A study of event brand image, destination image, event, and destination loyalty among international sport tourists

References

• Aaker, D. (1996). Building strong brands. The Free Press.
   Google Scholar
• An, B., Harada, M., & Sato, S. (2020). Service quality, satisfaction, and behavioral intention in a triathlon event: The different experiences between local and non-local participants. Journal of Sport & Tourism, 24(2), 127–142. https://doi.org/10.1080/14775085.2020.1773296
   Google Scholar
• Arai, A., Ko, Y. J., & Kaplanidou, K. (2013). Athlete brand image: Scale development and model test. European Sport Management Quarterly, 13(4), 383–403. https://doi.org/10.1080/16184742.2013.811609
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arai, A., Ko, Y. J., & Ross, S. (2014). Branding athletes: Exploration and conceptualization of athlete brand image. Sport Management Review, 17(2), 97–106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smr.2013.04.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baloglu, S., & McCleary, K. W. (1999). A model of destination image formation. Annals of Tourism Research, 26(4), 868–897. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0160-7383(99)00030-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bauer, H. H., Stokburger-Sauer, N. E., & Exler, S. (2008). Brand image and fan loyalty in professional team sport: A refined model and empirical assessment. Journal of Sport Management, 22(2), 205–206. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.22.2.205
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beerli, A., & Martin, J. D. (2004). Factors influencing destination image. Annals of Tourism Research, 31(3), 657–681. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2004.01.010
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berry, L. (2000). Cultivating service brand equity. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 28(1), 128–137. https://doi.org/10.1177/0092070300281012
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biscaia, R., Correia, A., Rosado, A. F., Ross, S. D., & Maroco, J. (2013). Sport sponsorship: The relationship between team loyalty, sponsorship awareness, attitude toward the sponsor, and purchase intentions. Journal of Sport Management, 27(4), 288–302. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.27.4.288
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bollen, K. A. (1989). Structural equations with latent variables. Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Bouzdine-Chameeve, T., Ferrand, A., Valette-Florence, P., & Chanavat, N. (2015). Measurement and segmentation of sport fans using brand association networks: Application to union of European Football Associations (UEFA) Champions League (UCL). Sport Management Review, 18(3), 407–420. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smr.2014.11.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chalip, L., & Costa, C. A. (2005). Sport event tourism and the destination brand: Towards a general theory. Sport in Society, 8(2), 218–237. https://doi.org/10.1080/17430430500108579
   Google Scholar
• Chalip, L., & McGuirty, J. (2004). Bundling sport event with host destination. Journal of Sport & Tourism, 9(3), 267–282. https://doi.org/10.1080/1477508042000320241
   Google Scholar
• Chi, C. G. Q., & Qu, H. (2008). Examining the structural relationships of destination image, tourist satisfaction and destination loyalty: An integrated approach. Tourism Management, 29(4), 624–636. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2007.06.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deng, Q., & Li, M. (2013). A model of event-destination image transfer. Journal of Travel Research, 53(1), 69–82. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287513491331
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dolnicar, S., Coltman, T., & Sharma, R. (2015). Do satisfied tourists really intend to come back? Three concerns with empirical studies of the link between satisfaction and behavioral intention. Journal of Travel Research, 54(2), 152–178. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287513513167
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Du, J., Jordan, J. S., & Funk, D. C. (2015). Managing mass sport participation: Adding a personal performance perspective to remodel antecedents and consequences of participant sport event satisfaction. Journal of Sport Management, 29(6), 688–704. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.2014-0225
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Du, J., Kennedy, H., James, J., & Funk, D. C. (2020). Leveraging event participation benefits beyond the running course: Deciphering the motivational basis of event satisfaction. Journal of Sport Management, 34(5), 435–446. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.2019-0080
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fishbein, M., & Ajzen, I. (2010). Predicting and changing behavior: The reasoned action approach. Psychology Press.
   Google Scholar
• Funk, D. C., & James, J. D. (2006). Consumer loyalty: The meaning of attachment in the development of sport team allegiance. Journal of Sport Management, 20(2), 189–217. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.20.2.189
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Funk, D. C., Toohey, K., & Bruun, T. (2007). International sport event participation: Prior sport involvement; destination image; and travel motives. European Sport Management Quarterly, 7(3), 227–248. https://doi.org/10.1080/16184740701511011
   Google Scholar
• Getz, D., & McConnell, A. (2011). Serious sport tourism and event travel careers. Journal of Sport Management, 25(4), 326–338. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.25.4.326
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Girish, V. G., & Lee, C. K. (2019). The relationship of brand experience, sports event image and loyalty: Case of Jeju International Ultramarathon Race. International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship, 20(4), 567–582. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSMS-08-2017-0095
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gladden, J. M., & Funk, D. C. (2002). Developing an understanding of brand associations in team sport: Empirical evidence from consumers of professional sport. Journal of Sport Management, 16(1), 54–81. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.16.1.54
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gwinner, K. (1997). A model of image creation and image transfer in event sponsorship. International Marketing Review, 14(3), 145–158. https://doi.org/10.1108/02651339710170221
   Google Scholar
• Gwinner, K., & Bennett, G. (2008). The impact of brand cohesiveness and sport identification on brand fit in a sponsorship context. Journal of Sport Management, 22(4), 410–426. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.22.4.410
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gwinner, K., & Eaton, J. (1999). Building brand image through event sponsorship: The role of image transfer. Journal of Advertising, 28(4), 47–57. https://doi.org/10.1080/00913367.1999.10673595
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hair, Jr., J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2014). Multivariate data analysis (7th ed.). Pearson Education.
   Google Scholar
• Hallmann, K., & Breuer, C. (2010a). Image fit between sport events and their hosting destinations from an active sport tourist perspective and its impact on future behavior. Journal of Sport & Tourism, 15(3), 215–237. https://doi.org/10.1080/14775085.2010.513147
   Google Scholar
• Hallmann, K., & Breuer, C. (2010b). The impact of image congruence between sport event and destination on behavioral intentions. Tourism Review, 65(1), 66–74. https://doi.org/10.1108/16605371011040915
   Google Scholar
• Hallmann, K., Kaplanidou, K., & Breuer, C. (2010). Event image perceptions among active and passive sports tourists at marathon races. International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship, 12(1), 32–47. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijsms-12-01-2010-b005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hyun, M., & Jordan, J. S. (2020). Athletic goal achievement: A critical antecedent of event satisfaction, re-participation intention, and future exercise intention in participant sport event. Sport Management Review, 23(2), 256–270. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smr.2019.01.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Icelandic Tourist Board. (2020). Research and statistics. https://www.ferdamalastofa.is/en/recearch-and-statistics
   Google Scholar
• Jaiswal, A. K., & Niraj, R. (2011). Examining mediating role of attitudinal loyalty and nonlinear effects in satisfaction-behavioral intentions relationship. Journal of Services Marketing, 25(3), 165–175. https://doi.org/10.1108/08876041111129155
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeong, Y., & Kim, S. (2020). A study of event quality, destination image, perceived value, tourist satisfaction, and destination loyalty among sport tourists. Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics, 32(4), 940–960. https://doi.org/10.1108/APJML-02-2019-0101
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jordan, J. S., Walker, M., Kent, A., & Inoue, Y. (2011). The frequency of nonresponse analyses in the journal of sport management. Journal of Sport Management, 25(3), 229–239. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.25.3.229
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaplanidou, K. (2010). Active sport tourists: Sport event image considerations. Tourism Analysis, 15(3), 381–386. https://doi.org/10.3727/108354210x12801550666303
   Google Scholar
• Kaplanidou, K., & Gibson, H. J. (2010). Predicting behavioral intentions of active event sport tourists: The case of a small-scale recurring sports event. Journal of Sport & Tourism, 15(2), 163–179. https://doi.org/10.1080/14775085.2010.498261
   Google Scholar
• Kaplanidou, K., Jordan, J. S., Funk, D., & Rindinger, L. L. (2012). Recurring sport events and destination image perceptions: Impact on active sport tourist behavioral intentions and place attachment. Journal of Sport Management, 26(3), 237–248. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.26.3.237
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaplanidou, K., & Vogt, C. (2007). The interrelationship between sport event and destination image and sport tourists’ behaviours. Journal of Sport & Tourism, 12(3-4), 183–206. https://doi.org/10.1080/14775080701736932
   Google Scholar
• Kaplanidou, K., & Vogt, C. (2010). The meaning and measurement of a sport event experience among active sport tourists. Journal of Sport Management, 24(5), 544–566. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.24.5.544
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keller, K. L. (1993). Conceptualizing, measuring, and managing customer-based brand equity. Journal of Marketing, 57(1), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.2307/1252054
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keller, K. L. (2013). Strategic brand management: Building, measuring, and managing brand equity fourth edition. Pearson Education.
   Google Scholar
• Kim, N. S., & Chalip, L. (2004). Why travel to the FIFA World Cup? Effects of motives, background, interest, and constraints. Tourism Management, 25(6), 695–707. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2003.08.011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koo, S. K., Byon, K. K., & Baker, T. A. (2014). Integrating event image, satisfaction, and behavioral intention: Small-scale marathon event. Sport Marketing Quartely, 23, 127–137.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kotler, P. (1973–1974). Atmospherics as a marketing tool. Journal of Retailing, 49(4), 48–64.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kunkel, T., Funk, D. C., & King, C. (2014). Developing a conceptual understanding of consumer-based league brand associations. Journal of Sport Management, 28(1), 49–67. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.2011-0153
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lamont, M., & Kennelly, M. (2012). A qualitative exploration of participant motives among committed amateur triathletes. Leisure Sciences, 34(3), 236–255. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490400.2012.669685
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, J. (2014). Visitors’ emotional responses to the festival environment. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 31(1), 114–131. https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2014.861726
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Master, K. S., Ogles, B. M., & Jolton, J. A. (1993). The development of an instrument to measure motivation for marathon running: The motivations of marathoners scales (MOMS). Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 64(2), 134–143. https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.1993.10608790
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newland, B. L., & Yoo, J. J. E. (2021). Active sport event participants’ behavioural intentions: Leveraging outcomes for future attendance and visitation. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 27(1), 32–44. https://doi.org/10.1177/1356766720948249
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oppermann, M. (2000). Tourism destination loyalty. Journal of Travel Research, 39(1), 78–84. https://doi.org/10.1177/004728750003900110
   Google Scholar
• Ross, S. D., James, J. D., & Vargas, P. (2006). Development of a scale to measure team brand associations in professional sport. Journal of Sport Management, 20(2), 260–279. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.20.2.260
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snelgrove, R., Taks, M., Chalip, L., & Green, C. (2008). How visitors and locals at a sport event differ in motives and identity. Journal of Sport & Tourism, 13(3), 165–180. https://doi.org/10.1080/14775080802310215
   Google Scholar
• Spears, N., & Singh, S. N. (2004). Measuring attitude toward the brand and purchase intentions. Journal of Current Issues & Research in Advertising, 26(2), 53–66. https://doi.org/10.1080/10641734.2004.10505164
   Google Scholar
• Statistics Iceland. (2019). Population Development 2018. https://www.statice.is/publications/publication/inhabitants/population-development-2018
   Google Scholar
• Tanford, S., & Jung, S. (2017). Festival attributes and perceptions: A meta-analysis of relationships with satisfaction and loyalty. Tourism Management, 61, 209–220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2017.02.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Theodorakis, N. D., Kaplanidou, K., & Karabaxoglou, I. (2015). Effect of event service quality and satisfaction on happiness among runner of a recurring sport event. Leisure Sciences, 37(1), 87–107. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490400.2014.938846
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walsh, P., & Williams, A. (2017). To extend or not extend a human brand: An analysis of perceived fit and attitudes toward athlete brand extensions. Journal of Sport Management, 31(1), 44–60. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.2015-0314
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xing, X., & Chalip, L. (2006). Effects of host a sport event on destination brand: A test of co-branding and match-up models. Sport Management Review, 9(1), 49–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1441-3523(06)70019-5
   Google Scholar
• Zeithaml, V. A., Berry, L. L., & Parasuraman, A. (1996). The behavioral consequences of service quality. Journal of Marketing, 60(2), 31–46. https://doi.org/10.2307/1251929
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, H., Fu, X., Cai, L. A., & Lu, L. (2014). Destination image and tourist loyalty: A meta-analysis. Tourism Management, 40, 213–223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2013.06.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, J., Byon, K. K., Williams, A. S., & Huang, H. (2019). Effect of the event and its destination image on sport tourists’ attachment and loyalty to a destination: The cases of the Chinese and U.S. Formula One Grand Prix. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 24(12), 1169–1185. https://doi.org/10.1080/10941665.2019.1667837
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao, X., Lynch, Jr., J. G., & Chen, Q. (2010). Reconsidering Baron and Kenny: Myths and truths about mediation analysis. Journal of Consumer Research, 37(2), 197–206. https://doi.org/10.1086/651257
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar