3,353
Views
1
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Europe

The influence of colour in the context of sport: a meta-analysis

, , &
Pages 177-235 | Received 15 Jan 2022, Accepted 06 Oct 2022, Published online: 24 Nov 2022

References

  • Akers, A., Barton, J., Cossey, R., Gainsford, P., Griffin, M., & Micklewright, D. (2012). Visual color perception in green exercise: Positive effects on mood and perceived exertion. Environmental Science and Technology, 46(16), 8661–8666. https://doi.org/10.1021/es301685g
  • Allen, M. S., & Jones, M. V. (2014). The home advantage over the first 20 seasons of the English premier league: Effects of shirt colour, team ability and time trends. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 12(1), 10–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2012.756230
  • Attrill, M. J., Gresty, K. A., Hill, R. A., & Barton, R. A. (2008). Red shirt colour is associated with long-term team success in English football. Journal of Sports Sciences, 26(6), 577–582. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410701736244
  • Belanger, H. G., & Vanderploeg, R. D. (2005). The neuropsychological impact of sports-related concussion: A meta-analysis. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 11(4), 345–357. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355617705050411
  • Boggero, I. A., Hostinar, C. E., Haak, E. A., Murphy, M. L. M., & Segerstrom, S. C. (2017). Psychosocial functioning and the cortisol awakening response: Meta-analysis, P-curve analysis, and evaluation of the evidential value in existing studies. Biological Psychology, 129, 207–230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.03.040
  • Borenstein, M., Hedges, L. V., Higgins, J., & Rothstein, H. R. (2010). A basic introduction to fixed-effect and random-effects models for meta-analysis. Research Synthesis Methods, 1(2), 97–111. https://doi.org/10.1002/jrsm.12
  • Briki, W., & Hue, O. (2016). How red, blue, and green are affectively judged. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 30(2), 301–304. https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.3206
  • Briki, W., Rinaldi, K., Riera, F., Trong, T. T., & Hue, O. (2015). Perceiving red decreases motor performance over time: A pilot study. European Review of Applied Psychology, 65(6), 301–305. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erap.2015.09.001
  • Caldwell, D. F., & Burger, J. M. (2011). On thin ice: Does uniform color really affect aggression in professional hockey? Social Psychological and Personality Science, 2(3), 306–310. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550610389824
  • Carazo-Vargas, V. P., & Moncada-Jiménez, J. (2014). Referee’s bias explain red color advantage in taekwondo. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 14(4), 485–487. https://doi.org/10.7752/jpes.2014.04073
  • Changizi, M. A. (2009). The vision revolution: How the latest research overturns everything we thought we knew about human vision. BenBella Books.
  • Chantal, Y., & Bernache-Assollant, I. (2015). Competitive cycling and doping: Proposing a functional analysis based on the color yellow. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 37(5), 500–513. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.2015-0094
  • Chebat, J., & Morrin, M. (2007). Colors and cultures: Exploring the effects of mall décor on consumer perceptions. Journal of Business Research, 60(3), 189–196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2006.11.003
  • Cheung, M. W. L. (2019). A guide to conducting a meta-analysis with non-independent effect sizes. Neuropsychology Review, 29(4), 387–396. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11065-019-09415-6
  • Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Lawrence Erlbaum.
  • Crane, D. K., Hensarling, R. W., Jung, A. P., Sands, C. D., & Petrella, J. K. (2008). The effect of light color on muscular strength and power. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 106(3), 958–962. https://doi.org/10.2466/PMS.106.3.958-962
  • Cumming, G. (2012). Understanding the new statistics: Effect sizes, confidence intervals and meta-analysis. Routledge.
  • Curby, D. G. (2016). Effect of uniform color on outcome of match at senior world wrestling championships 2015. International Journal of Wrestling Science, 6(1), 62–64. https://doi.org/10.1080/21615667.2016.1210266
  • Cuthill, I. C., Hunt, S., Cleary, C., & Clark, C. (1997). Colour bands, dominance, and body mass regulation in Male zebra finches. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, 264(1384), 1093–1099. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.1997.0151
  • Dijkstra, P. D., & Preenen, P. T. Y. (2008). No effect of blue on winning contests in judo. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 275(1639), 1157–1162. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2007.1700
  • Dijkstra, P. D., Preenen, P. T. Y., & van Essen, H. (2018). Does blue uniform color enhance winning probability in judo contests? Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 45. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00045
  • Don Morris, G. S. (1976). Effects ball and background color have upon the catching performance of elementary school children. Research Quarterly of the American Alliance for Health, Physical Education and Recreation, 47(3), 409–416. https://doi.org/10.1080/10671315.1976.10615391
  • Donnelly, A. A., Maclntyre, T. E., O’Sullivan, N., Warrington, G., Harrison, A. J., Igou, E. R., Jones, M., Gidlow, C., Brick, N., Lahart, I., Cloak, R., & Lane, A. M. (2016). Environmental influences on elite sport athletes well being: From gold, silver, and bronze to blue green and gold. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 1167. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01167
  • Dreiskaemper, D., Strauss, B., Hagemann, N., & Büsch, D. (2013). Influence of red jersey color on physical parameters in combat sports. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 35(1), 44–49. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.35.1.44
  • Dunwoody, L. (1998). Color or brightness effects on grip strength? Perceptual and Motor Skills, 87(1), 275–278. https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.1998.87.1.275
  • Duval, S., & Tweedie, R. (2000). Trim and fill: A simple funnel-plot-based method of testing and adjusting for publication bias in meta-analysis. Biometrics, 56(2), 455–463. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0006-341X.2000.00455.x
  • Elkan, D. (2009). The psychology of colour: Why winners wear red. New Scientist, 203(2723), 42–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0262-4079(09)62292-2
  • Elliot, A. J. (2015). Color and psychological functioning: A review of theoretical and empirical work. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00368
  • Elliot, A. J. (2019). A historically based review of empirical work on color and psychological functioning: Content, methods, and recommendations for future research. Review of General Psychology, 23(2), 177–200. https://doi.org/10.1037/gpr0000170
  • Elliot, A. J., & Aarts, H. (2011). Perception of the color red enhances the force and velocity of motor output. Emotion, 11(2), 445–449. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022599
  • Elliot, A. J., & Maier, M. A. (2007). Color and psychological functioning. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 16(5), 250–254. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8721.2007.00514.x
  • Elliot, A. J., & Maier, M. A. (2012). Color-in-context theory. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 45, 61–125. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-394286-9.00002-0
  • Elliot, A. J., & Maier, M. A. (2014). Color psychology: Effects of perceiving color on psychological functioning in humans. Annual Review of Psychology, 65(1), 95–120. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-010213-115035
  • Ellis, P. D. (2010). The essential guide to effect sizes: Statistical power, meta-analysis, and the interpretation of research results. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511761676
  • Etnier, J. L., & Hardy, C. J. (1997). The effects of environmental color. Journal of Sport Behavior, 20(3), 299.
  • Falco, C., Conchado, A., & Estevan, I. (2016). The effect of color on the use of electronic body protectors in taekwondo matches. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 122(3), 812–824. https://doi.org/10.1177/0031512516649958
  • Feltman, R., & Elliot, A. J. (2011). The influence of red on perceptions of relative dominance and threat in a competitive context. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 33(2), 308–314. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.33.2.308
  • Fenton, L., Lauckner, H., & Gilbert, R. (2015). The QATSDD critical appraisal tool: Comments and critiques. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice, 21(6), 1125–1128. https://doi.org/10.1111/jep.12487
  • Frank, M. G., & Gilovich, T. (1988). The dark side of self- and social perception: Black uniforms and aggression in professional sports. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(1), 74–85. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.54.1.74
  • Fritsch, O. (2011, November). Die Innenhose lasse ich drin. Zeit Online. https://www.zeit.de/sport/2011-11/hitzlsperger-trikot-dfb-innenhose
  • Fritz, C. O., Morris, P. E., & Richler, J. J. (2012). Effect size estimates: Current use, calculations, and interpretation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 141(1), 2–18. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0024338
  • Fujii, T., Nakano, H., Wakita, M., & Maeshima, E. (2017). Effects of color on the athletic performance of short-distance runners. Journal of Athletic Enhancement, 6(6), 6–9. https://doi.org/10.4172/2324-9080.1000276
  • Furley, P., Dicks, M., & Memmert, D. (2012). Nonverbal behavior in soccer: The influence of dominant and submissive body language on the impression formation and expectancy of success of soccer players. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 34(1), 61–82. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.34.1.61
  • García-Rubio, M. A., Picazo-Tadeo, A. J., & González-Gómez, F. (2011). Does a red shirt improve sporting performance? Evidence from Spanish football. Applied Economics Letters, 18(11), 1001–1004. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504851.2010.520666
  • Gilliam, J. E. (1991). The effects of baker-miller pink on physiological and cognitive behavior of emotionally disturbed and regular education students. Behavioral Disorders, 17(1), 47–55. https://doi.org/10.1177/019874299101700103
  • Gilliam, J. E., & Unruh, D. (1988). The effects of baker-miller pink on biological, physical and cognitive behaviour. Journal of Orthomolecular Medicine, 3(4), 202–206.
  • Gledhill, A., Harwood, C., & Forsdyke, D. (2017). Psychosocial factors associated with talent development in football: A systematic review. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 31, 93–112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2017.04.002
  • Goldschmied, N., & Lucena, J. (2018). Sweating the uniform colors and success in sport connection: Time to put the effect to rest? Current Psychology, 40 (2), 953–956. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-018-0015-4
  • Goldschmied, N., & Spitznagel, C. (2020). Sweating the connection of uniform colors and success in sport: No evidence for the red win effect in elite women’s NCAA basketball. European Journal of Sport Science, 21(1), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2020.1727571
  • Green, W. K., Hasson, S. M., Mohammed, S. K., Phillips, C. L., Richards, P. E., Smith, M. E., & White, A. (1982). Effect of viewing selected colors on the performance of gross and fine motor tasks. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 54(3), 778. https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.1982.54.3.778
  • Greenlees, I. A., Eynon, M., & Thelwell, R. C. (2013). Color of soccer goalkeepers’ uniforms influences the outcome of penalty kicks. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 117(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.2466/30.24.PMS.117x14z6
  • Greenlees, I. A., Leyland, A., Thelwell, R., & Filby, W. (2008). Soccer penalty takers’ uniform colour and pre-penalty kick gaze affect the impressions formed of them by opposing goalkeepers. Journal of Sports Sciences, 26(6), 569–576. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410701744446
  • Gülle, M., Beyleroğlu, M., & Hazar, M. (2016). Investigation of the impact of the uniform colors of sportsmen who participated in Turkish youth boxing championship on their performance during the competition. International Journal of Environmental and Science Education, 11(16), 9482–9488.
  • Hackney, A. C. (2006). Testosterone and human performance: Influence of the color red. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 96(3), 330–333. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-005-0059-7
  • Hagemann, N., Strauss, B., & Leißing, J. (2008). When the referee sees red. Psychological Science, 19(8), 769–771. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02155.x
  • Hamid, N., & Newport, A. (1989). Effect of colour on physical strength and mood in children. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 69(1), 179–185. https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.1989.69.1.179
  • Hasson, S. M., Williams, J. H., Gadberry, W., & Henrich, T. (1989). Viewing low and high wavelength light: Effect on EMG activity and force production during maximal voluntary handgrip contraction. Physiotherapy Canada, 41(1), 32–35.
  • Hedges, L. V. (1981). Distribution theory for Glass’s estimator of effect size and related estimators. Journal of Educational Statistics, 6(2), 107–128. https://doi.org/10.3102/10769986006002107
  • Hill, R. A., & Barton, R. A. (2005). Red enhances human performance in contests. Nature, 435(7040), 293. https://doi.org/10.1038/435293a
  • Ilie, A., Ioan, S., Zagrean, L., & Moldovan, M. (2008). Better to be red than blue in virtual competition. Cyberpsychology and Behavior, 11(3), 375–377. https://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.2007.0122
  • Ingram, F., & Lieberman, L. R. (1985). Effects of expectations on the performance of hand grip after viewing selected hues. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 61(2), 370. https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.1985.61.2.370
  • Iwase, M. (2002). Sports and colors: the color effect of team shirts on basketball games. In 9th Congress of the International Colour Association, 4421, 413. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.464510
  • Jackman, P. C., Hawkins, R. M., Crust, L., & Swann, C. (2019). Flow states in exercise: A systematic review. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 45, 101546. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2019.101546
  • Jones, M. L. (2004). Application of systematic review methods to qualitative research: Practical issues. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 48(3), 271–278. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2004.03196.x
  • Julio, U. F., Miarka, B., Rosa, J. P. P., Lima, G. H. O., Takito, M. Y., & Franchini, E. (2015). Blue judogi may bias competitive performance when seeding system is not used: Sex, age, and level of competition effects. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 120(1), 28–37. https://doi.org/10.2466/30.PMS.120v15(2
  • Kaya, N., & Epps, H. (2004). Relationship between color and emotion: A study of college students. College Student Journal, 38(3), 396–405.
  • Keller, L., & Vautin, R. (1998). Effect of viewed color on hand-grip strength. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 87(3), 763–768. https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.1998.87.3.763
  • Kocher, M. G., & Sutter, M. (2008). Shirt colour and team performance in football. In P. Andersson, P. Ayton, & C. Schmidt (Eds.), Myths and facts about football: The economics and psychology of the world’s greatest sport (pp. 125–131). Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
  • Koslow, R. E. (1983). Reaction time as related to ball color. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 57(3), 871–874. https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.1983.57.3.871
  • Krenn, B. (2014). The impact of uniform color on judging tackles in association football. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 15(2), 222–225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2013.11.007
  • Krenn, B. (2015). The effect of uniform color on judging athletes’ aggressiveness, fairness, and chance of winning. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 37(2), 207–212. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.2014-0274
  • Krenn, B. (2018). Does uniform color affect offside in association football? Color Research & Application, 43(2), 268–275. https://doi.org/10.1002/col.22184
  • Krenn, B., Mitter, B., Bauer, P., & Tschan, H. (2020). Color’s impact on maximal torque production – Casting a light on the timing of viewing red. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 51(2), 141–157. https://doi.org/10.7352/IJSP.2020.51.141
  • Krenn, B., Pernhaupt, N., & Handsteiner, M. (2017). Do red and blue uniforms matter in football and handball penalties? Journal of Sports Science & Medicine, 16(4), 565–573. https://www.jssm.org/hf.php?id=jssm-16-565.xml#
  • Lakens, D. (2013). Calculating and reporting effect sizes to facilitate cumulative science: A practical primer for t-tests and ANOVAs. Frontiers in Psychology, 4, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00863
  • Lam, W. K., Kam, K., Qu, Y., & Capio, C. M. (2017). Influence of shoe colour on perceived and actual jumping performance. Footwear Science, 9(1), 3–5. https://doi.org/10.1080/19424280.2017.1313889
  • Larionescu, V. M., & Pantelimona, M. (2012). The influence of colour on the efficiency of basketball throws. Physical Education and Sport Management, 1, 82–86.
  • Lehmann, G. K., Elliot, A. J., & Calin-Jageman, R. J. (2018). Meta-analysis of the effect of red on perceived attractiveness. Evolutionary Psychology, 16(4), 1–27. https://doi.org/10.1177/1474704918802412
  • Lenzen, S. A., Daniëls, R., Bokhoven, M. A. V., Weijden, T. V. D., & Beurskens, A. (2017). Disentangling self-management goal setting and action planning: A scoping review. PLoS One, 12(11), 11. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0188822
  • Little, A. C., & Hill, R. A. (2007). Attribution to red suggests special role in dominance signalling. Journal of Evolutionary Psychology, 5(1), 161–168. https://doi.org/10.1556/JEP.2007.1008
  • Londe, A. M., Marocolo, M., Marocolo, I. C., Fisher, J., Neto, O. B., Souza, M. V. C., & Da Mota, G. R. (2018). Wearing colored glasses can influence exercise performance and testosterone concentration? Sports Medicine International Open, 2(2), 46–51. https://doi.org/10.1055/a-0601-7250
  • Mann, D. Y., Williams, A. M., Ward, P., & Janelle, C. M. (2007). Perceptual-cognitive expertise in sport: A meta-analysis. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 29(4), 457–478. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.29.4.457
  • Matsumoto, D., Konno, J., Hata, S., & Takeuchi, M. (2007). Blue judogis may bias competition outcomes. Research Journal of Budo, 39, 3.
  • Maynard, R., Dong, N., & Perez-Johnson, I. (2014). Issues in calculating average effect sizes in meta-analyses. Mathematica Policy Research Reports, Bethesda, MD.
  • Meier, M. A., Hill, R. A., Elliot, A. J., & Barton, R. A. (2015). Color in achievement contexts in humans. In A. J. Elliot, M. D. Fairchild, & A. Franklin (Eds.), Handbook of color psychology (pp. 568–584). Cambridge.
  • Mentzel, S. V., Schücker, L., Hagemann, N., & Strauss, B. (2017). Emotionality of colors: An implicit link between red and dominance. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00317
  • Mentzel, S. V., Schücker, L., Hagemann, N., & Strauss, B. (2019). Perceiving speed – The color can matter. Color Research and Application, 44(6), 957–966. https://doi.org/10.1002/col.22429
  • Meuren, D. (2006, June). Rot ist die Hoffnung. 11Freunde. https://11freunde.de/artikel/rot-ist-die-hoffnung/351414
  • Milner, K. A. (2015). Systematic reviews. Oncology Nursing Forum, 42(1), 89–93. https://doi.org/10.1188/15.ONF.89-93
  • Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., & Altman, D. G. (2009). Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA statement. Annals of Internal Medicine, 151(4), 264–269. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-151-4-200908180-00135
  • Morris, B. K., Zimmer, D. L., Piper, F. C., & Mayhew, J. L. (1994). Effect of ball color on hitting performance by college softball players. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 78(3), 1329–1330. https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.1994.78.3c.1329
  • Morris, S. B. (2008). Estimating effect sizes from pretest-posttest-control group designs. Organizational Research Methods, 11(2), 364–386. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094428106291059
  • O’Connell, B. J., Harper, R. S., & McAndrew, F. T. (1985). Grip strength as a function of exposure to red or green visual stimulation. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 61(3), 1157–1158. https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.1985.61.3f.1157
  • Olde Rikkert, J., Haes, V. D., Barsingerhorn, A. D., Theelen, T., & Olde Rikkert, M. G. M. (2015). The colour of a football outfit affects visibility and team success. Journal of Sports Sciences, 33(20), 2166–2172. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2015.1064156
  • Payen, V., Elliot, A. J., Coombes, S. A., Chalabaev, A., Brisswalter, J., & Cury, F. (2011). Viewing red prior to a strength test inhibits motor output. Neuroscience Letters, 495(1), 44–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2011.03.032
  • Pellegrini, R. J., & Schauss, A. G. (1980). Muscle strength as a function of exposure to hue differences in visual stimuli: An experimental test of the kinesoid hypothesis. Journal of Orthomolecular Psychiatry, 9(2), 144–147.
  • Pellegrini, R. J., Schauss, A. G., & Birk, T. J. (1980). Leg strength as a function of exposure to visual stimuli of different hues. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 16(2), 111–112. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03334453
  • Pellegrini, R. J., Schauss, A. G., Kerr, T. J., & You, B. K. A. (1981). Grip strength and exposure to hue differences in visual stimuli: Is postural status a factor? Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 17(1), 27–28. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03333657
  • Piatti, M., Savage, D. A., & Torgler, B. (2012). The red mist? Red shirts, success and team sports. Sport in Society, 15(9), 1209–1227. https://doi.org/10.1080/17430437.2012.690400
  • Pollet, T., & Peperkoorn, L. S. (2013). Fading red? No evidence that color of trunks influences outcomes in the ultimate fighting championship (UFC). Frontiers in Psychology, 4, 643. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00643
  • Profusek, P. J., & Rainey, D. W. (1987). Effects of Baker-Miller pink and red on state anxiety, grip strength, and motor precision. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 65(3), 941–942. https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.1987.65.3.941
  • Pryke, S. R. (2009). Is red an innate or learned signal of aggression and intimidation? Animal Behaviour, 78(2), 393–398. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2009.05.013
  • R Core Team. (2016). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria.
  • Recours, R., & Briki, W. (2015). The effect of red and blue uniforms on competitive anxiety and self-confidence in virtual sports contests. European Review of Applied Psychology, 65(2), 67–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erap.2015.02.004
  • Rezaeian, N., Motealleh, A., & Etemadi, Y. (2015). Effect of color on grip strength and fatigue in college students. International Journal of Public Health Research, 3(5), 300.
  • Rogerson, M. (2017). Commentary: Environmental influences on elite sport athletes well being: From gold, silver, and bronze to blue, green and gold. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 78. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00078
  • Rowe, C., Harris, J. M., & Roberts, S. C. (2005). Seeing red? Putting sportswear in context. Nature, 437(7063), 10–11. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature04306
  • Setchell, J. M., & Wickings, E. J. (2005). Dominance, status signals, and coloration in male mandrills (Mandrillus sphinx). Ethology, 111(1), 25–50. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0310.2004.01054.x
  • Simonsmeier, B. A., Androniea, M., Buecker, S., & Frank, C. (2020). The effects of imagery interventions in sports: A meta-analysis. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 14 (1), 186–207. https://doi.org/10.1080/1750984X.2020.1780627
  • Simonsohn, U., Nelson, L. D., & Simmons, J. P. (2014a). P-curve: A key to the file-drawer. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 143(2), 534–547. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0033242
  • Simonsohn, U., Nelson, L. D., & Simmons, J. P. (2014b). p-Curve and effect size: Correcting for publication bias using only significant results. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 9(6), 666–681. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691614553988
  • Sirriyeh, R., Lawton, R., Gardner, P., & Armitage, G. (2012). Reviewing studies with diverse designs: The development and evaluation of a new tool. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice, 18(4), 746–752. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2753.2011.01662.x
  • Smith, J. M., Bell, P. A., & Fusco, M. E. (1986). The influence of color and demand characteristics on muscle strength and affective ratings of the environment. Journal of General Psychology, 113(3), 289–297. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221309.1986.9711040
  • Smyth, R., & Ansari, D. (2019). Do infants have a sense of numerosity? A p-curve analysis of infant numerosity discrimination studies. Developmental Science, 23(2), e12897. https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/2FHW2.1
  • Sorokowski, P., & Szmajke, A. (2007). How does “red win” effect works? The role of sportswear colour during sport competitions. Polish Journal of Applied Psychology, 5, 71–79. https://depot.ceon.pl/handle/123456789/8866
  • Sorokowski, P., Szmajke, A., Hamamura, T., Jiang, F., & Sorokowska, A. (2014). “Red wins”, “black wins” and “blue loses” effects are in the eye of beholder, but they are culturally universal: A cross-cultural analysis of the influence of outfit colours on sports performance. Polish Psychological Bulletin, 45(3), 318–325. https://doi.org/10.2478/ppb-2014-0039
  • Spencer, J. L. (2017). An examination and evaluation of uniform color across north American professional team sports. Journal of Sport Behavior, 40(4), 399–409.
  • Stokes, M., Fairchild, M. D., & Berns, R. S. (1992). Precision requirements for digital color reproduction. ACM Transactions on Graphics, 11(4), 406–422. https://doi.org/10.1145/146443.146482
  • Tiryaki, M. Ş. (2005). Assessing whether black uniforms affect the decisions of Turkish soccer referees: Is finding of Frank and Gilovich’s study valid for Turkish culture? Perceptual and Motor Skills, 100(1), 51–57. https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.100.1.51-57
  • Tod, D., Hardy, J., & Oliver, E. (2011). Effects of self-talk: A systematic review. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 33(5), 666–687. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.33.5.666
  • Viechtbauer, W. (2010). Conducting meta-analyses in R with the meta for package. Journal of Statistical Software, 36(3), 1–48. https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v036.i03
  • Webster, G. D., Urland, G. R., & Correll, J. (2012). Can uniform color color aggression? Quasi-experimental evidence from professional ice hockey. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 3(3), 274–281. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550611418535
  • Wertli, M. M., Rasmussen-Barr, E., Weiser, S., Bachmann, L. M., & Brunner, F. (2014). The role of fear avoidance beliefs as a prognostic factor for outcome in patients with nonspecific low back pain: A systematic review. The Spine Journal, 14(5), 816–836. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1529-9430(13)02000-7
  • Whitfield, T. W., & Whiltshire, T. J. (1990). Color psychology: A critical review. Genetic, Social, and General Psychology Monographs, 116(4), 385–411.
  • Wiedemann, D. (2016). The influence of red colouration on human perception of aggression and dominance in neutral settings. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/11866/
  • Wiedemann, D., Burt, D. M., Hill, R. A., & Barton, R. A. (2015). Red clothing increases perceived dominance, aggression and anger. Biology Letters, 11(5), 2–5. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2015.0166
  • Williams, C. K., Grierson, L. E. M., & Carnahan, H. (2011). Colour-induced relationship between affect and reaching kinematics during a goal-directed aiming task. Experimental Brain Research, 212(4), 555–561. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-011-2766-0
  • Wilson, D. B., & Lipsey, M. W. (2001). The role of method in treatment effectiveness research: Evidence from meta-analysis. Psychological Methods, 6(4), 413–429. https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.6.4.413
  • Xu, J. (2019). Colour in urban places: A case study of Leicester City Football Club blue. Color Research & Application, 44(4), 613–621. https://doi.org/10.1002/col.22378
  • Zelustek, J., & Niklaus, T. (2006, February). Traditionstrikot vor dem Aus: Klinsmann steht auf Rot. Spiegel. https://www.spiegel.de/sport/fussball/traditionstrikot-vor-dem-aus-klinsmann-steht-auf-rot-a-398580.html