References
- Abdi, K., Talebpour, M., Fullerton, J., Ranjkesh, M. J., & Jabbari Nooghabi, H. (2018). Converting sports diplomacy to diplomatic outcomes: Introducing a sports diplomacy model. International Area Studies Review, 21(4), 365–381. https://doi.org/10.1177/2233865918808058
- Abramowitz, A. I., & Saunders, K. L. (2008). Is polarization a myth? The Journal of Politics, 70(2), 542–555. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022381608080493
- Akerlof, G. A., & Kranton, R. E. (2000). Economics and identity. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 115(3), 715–753. https://doi.org/10.1162/003355300554881
- Angrist, J. D., & Pischke, J. S. (2009). Mostly harmless econometrics: An empiricist’s companion. Princeton University Press.
- Antonakis, J., Bendahan, S., Jacquart, P., & Lalive, R. (2010). On making causal claims: A review and recommendations. The Leadership Quarterly, 21(6), 1086–1120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2010.10.010
- Becker, S. O. (2016). Using instrumental variables to establish causality. IZA World of Labor, 250, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.15185/izawol.250
- Bennett, R., Ali-Choudhury, R., & Mousley, W. (2007). Television viewers’ motivations to follow the 2005 Ashes Test series: Implications for the rebranding of English cricket. Journal of Product & Brand Management, 16(1), 23–37. https://doi.org/10.1108/10610420710731133
- Buraimo, B., & Simmons, R. (2015). Uncertainty of outcome or star quality? Television audience demand for English Premier League football. International Journal of the Economics of Business, 22(3), 449–469. https://doi.org/10.1080/13571516.2015.1010282
- Cáceres-Delpiano, J., De Moragas, A. I., Facchini, G., & González, I. (2021). Intergroup contact and nation building: Evidence from military service in Spain. Journal of Public Economics, 201, Article 104477. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2021.104477
- Castellanos-Garcia, P., García, J., & Sánchez, J. M. (2011). The willingness to pay to keep a football club in a city: How important are the methodological issues? Journal of Sports Economics, 12(4), 464–486. https://doi.org/10.1177/1527002510385301
- Chavis, L., & Leslie, P. (2009). Consumer boycotts: The impact of the Iraq war on French wine sales in the US. Quantitative Marketing and Economics, 7(1), 37–67. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11129-008-9043-y
- Funk, C. A., Arthurs, J. D., Treviño, L. J., & Joireman, J. (2010). Consumer animosity in the global value chain: The effect of international production shifts on willingness to purchase hybrid products. Journal of International Business Studies, 41(4), 639–651. https://doi.org/10.1057/jibs.2009.29
- Gaston-Breton, C., & Martín, O. M. (2011). International market selection and segmentation: A two-stage model. International Marketing Review, 28(3), 267–290. https://doi.org/10.1108/02651331111132857
- Ghosh, D., & Vogt, A. (2012). Outliers: An evaluation of methodologies. Joint Statistical Meetings, pp. 3455–3460. http://www.asasrms.org/Proceedings/y2012/Files/304068_72402.pdf
- Goetz, S. J., Davlasheridze, M., Han, Y., & Fleming-Muñoz, D. A. (2019). Explaining the 2016 vote for president Trump across US counties. Applied Economic Perspectives and Policy, 41(4), 703–722. https://doi.org/10.1093/aepp/ppy026
- Green, D., Jacowitz, K. E., Kahneman, D., & McFadden, D. (1998). Referendum contingent valuation, anchoring, and willingness to pay for public goods. Resource and Energy Economics, 20(2), 85–116. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0928-7655(97)00031-6
- Heilmann, K. (2016). Does political conflict hurt trade? Evidence from consumer boycotts. Journal of International Economics, 99, 179–191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinteco.2015.11.008
- Johnson, B. K., Groothuis, P. A., & Whitehead, J. C. (2001). The value of public goods generated by a major league sports team: The CVM approach. Journal of Sports Economics, 2(1), 6–21. https://doi.org/10.1177/152700250100200102
- Johnson, B. K., Mondello, M. J., & Whitehead, J. C. (2007). The value of public goods generated by a National Football League team. Journal of Sport Management, 21(1), 123–136. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.21.1.123
- Johnson, B. K., & Whitehead, J. C. (2000). Value of public goods from sports stadiums: The CVM approach. Contemporary Economic Policy, 18(1), 48–58. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1465-7287.2000.tb00005.x
- Kim, S., Greenwell, T. C., Andrew, D. P., Lee, J., & Mahony, D. F. (2008). An analysis of spectator motives in an individual combat sport: A study of mixed martial arts fans. Sport Marketing Quarterly, 17(2), 109–119. https://oaks.kent.edu/flapubs/17
- Klein, J. G., Ettenson, R., & Morris, M. D. (1998). The animosity model of foreign product purchase: An empirical test in the People’s Republic of China. Journal of Marketing, 62(1), 89–100. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224299806200108
- Konjer, M., Meier, H. E., & Wedeking, K. (2017). Consumer demand for telecasts of tennis matches in Germany. Journal of Sports Economics, 18(4), 351–375. https://doi.org/10.1177/1527002515577882
- Krueger, J. S., & Pedraza, F. I. (2012). Missing voices: War attitudes among military service-connected civilians. Armed Forces & Society, 38(3), 391–412. https://doi.org/10.1177/0095327X11428786
- Krumer, A., Otto, F., & Pawlowski, T. (2022). Nationalistic bias among international experts: Evidence from professional ski jumping. The Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 124(1), 278–300. https://doi.org/10.1111/sjoe.12451
- Leong, S. M., Cote, J. A., Ang, S. H., Tan, S. J., Jung, K., Kau, A. K., & Pornpitakpan, C. (2008). Understanding consumer animosity in an international crisis: Nature, antecedents, and consequences. Journal of International Business Studies, 39(6), 996–1009. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8400392
- Lo, A. Y., & Jim, C. Y. (2015). Protest response and willingness to pay for culturally significant urban trees: Implications for contingent valuation method. Ecological Economics, 114, 58–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2015.03.012
- Loschky, J., & Riffkin, R. (2015). Canada, Great Britain are Americans’ most favored nations. https://news.gallup.com/poll/181961/canada-great-britain-americans-favored-nations.aspx
- Masakure, O. (2016). The effect of employee loyalty on wages. Journal of Economic Psychology, 56, 274–298. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joep.2016.08.003
- Mayda, A. M., & Rodrik, D. (2005). Why are some people (and countries) more protectionist than others? European Economic Review, 49(6), 1393–1430. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroecorev.2004.01.002
- McDonald, J. F., & Moffitt, R. A. (1980). The uses of Tobit analysis. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 62(2), 318–321. https://doi.org/10.2307/1924766
- Miller, K. M., Hofstetter, R., Krohmer, H., & Zhang, Z. J. (2011). How should consumers’ willingness to pay be measured? An empirical comparison of state-of-the-art approaches. Journal of Marketing Research, 48(1), 172–184. https://doi.org/10.1509/jmkr.48.1.172
- Murphy, J. J., Allen, P. G., Stevens, T. H., & Weatherhead, D. (2005). A meta-analysis of hypothetical bias in stated preference valuation. Environmental & Resource Economics, 30(3), 313–325. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10640-004-3332-z
- Nalbantis, G., & Pawlowski, T. (2016). The demand for international football telecasts in the United States. Palgrave Macmillan.
- Nalbantis, G., & Pawlowski, T. (2019). US demand for European soccer telecasts: A between-country test of the uncertainty of outcome hypothesis. Journal of Sports Economics, 20(6), 797–818. https://doi.org/10.1177/1527002518817598
- Nalbantis, G., Pawlowski, T., & Coates, D. (2017). The fans’ perception of competitive balance and its impact on willingness-to-pay for a single game. Journal of Sports Economics, 18(5), 479–505. https://doi.org/10.1177/1527002515588137
- Nalbantis, G., Pawlowski, T., & Schreyer, D. (2022). Substitutions effects and the transnational demand for European soccer telecasts (Working paper). University of Tübingen.
- Nüesch, S., & Franck, E. (2009). The role of patriotism in explaining the TV audience of national team games – evidence from four international tournaments. Journal of Media Economics, 22(1), 6–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/08997760902724472
- Pandya, S. S., & Venkatesan, R. (2016). French roast: Consumer response to international conflict – evidence from supermarket scanner data. Review of Economics and Statistics, 98(1), 42–56. https://doi.org/10.1162/REST_a_00526
- Parameswaran, R., & Yaprak, A. (1987). A cross-national comparison of consumer research measures. Journal of International Business Studies, 18(1), 35–49. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8490398
- Pawlowski, T., Nalbantis, G., & Coates, D. (2018). Perceived game uncertainty, suspense and the demand for sport. Economic Inquiry, 56(1), 173–192. https://doi.org/10.1111/ecin.12462
- Rand, D. G., Pfeiffer, T., Dreber, A., Sheketoff, R. W., Wernerfelt, N. C., & Benkler, Y. (2009). Dynamic remodeling of in-group bias during the 2008 presidential election. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106(15), 6187–6191. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0811552106
- Riefler, P., & Diamantopoulos, A. (2007). Consumer animosity: A literature review and a reconsideration of its measurement. International Marketing Review, 24(1), 87–119. https://doi.org/10.1108/02651330710727204
- Roodman, D. (2011). Fitting fully observed recursive mixed-process models with cmp. The Stata Journal, 11(2), 159–206. https://doi.org/10.1177/1536867X1101100202
- Sande, J. B., & Ghosh, M. (2018). Endogeneity in survey research. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 35(2), 185–204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijresmar.2018.01.005
- Schläpfer, F., & Fischhoff, B. (2012). Task familiarity and contextual cues predict hypothetical bias in a meta-analysis of stated preference studies. Ecological Economics, 81, 44–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2012.06.016
- Schreyer, D., Schmidt, S. L., & Torgler, B. (2018). Game outcome uncertainty in the English Premier League: Do German fans care? Journal of Sports Economics, 19(5), 625–644. https://doi.org/10.1177/1527002516673406
- Shoham, A., Davidow, M., Klein, J. G., & Ruvio, A. (2006). Animosity on the home front: The Intifada in Israel and its impact on consumer behavior. Journal of International Marketing, 14(3), 92–114. https://doi.org/10.1509/jimk.14.3.92
- Szymanski, S. (2003). The economic design of sporting contests. Journal of Economic Literature, 41(4), 1137–1187. https://doi.org/10.1257/jel.41.4.1137
- Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. (1986). The social identity theory of intergroup behavior. In S. Worchel, & W. G. Austin (Eds.), Psychology of Intergroup relations (pp. 7–24). Nelson-Hall.
- Teachman, J. (2013). A note on disappearing veterans. Armed Forces & Society, 39(4), 740–750. https://doi.org/10.1177/0095327X12468731
- United States Census Bureau. (2020). 2011-2015 American Community Survey 5-Year estimates. https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/technical-documentation/table-and-geography-changes/2015/5-year.html
- Usunier, J. C., & Cestre, G. (2007). Product ethnicity: Revisiting the match between products and countries. Journal of International Marketing, 15(3), 32–72. https://doi.org/10.1509/jimk.15.3.32
- Van Reeth, D. (2013). Television demand for the Tour de France: The importance of outcome uncertainty, patriotism and doping. International Journal of Sport Finance, 8, 39–60.