Effect of width and slope of large cross-section tunnel on ceiling smoke temperature under natural ventilation

References

• Aygar, B. E. 2020. Evaluation of new Austrian tunnelling method applied to Bolu tunnel’s weak rocks. Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering 12 (3):541–556. doi:10.1016/j.jrmge.2019.12.011.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baek, D., K. H. Sung, and H. S. Ryou. 2017. Experimental study on the effect of heat release rate and aspect ratio of tunnel on the plug-holing phenomena in shallow underground tunnels. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 113:135–1141. doi:10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2017.06.044.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caliendo, C., P. Ciambelli, M. L. D. Guglielmo, M. G. Meo, and P. Russo. 2012. Numerical simulation of different HGV fire scenarios in curved bi-directional road tunnels and safety evaluation. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology Incorporating Trenchless Technology Research 31:33–50. doi:10.1016/j.tust.2012.04.004.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, C., Y. Nie, Y. Zhang, P. Lei, C. Fan, and Z. Wang. 2020. Experimental investigation on the influence of ramp slope on fire behaviors in a bifurcated tunnel. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology Incorporating Trenchless Technology Research 104:103522. doi:10.1016/j.tust.2020.103522.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evers, E., and A. Waterhouse. 1981. A computer model for analysing smoke movement in buildings. Building Research Establishment BRE CP 69 .
   Google Scholar
• Fan, C. G., X. Y. Li, Y. Mu, F. Y. Guo, and J. Ji. 2017. Smoke movement characteristics under stack effect in a mine laneway fire. Applied Thermal Engineering 110:70–79. doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2016.08.120.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giebułtowicz, J., M. Rużycka, P. Wroczyński, A. P. David, and A. S. Anna. 2017. Analysis of fire deaths in Poland and influence of smoke toxicity. Forensic Science International 277:77–87. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2017.05.018.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gong, L., L. Jiang, S. Y. Li, N. Shen, Y. C. Zhang, and J. H. Sun. 2016. Theoretical and experimental study on longitudinal smoke temperature distribution in tunnel fires. International Journal of Thermal Sciences 102:319–28. doi:10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2015.12.006.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gong, J. W., C. C. Xia, and H. H. Zhu. 2007. Measurement and analysis on releasing zone of surrounding rock in heshang tunnel. Chinese Journal of Underground Space and Engineering 3:475–78. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1673-0836.2007.03.019.
   Google Scholar
• Guo, X. X., X. H. Pan, Z. L. Wang, J. Yang, M. H, and J. C. Jiang. 2018. Numerical simulation of fire smoke in extra-long river-crossing subway tunnels. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology Incorporating Trenchless Technology Research 82:82–98. doi:10.1016/j.tust.2018.08.002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guo, Y. H., Z. Y. Yuan, and Y. P. Yuan. 2019. Effect of tunnel cross section on smoke stratification under longitudinal velocities. Refrigeration & Air Conditioning 33 (6):597–604. doi:10.1016/CNKI:SUN:ZLKT.0.2019-06-005.
   Google Scholar
• Halawa, T. 2020. Numerical simulation of the evacuation process and smoke propagation due to a fire in a road tunnel with transverse ventilation system. Journal of Thermal Science and Engineering Applications 13 (3):1–29. doi:10.1115/1.4047523.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• He, L., Z. Xu, F. Markert, J. Zhao, and C. Fan. 2021. Study on the effect of tunnel dimensions on the smoke layer thickness in naturally ventilated short tunnel fires. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 112:112. doi:10.1016/j.tust.2021.103941.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu, L. H. 2006. Studies on Thermal Physics of Smoke Movement in Tunnel Fires. Doctoral dissertation, University of Science and Technology of China. doi:10.7666/d.y919023.
   Google Scholar
• Hu, X. F. 2010. On construction technique in portal section of mult-i arch tunnel on shallow covered slope on expressway. Shanxi Architecture 36 (12):321–23. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1009-6825.2010.12.201.
   Google Scholar
• Huang, P., S. Y. Ye, L. Qin, Y. H. Huang, J. Yang, L. X. Yu, and D. J. Wu. 2021. Experimental study on the maximum excess ceiling gas temperature generated by horizontal cable tray fires in urban utility tunnels. International Journal of Thermal Sciences 172 (PB):107341. doi:10.1016/J.IJTHERMALSCI.2021.107341.
   Google Scholar
• Hu, L. H., L. F. Chen, L. Wu, Y. F. Li, J. Y. Zhang, and N. Meng. 2013. An experimental investigation and correlation on buoyant gas temperature below ceiling in a slopping tunnel fire. Applied Thermal Engineering 51 (s 1–2):246–54. doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2012.07.043.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ingason, H., and Y. Z. Li. 2010. Model scale tunnel fire tests with longitudinal ventilation. Fire Safety Journal 45 (6):371–84. doi:10.1016/j.firesaf.2010.07.004.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ji, J., Y. Bi, K. Venkatasubbaiah, and K. Y. Li. 2016. Influence of aspect ratio of tunnel on smoke temperature distribution under ceiling in near field of fire source. Applied Thermal Engineering 106:1094–102. doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2016.06.086.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ji, J., F. Guo, Z. H. Gao, J. P. Zhu, and J. H. Sun. 2017. Numerical investigation on the effect of ambient pressure on smoke movement and temperature distribution in tunnel fires. Applied Thermal Engineering 118:663–69. doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2017.03.026.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ji, J. W., W. Lu, F. Q. Li, and X. T. Cui. 2022. Experimental and numerical simulation on smoke control effect and key parameters of push-pull air curtain in tunnel fire. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology Incorporating Trenchless Technology Research 121:104323. doi:10.1016/j.tust.2021.104323.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kong, X. X., X. S. Wang, H. Y. Cong, Y. P. Liu, and J. P. Zhu. 2019. Temperature profile and flame extension length of a ceiling impinging round jet fire in an inclined tunnel. International Journal of Thermal Sciences 137:526–33. doi:10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2018.12.023.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kurioka, H., Y. Oka, H. Satoh, and O. Sugawa. 2003. Fire properties in near field of square fire source with longitudinal ventilation in tunnels. Fire Safety Journal 38 (4):319–340. doi:10.1016/S0379-7112(02)00089-9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, S. R., and H. S. Ryou. 2016. An experimental study of the effect of the aspect ratio on the critical velocity in longitudinal ventilation tunnel fires. Journal of Fire Sciences 23 (2):119–38. doi:10.1177/0734904105044630.
   Google Scholar
• Li, A., X. Gao, and T. Ren. 2017. Study on thermal pressure in a sloping underground tunnel under natural ventilation. Energy & Buildings 147 (Jul):200–09. doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2017.04.060.
   Google Scholar
• Li, Y. Z., and H. Ingason. 2014. Position of maximum ceiling temperature in a tunnel fire. Fire Technology 50 (4):889–905. doi:10.1007/s10694-012-0309-2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, Y. Z., B. Lei, and H. Ingason. 2011. The maximum temperature of buoyancy-driven smoke flow beneath the ceiling in tunnel fires. Fire Safety Journal 46 (4):204–210. doi:10.1016/j.firesaf.2011.02.002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, B., T. T. Tan, T. Duan, X. Y. Ni, and S. H. Mao. 2023. The impact of ambient pressure on the gas temperature near the ceiling and air entrainment caused by two fires in a tunnel. Thermal Science and Engineering Progress 46:102253. doi:10.1016/J.TSEP.2023.102253.
   Google Scholar
• Liu, Z. Z., C. Chen, M. Liu, S. Wang, Y. Z. Liu, and G. Feng. 2021. Numerical simulations on the extinguishing effect of water mist system with different parameters of longitudinal ventilation in curve tunnel fire. Advances in Civil Engineering 2021 (23):1–13. doi:10.1155/2021/7373685.
   Google Scholar
• Liu, Q. L., Z. S. Xu, W. K. Xu, S. M. S. Tagne, H. W. Tao, J. M. Zhao, and H. L. Ying. 2015. Experimental study on heat exhaust coefficient of transversal smoke extraction system in tunnel under fire. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology Incorporating Trenchless Technology Research 49:268–78. doi:10.1016/j.tust.2015.05.002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, Y. L., D. Yang, Y. M. Xiao, S. H. Mao, and M. J. Yang. 2018. Combining diverse driving forces for smoke control in complex urban traffic link tunnels (utlts) using one-dimensional flow modelling. Sustainable Cities and Society 43:S265–274. doi:10.1016/j.scs.2018.08.017.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu, J. X. 2012. Tunnel blasting excavation and monitoring technology of the existing transport routes. Beijing, china: Beijing University of Technology.
   Google Scholar
• Mcgrattan, K., S. Hostikka, R. Mcdermott, J. Floyd, C. Weinschenk, and K. Overholt. 2018. Fire dynamics simulator user’s guide. In National Institute of Standards and Technology, 1019. Gaithersburg, Maryland : NIST Special Publication .
   Google Scholar
• Nicolae, I., L. Omar, N. Giorgi, and D. Tsanava. 2021. Study of propagation of harmful factors of fire in sh-ort road tunnels with different inclinations. MATEC Web of Conferences 342:03023. doi:10.1051/MATECCONF/202134203023.
   Google Scholar
• Oka, Y., N. Kakae, O. Imazeki, and K. Inagaki. 2013. The 9th asia-oceania symposium on fire science and technology, temperature property of ceiling jet in an inclined tunnel. Asia-Oceania Symposium on Fire Science and Technology 62:234–41. doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2013.08.060.
   Google Scholar
• Song, F., S. Wang, X. Bai, L. Wu, J. Wang, C. Li, H. Chen, X. Luo, H. Xi, and S. Zhang. 2022. A new indicator for global food security assessment: Harvested area rather than cropland area. Chinese Geographical Science 32 (2):14. doi:10.1007/s11769-022-1264-6.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tony, L., and K. Yvonne. 2006. Large scale fire tests in the second benelux tunnel. Fire Technology 42 (4):329–50. doi:10.1007/S10694-006-8434-4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vukoslavevi, P. V., and M. B. Ekularac. 2022. Critical review of the common methods to determine the buoyancy-chimney effects in longitudinally-ventilated traffic tunnel fires. Advances in Mechanical Engineering 14 (5):33–48. doi:10.1177/16878132221098859.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, Z., L. Ding, H. Wan, J. Ji, and L. Yu. 2020. Numerical investigation on the effect of tunnel width and slope on ceiling gas temperature in inclined tunnels. International Journal of Thermal Sciences 152:106272. doi:10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2020.106272.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu, X. D. 2022. Research on controlled-blasting technonlogy for safe excavation of super large cross-section branching out tunnel. Beijing: University of Science and Technology Beijing. doi:10.26945/d.cnki.gbjku.2022.000211.
   Google Scholar
• Yang, D., Y. Ding, T. Du, S. H. Mao, and Z. J. Zhang. 2018. Buoyant back-layering and the critical condition for preventing back-layering fluid in inclined tunnels under natural ventilation: Brine water experiments. Experimental Thermal & Fluid Science 90:319–329. doi:10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2017.08.015.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yao, Y. Z., X. D. Cheng, L. Shi, S. G. Zhang, K. He, M. Peng, and H. P. Zhang. 2018. Experimental study on the effects of initial sealing time on fire behaviors in channel fires. International Journal of Thermal Sciences 125:273–282. doi:10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2017.11.031.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu, L. X., F. Liu, Y. Q. Liu, M. C. Weng, and S. J. Liao. 2018. Experimental study on thermal and smoke control using transverse ventilation in a sloping urban traffic link tunnel fire. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology Incorporating Trenchless Technology Research 71:81–93. doi:10.1016/j.tust.2017.08.012.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, X. L. 2008. Research on the stress behavior of surrounding rock during construction adopting CD method of large cross-section tunnel. Chengdu: Southwest Jiaotong University.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang, P. H., and C. H. Ye. 2023. Influence of slope on pedestrian evacuation in metro tunnel fire. Journal of Safety and Environment 23 (1):186–92. doi:10.13637/j.issn.1009-6094.2021.1506.
   Google Scholar
• Zhong, M. H., C. L. Shi, L. He, J. Shi, and T. Fu. 2011. Full-scale experimental research on fire fume refluence of sloped long and large curved tunnel. Science China Technological Sciences 54 (1):89–94. doi:10.1007/s11431-011-4618-3.
   Google Scholar
• Zhong, M. H., C. L. Shi, L. He, J. H. Shi, C. Liu, and X. L. Tian. 2016. Smoke development in full-scale sloped long and large curved tunnel fires under natural ventilation. Applied Thermal Engineering 108:857–865. doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2016.07.141.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou, T. N., H. H. Li, Q. P. Chen, R. C. Wei, and J. Wang. 2018. Understanding sidewall constraint involving ventilation effects on temperature distribution of fire-induced thermal flow under a tunnel ceiling. International Journal of Thermal Sciences 129:290–300. doi:10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2018.03.018.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar