercury and its chemical compounds . Crit Rev Toxicol , 36 : 609 – 62 .
  • Combs , GF Jr , Clark , LC and Turnbull , BW. 2001 . An analysis of cancer prevention by selenium . Biofactors , 14 : 153 – 9 .
  • Couto , RCS , Camara , VM and Sabrosa , PC. 1988 . Intoxicação mercurial: resultados preliminares em duas áreas garimpeiras - PA . Cadernos de Saúde Pública , 4 : 301 – 315 .
  • da Costa , GM , dos Anjos , LM , Souza , GS , Gomes , BD , Saito , CA , Pinheiro , MCN , Ventura , DF , da Silva Filho , M and Silveira , LC. 2008 . Mercury toxicity in Amazon gold miners: visual dysfunction assessed by retinal and cortical electrophysiology . Environ Res , 107 : 98 – 107 .
  • da Cunha , S , Filho , FM , Antelo , DS and de Souza , MM. 2003 . Serum sample levels of selenium and copper in healthy volunteers living in Rio de Janeiro city . Sci Total Environ , 301 : 51 – 4 .
  • Davis , LE , Kornfeld , M , Mooney , HS , Fiedler , KJ , Haaland , KY , Orrison , WW , Cernichiari , E and Clarkson , TW. 1994 . Methylmercury poisoning: long-term clinical, radiological, toxicological, and pathological studies of an affected family . Ann Neurol , 35 : 680 – 8 .
  • de Freitas , AS , Funck , VR , Rotta Mdos , S , Bohrer , D , Morschbacher , V , Puntel , RL , Nogueira , CW , Farina , M , Aschner , M and Rocha , JB. 2009 . Diphenyl diselenide, a simple organoselenium compound, decreases methylmercury-induced cerebral, hepatic and renal oxidative stress and mercury deposition in adult mice . Brain Res Bull , 79 : 77 – 84 .
  • de Jesus , IM. 2005 . “ Exposição Ocupacional ao Mercúrio Metálico na Região do Tapajós. Aspectos Clínicos e Epidemiológicos ” . In Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso de Medicina , Belém, Pará, , Brasil : Universidade Federal do Pará .
  • do Canto Pereira , LHM , Lago , M , Costa , MF , Rodrigues , AR , Saito , CA , Silveira , LCL and Ventura , DF. 2005 . Visual impairment related to occupational exposure in dentists . Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology , 19 : 517 – 522 .
  • Dolbec , J , Mergler , D , Sousa Passos , CJ , Sousa de Morais , S and Lebel , J. 2000 . Methylmercury exposure affects motor performance of a riverine population of the Tapajos River, Brazilian Amazon . Int J Occup Environ Health. , 73 : 195 – 203 .
  • Dorea , JG , Moreira , MB , East , G and Barbosa , AC. 1998 . Selenium and mercury concentrations in some fish species of the Madeira River, Amazon Basin, Brazil . Biol Trace Elem Res , 65 : 211 – 20 .
  • Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 1997. Mercury study report to Congress. Washington (DC): EPA. Available at http://www.epa.gov/hg/report.htm
  • Eve , E , Oliveira , EF and Eve , C. 1996 . The mercury problem and diets in the Brazilian Amazon: planning a solution. Environmental Conservation . Environ Conserv , 23 : 133 – 139 .
  • Faial , KRF , Santos , ECO , Brabo , ES , Volney , MC , Sá , GC , Jesus , IM and Rocha , CSG. 2003 . “ Mercury levels in fish of Trombetas River, lower Amazon: an area out of gold mining influence ” . In Proceedings of the International Workshop on Health and Environmental Effects of Mercury – Impacts of Mercury in South and Central America, 2003, Belém , 239 – 249 . Minamata, , Japan : National Institute of Minamata Disease (NIMD) . Inp
  • Faintuch , JJ and Rocha , AS. 1990 . Intoxicação por mercúrio no Brasil . Revista Brasileira de Medicina , 47 : 505 – 508 .
  • Farina , M , Frizzo , ME , Soares , FA , Schwalm , FD , Dietrich , MO , Zeni , G , Rocha , JB and Souza , DO. 2003 . Ebselen protects against methylmercury-induced inhibition of glutamate uptake by cortical slices from adult mice . Toxicol Lett , 144 : 351 – 7 .
  • Farina , M , Rocha , JBT , Aschner , M. and Slikker , W Jr . In press . “ Oxidative Stress and Methyl Mercury-Induced Neurotoxicity ” . In Developmental Neurotoxicology Research: Principles, Models, Techniques, Strategies and Mechanisms , Edited by: Wang , C . Indianapolis: John Wiley and Sons, Inc .
  • Farina , M , Soares , FA , Zeni , G , Souza , DO and Rocha , JB. 2004 . Additive pro-oxidative effects of methylmercury and ebselen in liver from suckling rat pups . Toxicol Lett , 146 : 227 – 35 .
  • Fernandes , HM , Guimaraes , AF and Bidone , ED. 1990 . Monitoramento do mercúrio na área do Projeto Carajás . Saneamento Ambiental , 6 : 34 – 41 .
  • Ferreira , KS , Gomes , JC , Bellato , CR and Jordao , CP. 2002 . Selenium concentration in food consumed in Brazil . Rev Panam Salud Publica , 11 : 172 – 7 .
  • Ferrari , I , Gonçalves , A , Barbosa , AC , Serra , OJ , Brasileiro , I , Padovani , CR and Gonçalves , NNS. 1993 . Saúde, garimpo e mercúrio entre os Kayapó: estudo exploratório . Salusvita , 12 : 113 – 26 .
  • Flohe , L. In press . The labour pains of biochemical selenology: The history of selenoprotein biosynthesis . Biochim Biophys Acta. ,
  • Folven , KI , Glover , CN , Malde , MK and Lundebye , AK. 2009 . Does selenium modify neurobehavioural impacts of developmental methylmercury exposure in mice? . Environ. Toxicol Pharmacol , 28 : 111 – 119 .
  • Fredriksson , A , Gardlund , AT , Bergman , K , Oskarsson , A , Ohlin , B , Danielsson , B and Archer , T. 1993 . Effects of maternal dietary supplementation with selenite on the postnatal development of rat offspring exposed to methyl mercury in utero . Pharmacol Toxicol , 72 : 377 – 82 .
  • Ganther , HE , Goudie , C , Sunde , ML , Kopecky , MJ and Wagner , P. 1972 . Selenium: relation to decreased toxicity of methylmercury added to diets containing tuna . Science , 175 : 1122 – 4 .
  • Grandjean , P. 2008 . Late insights into early origins of disease . Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol , 102 : 94 – 9 .
  • Gropper , SS , Smith , JL and Groff , JL. 2009 . Advanced Nutrition and Human Metabolism , 5th , Belmont, CA : Wadsworth .
  • Gstraunthaler , G , Pfaller , W and Kotanko , P. 1983 . Glutathione depletion and in vitro lipid peroxidation in mercury or maleate induced acute renal failure . Biochem Pharmacol , 32 : 2969 – 72 .
  • Harada , M. 1982 . “ Minamata disease. Organic mercury poisoning caused by ingestion of contaminated fish methylmercury ” . In Adverse Effects of Foods , Edited by: Jelliffe , P and Jelliffe , DB . 135 – 147 . Kumamoto, , Japan : Plenum Publishing .
  • Harada , M. 1995 . Minamata disease: methylmercury poisoning in Japan caused by environmental pollution . Crit Rev Toxicol , 25 : 1 – 24 .
  • Harada , M. 1997 . “ Neurotoxicity of methylmercury, Minamata and the Amazon ” . In Mineral and Metal Neurotoxicology , Edited by: Yasui , M , Strong , MJ , Ota , KK and Verity , MA . 177 – 187 . New York, NY : CRC Press .
  • Hirayama , K and Yasutake , A. 2001 . “ In vivo degradation of methylmercury. Its mechanisms and significance in methylmercury induced neurotoxicity ” . In Methylmercury Poisoing in Minamata and Niigata , Edited by: Takizawa , Y and Osame , M . 103 – 110 . Japan : Tokyo: Japan Public Health Association .
  • Hirota , Y , Yamaguchi , S , Shimojoh , N and Sano , KI. 1980 . Inhibitory effect of methylmercury on the activity of glutathione peroxidase . Toxicol Appl Pharmacol , 53 : 174 – 6 .
  • Ip , C and Lisk , DJ. 1994 . Bioactivity of selenium from Brazil nut for cancer prevention and selenoenzyme maintenance . Nutr Cancer , 21 : 203 – 12 .
  • Iwata , H , Masukawa , T , Kito , H and Hayashi , M. 1982 . Degradation of methylmercury by selenium . Life Sci , 31 : 859 – 66 .
  • Kaur , P , Evje , L , Aschner , M and Syversen , T. 2009 . The in vitro effects of selenomethionine on methylmercury-induced neurotoxicity . Toxicol In Vitro , 23 : 378 – 85 .
  • Kehrig , HA , Malm , O , Akagi , H , Guimaraes , JR and Torres , JP. 1998 . Methylmercury in fish and hair samples from the Balbina Feservoir, Brazilian Amazon . Environ Res , 77 : 84 – 90 .
  • Kosta , L , Byrne , AR and Zelenko , V. 1975 . Correlation between selenium and mercury in man following exposure to inorganic mercury . Nature , 254 : 238 – 9 .
  • Kunimoto , M , Takanaga , H and Adachi , T. . Factors controling the cell death of cerebellar neurons induced by methylmercury . In: Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Mercury as a Global Pollutant. Abstract HE-153 . Minamata, Japan. National Institute for Minamata Disease (NIMD) .
  • LeBel , CP , Ali , SF and Bondy , SC. 1992 . Deferoxamine inhibits methyl mercury-induced increases in reactive oxygen species formation in rat brain . Toxicol Appl Pharmacol , 112 : 161 – 5 .
  • Lebel , J , Roulet , M , Mergler , D , Lucotte , M and Larribe , F. 1997 . Fish diet and mercury exposure in a riparian Amazonian population . Water, Air and Soil Pollution , 97 : 31 – 44 .
  • Leino , T and Lodenius , M. 1995 . Human hair mercury levels in Tucurui area, State of Para, Brazil . Sci Total Environ , 175 : 119 – 25 .
  • Lemire , M , Mergler , D , Fillion , M , Passos , CJ , Guimaraes , JR , Davidson , R and Lucotte , M. 2006 . Elevated blood selenium levels in the Brazilian Amazon . Sci Total Environ , 366 : 101 – 11 .
  • Lima , APS , Müller , RCS , Sarkis , JES , Alves , CN , Bentes , MHS , Brabo , E and Santos , EO. 2000 . Mercury contamination in fish from Santarém, Pará, Brazil . Environ Res , 83 : 117 – 22 .
  • Lucena , GM , Franco , JL , Ribas , CM , Azevedo , MS , Meotti , FC , Gadotti , VM , Dafre , AL , Santos , AR and Farina , M. 2007 . Cipura paludosa extract prevents methyl mercury-induced neurotoxicity in mice . Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol , 101 : 127 – 31 .
  • Lund , BO , Miller , DM and Woods , JS. 1993 . Studies on Hg(II)-induced H2O2 formation and oxidative stress in vivo and in vitro in rat kidney mitochondria . Biochem Pharmacol , 45 : 2017 – 24 .
  • Magro , AC , Bastos , PAM and Navarro , MFL. 1994 . Segurança no uso de Hg em restauraç[otilde]es de amálgamas . Revista Odontológica da Universidade de São Paulo. , 8 : 1 – 6 .
  • Malm , O , Branches , FJP , Akagi , H , Castro , MB , Pfeiffer , WC , Harada , M , Bastos , WR and Kato , H. 1995 . Mercury and methylmercury in fish and human hair from the Tapajós river basin, Brazil . Sci Total Environ , 175 : 141 – 150 .
  • Malm , O , Guimarães , JRD , Castro , MB , Bastos , WR , Viana , JP , Branches , FJP , Silveira , EG and Pfeiffer , WC. 1997 . Follow-up of mercury levels in fish, human hair and urine in the Madeira and Tapajós basins, Amazon, Brazil . Water, Air, Soil and Pollution , 97 : 45 – 51 .
  • Martin-Romero , FJ , Kryukov , GV , Lobanov , AV , Carlson , BA , Lee , BJ , Gladyshev , VN and Hatfield , DL. 2001 . Selenium metabolism in Drosophila: selenoproteins, selenoprotein mRNA expression, fertility, and mortality . J Biol Chem , 276 : 29798 – 804 .
  • Ministério da Saúde do , Brasil . 1975 . Resolução n° 18/75 da Comissão Nacional de Normas e Padr[otilde]es para Alimentos , Diário Oficial da União (Brasília) . Seção 1, p. 16378, 9 de dezembro de 1975.
  • Mokrzan , EM , Kerper , LE , Ballatori , N and Clarkson , TW. 1995 . Methylmercury-thiol uptake into cultured brain capillary endothelial cells on amino acid system L . J Pharmacol Exp Ther , 272 : 1277 – 84 .
  • National Academies Press . 2000 . “ Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine. Selenium ” . In In: Dietary reference intakes for vitamin C, vitamin E, selenium, and carotenoids , 284 – 324 . Washington, DC : National Academies Press .
  • Nishikido , N , Furuyashiki , K , Naganuma , A , Suzuki , T and Imura , N. 1987 . Maternal selenium deficiency enhances the fetolethal toxicity of methyl mercury . Toxicol Appl Pharmacol , 88 : 322 – 8 .
  • Parizek , J and Ostadalova , I. 1967 . The protective effect of small amounts of selenite in sublimate intoxication . Experientia , 23 : 142 – 3 .
  • Paulsson , K and Lundbergh , K. 1991 . Treatment of mercury contaminated fish by selenium addition . Water Air Soil Pollution , 56 : 833 – 841 .
  • Pfeiffer , WC and Lacerda , LD. 1988 . Mercury Inputs into the Amazon Region, Brazil . Environ Technol Lett , 9 : 325 – 330 .
  • Pinheiro , MCN , Macchi , BM , Vieira , JLF , Oikawa , T , Amoras , WW , Guimarães , GA , Costa , CA , Crespo López , ME , Herculano , AM , Silveira , LCL and do Nascimento , JLM . 2008 . Mercury exposure and antioxidant defenses in women: a comparative study in the Amazon . Environ Res , 107 : 53 – 9 .
  • Pinheiro , MCN , Muller , RCS , Sarkis , JE , Vieira , JLF , Oikawa , T , Gomes , MS , Guimarães , GA , do Nascimento , JLM and Silveira , LCL. 2005 . Mercury and selenium concentrations in hair samples of women in fertile age from Amazon riverside communities . Sci Total Environ , 349 : 284 – 8 .
  • Pinheiro , MCN , Oikawa , T , Vieira , JLF , Gomes , MS , Guimarães , GA , Crespo-Lopez , ME , Muller , RC , Amoras , WW , Ribeiro , DR and Rodrigues , AR . 2006 . Comparative study of human exposure to mercury in riverside communities in the Amazon region . Braz J Med Biol Res , 39 : 411 – 4 . and others
  • Pinheiro , MCN , Oikawa , T , Vieira , JLF , Gomes , MSV , Guimarães , GA , Müller , RCS , Xavier , FB , Amoras , WW , Gadelha , MA , Ribeiro , DRG , Santos , ECO , Brabo , ES , Rodrigues , AR , Côrtes , MIT and Silveira , LCL. 2003 . “ Total mercury concentration in Amazonian riverside communities of two different áreas with similar life style and different influence of gold mining activity – a comparative study ” . In Proceedings of the International Workshop on Health and Environmental Effects of Mercury – Impacts of Mercury in South and Central America, 2003, Belém , 137 – 144 . Minamata, , Japan : National Institute of Minamata Disease (NIMD) . Inp
  • Pinheiro , MCN , Vieira , JLF and Bacelar , MDR. 2004 . Exposição humana ao mercúrio na atividade garimpeira . Revista Paraense de Medicina , 18 : 19 – 22 .
  • Ralston , N.V.C. 2008 . Selenium health benefit values as seafood safety criteria . Ecohealth , 5 : 442 – 455 .
  • Ralston , NV , Blackwell , JL 3rd and Raymond , LJ. 2007 . Importance of molar ratios in selenium-dependent protection against methylmercury toxicity . Biol Trace Elem Res , 119 : 255 – 68 .
  • Ralston , NVC , Ralston , CR , Blackwell , JL 3rd and Raymond , LJ. 2008 . Dietary and tissue selenium in relation to methylmercury toxicity . Neurotoxicology , 29 : 802 – 11 .
  • Rayman , MP. 2000 . The importance of selenium to human health . Lancet , 356 : 233 – 41 .
  • Rodrigues , AR , Souza , CR , Braga , AM , Rodrigues , PS , Silveira , AT , Damin , ET , Cortes , MI , Castro , AJ , Mello , GA and Vieira , JL . 2007 . Mercury toxicity in the Amazon: contrast sensitivity and color discrimination of subjects exposed to mercury . Braz J Med Biol Res , 40 : 415 – 24 . and others
  • Roos , DH , Puntel , RL , Santos , MM , Souza , DO , Farina , M , Nogueira , CW , Aschner , M , Burger , ME , Barbosa , NB and Rocha , JB. 2009 . Guanosine and synthetic organoselenium compounds modulate methylmercury-induced oxidative stress in rat brain cortical slices: involvement of oxidative stress and glutamatergic system . Toxicol In Vitro , 23 : 302 – 7 .
  • Roulet , M , Lucotte , M , Farella , N , Serique , G , Coelho , H , Sousa Passos , CJ , Jesus da Silva , E , Scavone De Andrade , P , Mergler , D and Guimaraes , JRD . 1999 . Effects of recent human colonization on the presence of Mercury in Amazonian ecosystems . Water, Air and Soil Pollution , 112 : 297 – 313 . and others
  • Safaralizadeh , R , Kardar , GA , Pourpak , Z , Moin , M , Zare , A and Teimourian , S. 2005 . Serum concentration of selenium in healthy individuals living in Tehran . Nutr J , 4 : 32
  • Santos , EC , Câmara , Vde M , Brabo Eda , S , Loureiro , EC , de Jesus , IM , Fayal , K and Sagica , F. 2003 . Mercury exposure evaluation among Pakaanova Indians, Amazon Region, Brazil . Cad Saude Publica , 19 : 199 – 206 .
  • Santos , EC , Jesus , IM , Brabo , ES , Loureiro , EC , Mascarenhas , AF , Weirich , J , Camara , VM and Cleary , D. 2000 . Mercury exposures in riverside Amazon communities in Para, Brazil . Environ Res , 84 : 100 – 7 .
  • Santos , EO , Loureiro , EC , Jesus , IM , Brabo , E , Silva , RS , Soares , MC , Câmara , VM , Souza , MR and Branches , F. 1995 . Diagnosis of health conditions in a pan-mining community in the Tapajós River Basin, Itaituba, Par, Brazil, 1992 . Cad Saúde Publica , 11 : 212 – 25 .
  • Santos , EO , Sá , GC , de Jesus , IM , Brabo , ES , Câmara , VM , Lima , MO , Faial , KF , Mendes , RAM and Mascarenhas , SAF. 2005 . Mercúrio no Rio Negro, Amazonas, Brasil. Estudo preliminar de indicadores de exposição no pescado e em populaç[otilde]es humanas . Cad Saúde Coletiva , 3 : 225 – 36 .
  • Schrauzer , GN. 2000 . Selenomethionine: A review of its nutritional significance, metabolism and toxicity . J Nutr , 130 : 1653 – 1656 .
  • Silveira , LCL , Damin , ETB , Pinheiro , MCN , Rodrigues , AR , Moura , ALA , Cortes , MIT and Mello , GA. 2003 . “ Visual dysfunction following mercury exposure by breathing mercury vapour or by eating mercury-contaminated food ” . In Normal and Defective Colour Vision , Edited by: Mollon , JD , Pokorny , J and Knoblauch , K . 407 – 417 . Oxford, England : Oxford University Press .
  • Soong , TR , Chu , FR and Fun , ZT. 1994 . Epidemiological study on the health of residents along the Sunhua River, polluted by methylmercury . Environ Sci , 3 : 41 – 54 .
  • Souza , TMC , Anjos , JR , Barros , FC , Bastos , WR , Silva , GS and Oliveira , RC. 2003 . “ Mercury exposure in the gold shops of Itaituba, Amazon, Brazil ” . In Proceedings of the International Workshop on Health and Environmental Effects of Mercury - Impacts of Mercury in South and Central America , Edited by: Eto , K , Nakamura , K , Silveira , LCL , Tezuka , H , Nagai , K and Horiike , H . 77 – 83 . Minamata, , Japan : National Institute of Minamata Disease .
  • Stacey , NH and Kappus , H. 1982 . Cellular toxicity and lipid peroxidation in response to mercury . Toxicol Appl Pharmacol , 63 : 29 – 35 .
  • Stringari , J , Meotti , FC , Souza , DO , Santos , AR and Farina , M. 2006 . Postnatal methylmercury exposure induces hyperlocomotor activity and cerebellar oxidative stress in mice: dependence on the neurodevelopmental period . Neurochem Res , 31 : 563 – 9 .
  • Stringari , J , Nunes , AK , Franco , JL , Bohrer , D , Garcia , SC , Dafre , AL , Milatovic , D , Souza , DO , Rocha , JB and Aschner , M . 2008 . Prenatal methylmercury exposure hampers glutathione antioxidant system ontogenesis and causes long-lasting oxidative stress in the mouse brain . Toxicol Appl Pharmacol , 227 : 147 – 54 . and others
  • Sugiura , Y , Hojo , Y , Tamai , Y and Tanaka , H. 1976 . Letter: Selenium protection against mercury toxicity. Binding of methylmercury by the selenohydryl-containing ligand . J Am Chem Soc , 98 : 2339 – 41 .
  • Thomson , CD , Chisholm , A , McLachlan , SK and Campbell , JM. 2008 . Brazil nuts: an effective way to improve selenium status . Am J Clin Nutr , 87 : 379 – 84 .
  • Ursini , F , Heim , S , Kiess , M , Maiorino , M , Roveri , A , Wissing , J and Flohe , L. 1999 . Dual function of the selenoprotein PHGPx during sperm maturation . Science , 285 : 1393 – 6 .
  • Vasconcellos , MBA , Bode , P , Paletti , G , Catharino , MGM , Ammerlaan , AK , Saiki , M , Favaro , DIT , Byrne , AR , Baruzzi , R and Rodrigues , DA. 2000 . Determination of Mercury and selenium in hair samples of Brazilian Indian populations living in the Amazonic region by NAA . J. Radioanal Nucl Chem , 244 : 81 – 85 .
  • Veiga , MM , Meech , JA and Onate , N. 1994 . Mercury pollution from deforestation . Nature , 368 : 816 – 7 .
  • Ventura , DF , Costa , MT , Costa , MF , Berezovsky , A , Salomão , SR , Sim[otilde]es , AL , Lago , M , do Canto Pereira , LHM , Faria , MA and de Souza , JM . 2004 . Multifocal and full-field electroretinogram changes associated with color-vision loss in mercury vapor exposure . Vis Neurosci , 21 : 421 – 9 . and others
  • Ventura , DF , Sim[otilde]es , AL , do Canto Pereira , LHM , Tomaz , S , Lago , M , Costa , MT , Costa , MF , de Souza , JM , Faria , MA and Silveira , LCL. 2005 . Colour vision and contrast sensitivity losses of mercury contaminated industry workers in Brazil . Environ Toxicol Pharmacol , 19 : 523 – 529 .
  • Wada , O , Yamaguchi , N , Ono , T , Maganashi , M and Morinuma , T. 1976 . Inhibitory effect of mercury on kidney glutathione peroxidade and its prevention by selenium . Environ Res , 12 : 75 – 80 .
  • Watanabe , C. 2002 . Modification of mercury toxicity by selenium: practical importance? . Tohoku J Exp Med , 196 : 71 – 7 .
  • Wheatley , B. 1994 . Exposure of Canadian aboriginal peoples to methylmercury . Environ Sci , 3 : 33 – 40 .
  • World Health Organization (WHO) . 1990 . “ International Program in Chemical Safety (IPCS) ” . In Environmental Health Criteria 101: Methylmercury , Geneva, , Switzerland : WHO .
  • World Health Organization (WHO) . 1991 . “ International Program in Chemical Safety (IPCS) ” . In Environmental Health Criteria 118: Inorganic Mercury , Geneva, , Switzerland : WHO .
  • World Health Organization (WHO) . 2003 . Concise International Chemical Assessment Document 50: Elemental Mercury and Inorganic Mercury Compounds: Human Health Aspects , Geneva, , Switzerland : WHO .
  • Yang , DY , Chen , YW , Gunn , JM and Belzile , N. 2008 . Selenium and mercury in organisms: Interactions and mechanisms . Env Rev , 16 : 71 – 92 .
  • Yin , Z , Jiang , H , Syversen , T , Rocha , JB , Farina , M and Aschner , M. 2008 . The methylmercury-L-cysteine conjugate is a substrate for the L-type large neutral amino acid transporter . J Neurochem , 107 : 1083 – 90 .
  • Yoneda , S and Suzuki , KT. 1997 . Detoxification of mercury by selenium by binding of equimolar Hg-Se complex to a specific plasm protein . Toxicol Appl Pharmacol , 143 : 274 – 80 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.