Bites by exotic snakes reported to the UK National Poisons Information Service 2009–2020

References

• World Health Organisation. EB142/17 global snakebite burden. Geneva:WHO; 2017. p. 1–6.
   Google Scholar
• Suraweera W, Warrell D, Whitaker R, et al. Trends in snakebite deaths in India from 2000 to 2019 in a nationally representative mortality study. Elife. 2020;9:e54076.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schaper A, de Haro L, Desel H, et al. Rattlesnake bites in Europe-experiences from southeastern France and northern Germany. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol. 2004;42(5):635–641.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schaper A, Desel H, Ebbecke M, et al. Bites and stings by exotic pets in Europe: an 11 year analysis of 404 cases from northeastern Germany and southeastern France. Clin Toxicol. 2009;47(1):39–43.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warwick C, Steedman C. Injuries, envenomations and stings from exotic pets. J R Soc Med. 2012;105(7):296–299.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Collis AH, Fenili RN. The modern U.S. reptile industry, Washington DC, USA. Report of the Georgetown Economic Services, LLC; 2011. Available from http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/omb/assets/oira_1018/1018_04182011-3.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Lubich C, Krenzelok EP. Exotic snakes are not always found in exotic places: how poison centres can assist emergency departments. Emerg Med J. 2007;24(11):796–797.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bedford E. Leading pets ranked by household ownership in the United Kingdom (UK) in 2020/21: Statista – The Statistics Portal; 2021 [accessed 2021 Nov 19]. Available from: https://www.statista.com/statistics/308218/leading-ten-pets-ranked-by-household-ownership-in-the-united-kingdom-uk/.
   Google Scholar
• The Dangerous Wild Animals Act 1976 (Modification) (No.2) Order 2007. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office.
   Google Scholar
• Reid HA. Bites by foreign venomous snakes in Britain. Br Med J. 1978;1(6127):1598–1600.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Warrick BJ, Boyer LV, Seifert SA. Non-native (exotic) snake envenomations in the U.S., 2005–2011. Toxins (Basel). 2014;6(10):2899–2911.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Valenta J, Stach Z, Michalek P. Exotic snake bites in the Czech Republic-epidemiological and clinical aspects during 15-year period (1999–2013). Clin Toxicol. 2014;52(4):258–264.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Minton SA. Bites by non-native venomous snakes in the United States. Wilderness Environ Med. 1996;7(4):297–303.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Köppel C, Martens F. Clinical experience in the therapy of bites from exotic snakes in Berlin. Hum Exp Toxicol. 1992;11(6):549–552.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fuchs J, Gessner T, Kupferschmidt H, et al. Exotic venomous snakebites in Switzerland reported to the National Poisons Information Centre over 22 years. Swiss Med Wkly. 2022;152:w30117.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• La Laina DZ, Nekaris KAI, Nijman V, et al. Illegal online pet trade in venomous snakes and the occurrence of snakebites in Brazil. Toxicon. 2021;193:48–54.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bernarde PS, Wen FH, Monteiro WM. The risk of exotic venomous snakes to public health in Brazil. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop. 2021;54:e0585–e2020.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ng VC, Lit AC, Wong OF, et al. Injuries and envenomation by exotic pets in Hong Kong. Hong Kong Med J. 2018;24(1):48–55.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Min YG, Ham SH, Jung YS, et al. Gaboon viper envenomation: an unexpected injury by non-indigenous snake in South Korea. Turk J Emerg Med. 2018;18(2):75–77.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Coulson JM, Cooper G, Krishna C, et al. Snakebite enquiries to the UK national poisons information service: 2004–2010. Emerg Med J. 2013;30(11):932–934.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Veto T, Price R, Silsby JF, et al. Treatment of the first known case of king cobra envenomation in the United Kingdom, complicated by severe anaphylaxis. Anaesthesia. 2007;62(1):75–78.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Persson HE, Sjöberg GK, Haines JA, et al. Poisoning severity score. Grading of acute poisoning. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol. 1998;36(3):205–213.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller SW, Osterhoudt KC, Korenoski AS, et al. Exotic snakebites reported to Pennsylvania poison control centers: lessons learned on the demographics, clinical effects, and treatment of these cases. Toxins. 2020;12(12):755.
   Google Scholar
• Malina T, Krecsák L, Korsós Z, et al. Snakebites in Hungary-epidemiological and clinical aspects over the past 36 years. Toxicon. 2008;51(6):943–951.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lamb T, Stewart D, Warrell DA, et al. Moderate-to-severe Vipera berus envenoming requiring ViperaTAb antivenom therapy in the UK. Clin Toxicol. 2021;59(11):992–1001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warrell DA, (Ed.), World Health Organisation. Guidelines for the management of snakebites. Geneva:WHO; 2016.
   Google Scholar
• Minton SA. Venomous bites by nonvenomous snakes: an annotated bibliography of colubrid envenomation. J Wilderness Med. 1990;1(2):119–127.
   Google Scholar
• Schulte J, Domanski K, Smith EA, et al. Childhood victims of snakebites: 2000–2013. Pediatrics. 2016;138(5):e20160491.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reimers AR, Weber M, Müller UR. Are anaphylactic reactions to snake bites immunoglobulin e-mediated? Clin Exp Allergy. 2000;30(2):276–282.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Warrell DA. Commissioned article: management of exotic snakebites. QJM. 2009;102(9):593–601.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• de Haro L, Pommier P. Envenomation: a real risk of keeping exotic house pets. Vet Hum Toxicol. 2003;45(4):214–216.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sánchez EE, Migl C, Suntravat M, et al. The neutralization efficacy of expired polyvalent antivenoms: an alternative option. Toxicon. 2019;168:32–39.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hoffman RS. Understanding the limitations of retrospective analyses of poison center data. Clin Toxicol. 2007;45(8):943–945.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seifert SA, Oakes JA, Boyer LV. Toxic exposure surveillance system (TESS)-based characterization of U.S. non-native venomous snake exposures, 1995–2004. Clin Toxicol. 2007;45(5):571–578.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar