Match officials and abuse: a systematic review

References

• *Ackery, A. D., Tator, C. H., & Snider, C. (2012). Violence in Canadian Amateur Hockey: The experience of referees in Ontario. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine, 22(2), 86–90. https://doi.org/10.1097/JSM.0b013e3182342b69
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Andersson, E. (2019). A referee perspective on the educational practice of competitive youth games: Exploring the pedagogical function of parents, coaches and referees in grassroots soccer. Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy, 24(6), 615–628. https://doi.org/10.1080/17408989.2019.1652806
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Anshel, M. H., Kang, M., & Jubenville, C. (2013). Sources of acute sport stress scale for sports officials: Rasch calibration. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 14(3), 362–370. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2012.12.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Anshel, M. H., Sutarso, T., Ekmekci, R., & Saraswati, I. W. (2014). A model linking sources of stress to approach and avoidance coping styles of Turkish basketball referees. Journal of Sports Sciences, 32(2), 116–128. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2013.816762
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Anshel, M. H., & Weinberg, R. S. (1999). Re-examining coping among basketball referees following stressful events: Implications for coping interventions. Journal of Sport Behavior, 22(2), 141–161.
   Google Scholar
• *Avalos, B. L. (2020). “Friday night is their super bowl”: A relational investigation regarding occupational stress among American high school football officials. Communication & Sport, 1–19, 2167479520968932. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167479520968932
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brackenridge, C., Pitchford, A., Russell, K., & Nutt, G. (2007). Child welfare in football. Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• *Bressan, J. C. M., Carneiro, K. T., Silveira, V. T., Santos, D. S. G. D., & Reverdito, R. S. (2019). Arbitration in school sport context: Perception of violence reported by referees. Journal of Physical Education, 30. https://doi.org/10.4025/jphyseduc.v30i1.3056
   Google Scholar
• Brown, W. J., Basil, M. D., & Bocarnea, M. C. (2003). The influence of famous athletes on health beliefs and practices: Mark McGwire, child abuse prevention, and androstenedione. Journal of Health Communication, 8(1), 41–57. https://doi.org/10.1080/10810730305733
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cialdini, R. B., & Goldstein, N. J. (2004). Social influence: Compliance and conformity. Annual Review of Psychology, 55(1), 591–621. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.55.090902.142015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Cleland, J., O’Gorman, J., & Bond, M. (2015). The English football association’s respect campaign: The referees’ view. International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics, 7(4), 551–563. https://doi.org/10.1080/19406940.2015.1088050
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Cleland, J., O’Gorman, J., & Webb, T. (2018). Respect? An investigation into the experience of referees in association football. International Review for The Sociology Of Sport, 53(8), 960–974. https://doi.org/10.1177/1012690216687979
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Cunningham, I., Simmons, P., & Mascarenhas, D. (2018). Sport officials’ strategies for managing interactions with players: Face-work on the front-stage. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 39(1), 154–162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2018.08.009
   Google Scholar
• Cunningham, I., Simmons, P., Mascarenhas, D., & Redhead, S. (2015). Exploring player communication in interactions with sport officials. Movement & Sport Sciences - Science & Motricité, 87(1), 79–89. https://doi.org/10.1051/sm/2014021
   Google Scholar
• *Cuskelly, G., & Hoye, R. (2013). Sports officials’ intention to continue. Sport Management Review, 16(4), 451–464. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smr.2013.01.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Dawson, P., Webb, T., & Downward, P. (2021). Abuse is not a zero-sum game! The case for zero tolerance of match official physical and verbal abuse. European Journal of Sport Science, 22(3), 417–424. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2021.1881619
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Deal, C. J., Pankow, K., Chu, T. A., Pynn, S. R., Smyth, C. L., & Holt, N. L. (2018). A mixed methods analysis of disciplinary incidents in men’s soccer. Sport Management Review, 21(1), 72–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smr.2017.04.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Dell, C., Gervis, M., & Rhind, D. J. A. (2016). Factors influencing soccer referee’s intentions to quit the game. Soccer & Society, 17(1), 109–119. https://doi.org/10.1080/14660970.2014.919275
   Google Scholar
• *Devís-Devís, J., Serrano-Durá, J., & Molina, P. (2021). The referee plays to be insulted!”: An exploratory qualitative study on the Spanish football Referees’ experiences of aggression, violence, and coping. Frontiers in Psychology, 12(656437), 876. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.656437
   Google Scholar
• *Dorsch, K. D., & Paskevich, D. M. (2007). Stressful experiences among six certification levels of ice hockey officials. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 8(4), 585–593. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2006.06.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Drury, S., Stride, A., Fitzgerald, H., Hyett-Allen, N., Pylypiuk, L., & Whitford-Stark, J. (2021). “I'm a referee, not a female referee”: The experiences of women involved in football as coaches and referees. Frontiers in Sports and Active Living, 3(789321). https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2021.789321
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• *Folkesson, P., Nyberg, C., Archer, T., & Norlander, T. (2002). Soccer Referees’ experience of threat and aggression: Effects of age, experience, and life orientation on outcome of coping strategy. Aggressive Behavior, 28(4), 317–327. https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.90028
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Friesen, A. P., Devonport, T. J., & Lane, A. M. (2017). Beyond the technical: The role of emotion regulation in lacrosse officiating. Journal of Sports Sciences, 35(6), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2016.1180419
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Gencay, O. A., & Aydin, E. E. (2015). The effects of teams, individual players and spectators on basketball officials’ decision-making processes. The Anthropologist, 20(3), 503–509. https://doi.org/10.1080/09720073.2015.11891754
   Google Scholar
• *Giel, T., & Breuer, C. (2020). The determinants of the intention to continue voluntary football refereeing. Sport Management Review, 23(2), 242–255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smr.2019.01.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Gillué, G. S., Laloux, Y. R., Álvarez, M. T., & Cruz I Feliu, J. (2018). Sources of stress inside and outside the match in football referees. Apunts Educación Física y Deportes, 2(132), 22–31. https://doi.org/10.5672/apunts.2014-0983.es.(2018/2).132.02
   Google Scholar
• Gorczynski, P., & Webb, T. (2020). Call-to-action: The need for a mental health research agenda for sports match officials. Managing Sport and Leisure, 27(4), 416–420. https://doi.org/10.1080/23750472.2020.1792803
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gorczynski, P., & Webb, T. (2021). Developing a mental health research agenda for football referees. Soccer & Society, 22(6), 655–662. https://doi.org/10.1080/14660970.2021.1952695
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gouttebarge, V., Johnson, U., Rochcongar, P., Rosier, P., & Kerkhoffs, G. (2017). Symptoms of common mental disorders among professional football referees: A one-season prospective study across Europe. The Physician and Sportsmedicine, 45(1), 11–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/00913847.2017.1248796
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Gürpınar, B., & Güven, Ö. (2012). Unsportsmanlike behaviors in the Turkish Basketball and soccer leagues from the view of referees. / Hakemleri̇n Bakiş Açisindan Türki̇ye Basketbol Ve Futbol Li̇gleri̇ndeki̇ Sportmenli̇k Dişi Davranişlar. Pamukkale Journal of Sport Sciences, 3(3), 47–62.
   Google Scholar
• *Hacicaferoǧlu, S., & Gündoǧdu, C. (2014). Surveying the exposure level of intimidation (mobbing) behaviours of the football referees. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 14(1), 120–126. https://doi.org/10.7752/jpes.2014.01019
   Google Scholar
• *Hancock, D. J., Dawson, D. J., & Auger, D. (2015). Why ref? Understanding sport officials’ motivations to begin, continue, and quit. / Pourquoi arbitrer ? Comprendre les motivations des officiels à débuter, continuer et arrêter. Movement & Sport Sciences, 87(1), 31–39. https://doi.org/10.3917/sm.087.0031
   Google Scholar
• *Hill, D. M., Matthews, N., & Senior, R. (2016). The psychological characteristics of performance under pressure in professional rugby union referees. The Sport Psychologist, 30(4), 376–387. https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.2015-0109
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hong, Q. N., Fàbregues, S., Bartlett, G., Boardman, F., Cargo, M., Dagenais, P., Gagnon, M-P., Griffiths, F., Nicolau, B., O’Cathain, A., Rousseau, M-C., Vedel, I., & Pluye, P. (2018). The Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT) version 2018 for information professionals and researchers. Education for Information, 34(4), 285–291. https://doi.org/10.3233/EFI-180221
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobs, B. L., Tingle, J. K., Oja, B. D., & Smith, M. A. (2020). Exploring referee abuse through the lens of the collegiate rugby coach. Sport Management Review, 23(1), 39–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smr.2019.03.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Johansen, B. T., & Haugen, T. (2013). Anxiety level and decision-making among Norwegian top-class soccer referees. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 11(2), 215–226. https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2013.773665
   Google Scholar
• *Kaissidis-Rodafinos, A., & Anshel, M. H. (2000). Psychological predictors of coping responses among Greek basketball referees. The Journal of Social Psychology, 140(3), 329–344. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224540009600474
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Karakus, S., Caglayan, H. S., & Pepe, H. (2013). Evaluation of the factors that affect performances of active football referees in Turkey. African Journal of Business Management, 5(20), 8215–8223. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJBM11.621
   Google Scholar
• *Kellett, P., & Shilbury, D. (2007). Umpire participation: Is abuse really the issue? Sport Management Review, 10(3), 209–229. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1441-3523(07)70012-8
   Google Scholar
• Kelman, H. C. (1958). Compliance, identification, and internalization three processes of attitude change. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 2(1), 51–60. https://doi.org/10.1177/002200275800200106
   Google Scholar
• *Kim, M.-C., & Hong, E. (2016). A red card for women: Female officials ostracized in South Korean football. Asian Journal of Women's Studies, 22(2), 114–130. https://doi.org/10.1080/12259276.2016.1168156
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Kruger, A., Ekmekci, R., Strydom, G., & Ellis, S. (2012). Stressors among South African soccer officials: A profile analysis. South African Journal for Research in Sport, Physical Education & Recreation, 34(2), 53–62.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Lane, A. M., Nevill, A. M., Ahmad, N. S., & Balmer, N. (2006). Soccer referee decision-making: ‘shall I blow the whistle?’ Journal of Sports Science & Medicine, 5(2), 243–253.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Latané, B. (1981). The psychology of social impact. American Psychologist, 36(4), 343. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.36.4.343
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lerner, J. S., Li, Y., Valdesolo, P., & Kassam, K. S. (2015). Emotion and decision making. Annual Review of Psychology, 66(1), 779–823. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-010213-115043
   Google Scholar
• Lusted, J. (2014). Equality policies in sport: Carrots, sticks and a retreat from the radical. Journal of Policy Research in Tourism, Leisure and Events, 6(1), 85–90. https://doi.org/10.1080/19407963.2013.822461
   Google Scholar
• *Mack, M., Schulenkorf, N., Adair, D., & Bennie, A. (2018). Factors influencing the development of elite-level sports officials in Australia: The AFL, ABA and FFA. Sport in Society, 21(9), 1240–1257. https://doi.org/10.1080/17430437.2017.1388781
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mascarenhas, D., Collins, D., & Mortimer, P. (2005). Elite refereeing performance: Developing a model for sport Science support. The Sport Psychologist, 19(4), 364–379. https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.19.4.364
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., Altman, D. G., & Prisma Group (2009). Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA statement. PLoS Medicine, 6(7), https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000097
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mojtahedi, D., Ioannou, M., & Hammond, L. (2017). Personality correlates of co-witness suggestibility. Journal of Forensic Psychology Research and Practice, 17(4), 249–274. https://doi.org/10.1080/24732850.2017.1358996
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mojtahedi, D., Ioannou, M., & Hammond, L. (2018). Group size, misinformation and unanimity influences on co-witness judgements. The Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology, 29(5), 844–865. https://doi.org/10.1080/14789949.2018.1439990
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mojtahedi, D., Ioannou, M., & Hammond, L. (2019). Intelligence, authority and blame conformity: Co-witness influence is moderated by the perceived competence of the information source. Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology, 35(1), 422–431. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11896-019-09361-2
   Google Scholar
• *Momoh, D. M. M., & Olaseyo, T. (2021). Determinants of assault on football league Referees’ during competitions in Nigeria. Central European Journal of Sport Sciences and Medicine, 33, 127–133. https://doi.org/10.18276/cej.2021.1-12
   Google Scholar
• *Neil, R., Bayston, P., Hanton, S., & Wilson, K. (2013). The influence of stress and emotions on association football referees’ decision-making. Sport & Exercise Psychology Review, 9(2), 22–41.
   Google Scholar
• Nordstrom, H., Warner, S., & Barnes, J. C. (2016). Behind the stripes: Female football officials’ experiences. International Journal of Sport Management and Marketing, 16(3-6), 259–279. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJSMM.2016.077934
   Google Scholar
• *Orviz-Martínez, N., Botey-Fullat, M., & Arce-García, S. (2021). Analysis of burnout and psychosocial factors in grassroot football referees. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(3), 1111. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18031111
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pace, R., Pluye, P., Bartlett, G., Macaulay, A. C., Salsberg, J., Jagosh, J., & Seller, R. (2012). Testing the reliability and efficiency of the pilot Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT) for systematic mixed studies review. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 49(1), 47–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2011.07.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Parsons, T., & Bairner, A. (2015). You want the buzz of having done well in a game that wasn’t easy: A sociological examination of the job commitment of English football referees. Movement & Sport Sciences - Science & Motricité, 87(1), 41–52. https://doi.org/10.1051/sm/2014017
   Google Scholar
• Perestelo-Pérez, L. (2013). Standards on how to develop and report systematic reviews in Psychology and health. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 13(1), 49–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1697-2600(13)70007-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pina, J. A., Passos, A., Araújo, D., & Maynard, T. M. (2018). Football refereeing: An integrative review. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 35(1), 10–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2017.10.006
   Google Scholar
• *Polat, E., Sonmezoglu, U., & Yalcin, H. B. (2017). Psychological violence and pressure activities experienced by football referees. Sport Journal, 1–1.
   Google Scholar
• *Praschinger, A., Pomikal, C., & Stieger, S. (2011). May I curse a referee? Swear Words and Consequences. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 10(2), 341–345.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Rainey, D. W. (1999). Sources of stress, burnout, and intention to terminate among Basketball referees. Journal of Sport Behavior, 22(4), 578.
   Google Scholar
• *Rainey, D. W., & Hardy, L. (1999). Sources of stress, burnout and intention to terminate among rugby union referees. Journal of Sports Sciences, 17(10), 797–806. https://doi.org/10.1080/026404199365515
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Rayner, M., Webb, T., & Webb, H. (2016). The occurrence of Referee Abuse in rugby union: Evidence and measures through an online survey. International Journal of Sport Management, Recreation & Tourism, 21, 66–81. https://doi.org/10.5199/ijsmart-1791-874X-21d
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Ridinger, L. L., Kim, K. R., Warner, S., & Tingle, J. K. (2017a). Development of the referee retention scale. Journal of Sport Management, 31(5), 514–527. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.2017-0065
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ridinger, L. L., Warner, S., Tingle, J. K., & Kim, K. R. (2017b). Why referees stay in the game. Global Sport Business Journal, 5(3), 22–37. http://www.gsbassn.com/Journal/Vol5-3/GSBJ-Vol5-Iss3-Ridinger-pp22-37.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Ronay, B. (2015). Why angry shouting men are a fading force on our children’s touchlines. The Guardian. Retrieved 12 November, 2020, from https://www.theguardian.com/football/blog/2015/nov/27/angry-shouting-men-junior-football-barney-ronay
   Google Scholar
• *Samuel, R. D., Galily, Y., & Tenenbaum, G. (2017). Who are you, ref? Defining the soccer referee’s career using a change-based perspective. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 15(2), 118–130. https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2015.1079792
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Schaeperkoetter, C. C. (2017). Basketball officiating as a gendered arena: An autoethnography. Sport Management Review, 20(1), 128–141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smr.2016.05.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Serkan, H. (2014). Indoor sports incurred by referee mobbing behavior evaluation. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 14(4), 626–631. https://doi.org/10.7752/jpes.2014.04097
   Google Scholar
• *Stewart, M. J., Ellery, P. J., Ellery, J., & Maher, L. (2004). Perceived psychological stress among high school basketball officials. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 99(2), 463–469. https://doi.org/10.2466/PMS.99.5.463-469
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suls, J., & Wheeler, L. (2000). Handbook of social comparison (1st ed.). Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• The FA. (2021). FA launches mental health champions scheme for grassroots referees. The FA. Retrieved 13 July, 2021, from https://www.thefa.com/news/2021/feb/03/mental-health-champions-grassroots-referees-20210203
   Google Scholar
• *Tingle, J. K., Warner, S., & Sartore-Baldwin, M. L. (2014). The experience of former women officials and the impact on the sporting community. Sex Roles: A Journal of Research, 71(1–2), 7–20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-014-0366-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Tsorbatzoudis, H., Kaissidis-Rodafinos, A., Partemian, S., & Grouios, G. (2005). Sources of stress Among Greek team Handball referees: Construction and validation of the Handball officials’ sources of stress survey. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 100(3), 821–830. https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.100.3.821-830
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Voight, M. (2009). Sources of stress and coping strategies of US soccer officials. Stress and Health, 25(1), 91–101. https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.1231
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Walters, S., Schluter, P., Stamp, D., Thomson, R., & Payne, D. (2016). Coaches and Referees’ perspectives of sideline behaviour in children's team sports: A cross-sectional study. International Journal of Sport Management, Recreation & Tourism, 23(1), 51–74. http://doi.org/10.5199/ijsmart-1791-874X-23c
   Google Scholar
• *Warner, S., Tingle, J. K., & Kellett, P. (2013). Officiating attrition: The experiences of former referees via a sport development lens. Journal of Sport Management, 27(4), 316–328. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.27.4.316
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Webb, T. (2017). Elite soccer referees: Officiating in the Premier League, La Liga and Serie A. Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Webb, T. (2020). Sports match official research: An evolving narrative, positioning future research. Managing Sport and Leisure, 27(3), 199–206. https://doi.org/10.1080/23750472.2020.1762304
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Webb, T., Cleland, J., & O’Gorman, J. (2017). The distribution of power through a media campaign: The respect program, referees, and abuse in association football. Journal of Global Sport Management, 2(3), 162–181. https://doi.org/10.1080/24704067.2017.1350591
   Google Scholar
• *Webb, T., Dicks, M., Thelwell, R., van der Kamp, J., & Rix-Lievre, G. (2020a). An analysis of soccer referee experiences in France and the Netherlands: Abuse, conflict, and level of support. Sport Management Review, 23(1), 52–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smr.2019.03.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Webb, T., Gorczynski, P., Oftadeh Moghadam, S., & Grubb, L. J. (2021). Experience and construction of mental health among English female football match officials. The Sport Psychologist, 35(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.2020-0086
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Webb, T., Rayner, M., Cleland, J., & O’Gorman, J. (2020b). Referees, match officials and abuse: Research and implications for policy. Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• *Webb, T., Rayner, M., & Thelwell, R. (2018). An explorative investigation of referee abuse in English rugby league. Journal of Applied Sport Management, 10(2), 14–25. https://doi.org/10.18666/JASM-2017-V10-I2-8834
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Webb, T., Rayner, M., & Thelwell, R. (2019). An examination of match official’s perceptions of support and abuse in rugby union and cricket in England. Managing Sport and Leisure, 24(1–3), 155–172. https://doi.org/10.1080/23750472.2019.1605841
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Wolfson, S., & Neave, N. (2007). Coping under pressure: Cognitive strategies for maintaining confidence among soccer referees. Journal of Sport Behavior, 30(2), 232–247.
   Google Scholar
• *Zelyurt, M. K., & Ataçocuğu, MŞ. (2017). Social pressure factors aimed at football referees in Turkey: A study on the 2nd league, 3rd league and amateur league referees. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 17(1), 107–116. https://doi.org/10.7752/jpes.2017.s1017
   Google Scholar