Everyday sovereign exclusion: conceptualising police violence and deaths in custody as a racial production of homo sacer

References

• Agamben, Giorgio. 1998. Homo sacer: Sovereign power and bare life. California: Stanford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Agamben, Giorgio. 2000. Means without end: Notes on politics. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
   Google Scholar
• Agamben, Giorgio. 2005. State of exception. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Attwood, Bain. 2020. The making of the Aborigines. Oxon: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Australian Bureau of Statistics. 2016. Estimates of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians. Acessed 25 July 2020. https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-peoples/estimates-aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-australians/latest-release.
   Google Scholar
• Australian Bureau of Statistics. 2020. Prisoners in Australia. Acessed 27 November 2020 https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/crime-and-justice/prisoners-australia/latest-release#data-download.
   Google Scholar
• Aymer, Samuel. 2016. “I can’t breathe”: A case study—Helping black men cope with race-related trauma stemming from police killing and brutality. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment 26, no. 3-4: 367–76.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baldino, Daniel, Martin Drum, and Ben Wyatt. 2010. The privatisation of prisoner transfer services in Western Australia. What can we learn from the ward case?. Australian Journal of Public Administration 69, no. 4: 418–30.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Everuss, Louis. 2020a. Mobile sovereignty: The case of ‘boat people’ in Australia. Political Geography 79: 1–10. doi:10.1016/j.polgeo.2020.102162.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Everuss, Louis. 2020b. Westphalian sovereignty as a zombie category in Australia. Borderlands Journal 19, no. 1: 115–46.
   Google Scholar
• Blue, Ethan. 2017. Seeing Ms. Dhu: Inquest, conquest, and (in)visibility in black women’s deaths in custody. Settler Colonial Studies 7, no. 3: 299–320.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonds, Anne, and Joshua Inwood. 2016. Beyond white privilege. Progress in Human Geography 40, no. 6: 715–33.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braga, Anthony, Rod Brunson, and Kevin Drakulich. 2019. Race, place, and effective policing. Annual Review of Sociology 45: 535–55.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brigg, Morgan. 2007. Biopolitics meets terrapolitics: Political ontologies and governance in settler-colonial Australia. Australian Journal of Political Science 42, no. 3: 403–17.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buehler, James. 2017. Racial/ethnic disparities in the use of lethal force by US police, 2010–2014. American Journal of Public Health 107, no. 2: 295–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butler, Judith. 2004. Precarious life: The powers of mourning and violence. London: Verso.
   Google Scholar
• Butler, Judith. 1997. Sovereign performatives in the contemporary scene of utterance. Critical Inquiry 23, no. 2: 350–77.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butler, Paul. 2018. Chokehold: Policing black men. New York: The New Press.
   Google Scholar
• Cadoff, Becca, Preeti Chauhan, and Erica Bond. 2020. Misdemeanor enforcement trends across seven U.S. jurisdictions. John Jay College of Criminal Justice: Research Network on Misdemeanor Justice. https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/2020_20_10_Crosssite-Draft-Final.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Caton, Steven. 2006. Coetzee, Agamben, and the passion of Abu Ghraib. American Anthropologist 108, no. 1: 114–23.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clayton, Dewey. 2018. Black Lives Matter and the civil rights movement: A comparative analysis of two social movements in the United States. Journal of Black Studies 49, no. 5: 448–80.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collins, Patricia Hill. 2017. On violence, intersectionality and transversal politics. Ethnic and Racial Studies 40, no. 9: 1460–73.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coyne, Christopher, and Abigail Hall-Blanco. 2016. Foreign intervention, police militarization, and minorities. Peace Review 28, no. 2: 165–70.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Criminal Procedure Act 1986 (NSW, Australia).
   Google Scholar
• Crusto, Mitchell. 2020. Black Lives Matter: Banning police lynchings. Hastings Constitutional Law Quarterly 48, no. 1: 3–72.
   Google Scholar
• Desmond, Matthew, and Mustafa Emirbayer. 2009. What is racial domination? Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race 6, no. 2: 335–55.
   Google Scholar
• DiAngelo, Robin. 2011. White fragility. International Journal of Critical Pedagogy 3, no. 3: 54–70.
   Google Scholar
• Diken, Bülent, and Carsten Bagge Laustsen. 2006. The camp. Geografiska Annaler: Series B, Human Geography 88, no. 4: 443–52.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edmonds, Penelope. 2012. Unofficial apartheid, convention and country towns: Reflections on Australian history and the New South Wales freedom rides of 1965. Postcolonial Studies 15, no. 2: 167–90.
   Google Scholar
• Edwards, Frank, Hedwig Lee, and Michael Esposito. 2019. Risk of being killed by police use of force in the United States by age, race-ethnicity, and sex. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 34: 16793–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evershed, N., Lorena Allam, and Calla Wahlquist. 2020. Deaths inside: How we track Indigenous deaths in custody and why we do it. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2020/jun/11/deaths-inside-how-we-track-indigenous-deaths-in-custody-and-why-we-do-it (accessed 5 Novemeber 2020).
   Google Scholar
• Evershed, Nick, Andy Ball, Lorena Allam, Calla Walquist, and Miles Herbert. 2021. Deaths inside: Indigenous Australian deaths in custody 2021. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/ng-interactive/2018/aug/28/deaths-inside-indigenous-australian-deaths-in-custody (accessed 2 May 2021).
   Google Scholar
• Fagan, Jeffrey, and Alexis Campbell. 2020. Race and reasonableness in police killings. Boston University Law Review 100, no. 1: 951–1016.
   Google Scholar
• Fradella, Henry, Weston Morrow, and Michael White. 2021. An empirical analysis of the racial/ethnic and sex differences in NYPD stop-and-frisk practices. Nevada Law Journal. Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3676550.
   Google Scholar
• Fryer Jr, Roland. 2019. An empirical analysis of racial differences in police use of force. Journal of Political Economy 127, no. 3: 1210–61.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graham, Amanda, Murat Haner, Melissa Sloan, Francis Cullen, Teresa Kulig, and Cheryl Jonson. 2020. Race and worrying about police brutality: The hidden injuries of minority status in America. Victims & Offenders 15, no. 5: 549–73.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Havemann, Paul. 2005. Denial, modernity and exclusion. Macquarie Law Journal 5: 57–80.
   Google Scholar
• Hazel, Yadira. 2018. Bla(c)k Lives Matter in Australia. Transition 126: 59–67.
   Google Scholar
• Ibrahim, Yasmin, and Anita Howarth. 2019. Hunger strike and the force-feeding chair: Guantanamo Bay and corporeal surrender. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 37, no. 2: 294–312.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Illing, Sean. 2020. Why the policing problem isn’t about ‘a few bad apples’. Vox. https://www.vox.com/identities/2020/6/2/21276799/george-floyd-protest-criminal-justice-paul-butler (acessed 1 January 2020).
   Google Scholar
• Jones-Eversley, Sharon, A. Christson Adedoyin, Michael Robinson, and Sharon Moore. 2017. Protesting Black inequality: A commentary on the civil rights movement and Black Lives Matter. Journal of Community Practice 25, no. 3-4: 309–24.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klippmark, Pauline, and Karen Crawley. 2018. Justice for Ms Dhu. Social & Legal Studies 27, no. 6: 695–715.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knox, Dean, Will Lowe, and Jonathan Mummolo. 2020. Administrative records mask racially biased policing. American Political Science Review 114, no. 3: 619–37.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Latimore, Jack. 2021. “Blak, Black, Blackfulla.” Sydney Morning Herald. https://www.smh.com.au/national/blak-black-blackfulla-language-is-important-but-it-can-be-tricky-20210826-p58lzg.html (accessed 3 November 2021).
   Google Scholar
• Lesick, Tara, and Ethan Zell. 2021. Is affirmation the cure? Self-affirmation and European-Americans’ perception of systemic racism. Basic and Applied Social Psychology 43, no. 1: 1–13.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Longman, Craig. 2020. Indigenous issues/evidence/coronial law. Law Society of NSW Journal 68: 66–8.
   Google Scholar
• Matteis, Laura Rose. 2015. Stay away from the neck. Thomas Jefferson Law Review 38, no. 1: 101–42.
   Google Scholar
• Martinot, S., and J. Sexton. 2003. The avant-garde of white supremacy. Social Identities 9, no. 2: 169–81.
   Google Scholar
• Mbembé, Joseph-Achille. 2003. Necropolitics. Public Culture 15, no. 1: 11–40.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGowan, Michael, and Christopher Knaus. 2020. NSW police pursue 80% of Indigenous people caught with cannabis through courts. The Guardian. www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2020/jun/10/nsw-police-pursue-80-of-indigenous-people-caught-with-cannabis-through-courts (accessed 10 October 2020).
   Google Scholar
• Migration and Maritime Powers Legislation Amendment (Resolving the Asylum Legacy Caseload) Act 2014 (Cth, Australia).
   Google Scholar
• Minca, Claudio. 2006. Giorgio Agamben and the new biopolitical nomos. Geografiska Annaler: Series B, Human Geography 88, no. 4: 387–403.
   Google Scholar
• Minca, Claudio. 2005. The return of the camp. Progress in Human Geography 29, no. 4: 405–12.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moran, Anthony. 2011. Identity, race and ethnicity. In Routledge handbook of identity studies, ed. Anthony Elliott, 190–205. Oxon: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Moreton-Robinson, Aileen. 2009. Imagining the good indigenous citizen. Cultural Studies Review 15, no. 2: 61–79.
   Google Scholar
• Morris, Aldon. 1999. A retrospective on the civil rights movement: Political and intellectual landmarks. Annual Review of Sociology 25, no. 1: 517–39.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morrow, Weston, Michael White, and Henry Fradella. 2017. After the stop: Exploring the racial/ethnic disparities in police use of force during Terry stops. Police Quarterly 20, no. 4: 367–96.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Owens, Patricia. 2009. Reclaiming ‘bare life’?: Against Agamben on refugees International Relations 23, no. 4: 567–82.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ozguc, Umut. 2021. Rethinking border walls as fluid meshworks. Security Dialogue 52: 287–305. doi:10.1177/0967010620939389.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rajaram, Prem Kumar, and Grundy-Warr Carl. 2004. The Irregular migrant as homo sacer: Migration and detention in australia, malaysia, and thailand. International Migration 42, no. 1: 33–64.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ransley, Janet, and Elena Marchetti. 2021. Medicalizing the detention of Aboriginal people in the Northern Territory: A new/old regime of control? Social & Legal Studies 30, no. 1: 104–22.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross, Cody, Bruce Winterhalder, and Richard McElreath. 2021. Racial disparities in police use of deadly force against unarmed individuals persist after appropriately benchmarking shooting data on violent crime rates. Social Psychological and Personality Science 12, no. 3: 323–32.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Said, Edward. 1978. Orientalism: Western concepts of the Orient. New York: Pantheon.
   Google Scholar
• Schmitt, Carl. 1985. Political theology: Four chapters on the concept of sovereignty. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Siegel, Emily, Andrew Lehren, and Andrew Blankstein. 2020. Minneapolis police rendered 44 people unconscious with neck restraints in five years. NBC News. https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/minneapolis-police-rendered-44-people-unconscious-neck-restraints-five-years-n1220416 (accessed 11 December 2020).
   Google Scholar
• Sekhon, Nirej. 2019. Police and the limit of law. Columbia Law Review 119, no. 1: 1711–72.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turner, Simon. 2016. What is a refugee camp? Explorations of the limits and effects of the camp. Journal of Refugee Studies 29, no. 2: 139–48.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• US Census Beureau. 2019. “New York City, New York: Quick Facts”. https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/newyorkcitynewyork (accessed 26 March 2020).
   Google Scholar
• Valdez, Inés, Mat Coleman, and Amna Akbar. 2020. Law, police violence, and race: grounding and embodying the state of exception. Theory & Event 23, no. 4: 902–34.
   Google Scholar
• Waters, Mary. 2002. The social construction of race and ethnicity. In American diversity: A demographic challenge for the twenty-first century, eds. Stewart Tolnay, and Nancy Denton, 25–50. Albany: SUNY Press.
   Google Scholar
• Watson, Irene. 2018. Aboriginal recognition: Treaties and colonial constitutions we have been here forever. Bond Law Review 30, no. 1: 7–30.
   Google Scholar
• Watson, Irene. 2009. Sovereign spaces, caring for country, and the homeless position of aboriginal peoples. South Atlantic Quarterly 108, no. 1: 27–51.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weatherburn, Don, Jackie Fitzgerald, and Jiuzhao Hua. 2003. Reducing aboriginal over-representation in prison. Australian Journal of Public Administration 62, no. 3: 65–73.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weheliye, Alexander G. 2014. Habeas viscus. Durham: Duke University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Wells, Charles. 2019. From homo sacer to homo dolorosus: Biopower and the politics of suffering. European Journal of Social Theory 22, no. 3: 416–31.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitley, Leila. 2017. The disappearance of race: A critique of the use of Agamben in border and migration scholarship. Borderlands E-Journal 16, no. 1: 1–23.
   Google Scholar
• Whittaker, Alison. 2020. Despite 432 Indigenous deaths in custody since 1991, no one has ever been convicted. The Conversation. https://theconversation.com/despite-432-indigenous-deaths-in-custody-since-1991-no-one-has-ever-been-convicted-racist-silence-and-complicity-are-to-blame-139873 (accessed 5 December 2020).
   Google Scholar
• Wilson, Erika K. 2018. The legal foundations of white supremacy. DePaul Journal for Social Justice 11, no. 2: 1–14.
   Google Scholar
• Wolfe, Patrick. 2001. Land, labor, and difference: Elementary structures of race. The American Historical Review 106, no. 3: 866–905.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar