The missing middle of childhood

References

• United Nations. Department of economic and social affairs, population division. World population prospects 2019, online rev. 1. 2019 [cited 2023 Feb 21]. Available from: https://population.un.org/wpp/publications/files/wpp2019_highlights.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Lazarus PJ, Suldo SM, Doll B, editors. Fostering the emotional well-being of our youth. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 2021.
   Google Scholar
• United Nations. Economic and social affairs. Latest migration trends revealed. 2019 [cited 2023 May 15]. Available from: https://www.un.org/en/desa/latest-migration-trends-revealed
   Google Scholar
• UNICEF. Monitoring the situation of children and women. Child Migration. 2022 [cited 2023 May 14]. Available from: https://data.unicef.org/topic/child-migration-and-displacement/migration/
   Google Scholar
• Twenge JM. iGen: why today’s super-connected kids are growing up less rebellious, more tolerant, less happy and completely unprepared for adulthood. New York, NY: Atria; 2017.
   Google Scholar
• United Nations Children’s Fund and International Telecommunication Union. How many children and young people have internet access at home? Estimating digital connectivity during the COVID-19 pandemic. New York: UNICEF; 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Patton G, Coffey C, Cappa C, Currie D, Riley L, Gore F. Health of the world’s adolescents: a synthesis of internationally comparable data. Lancet. 2012;379:1665–6. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60203-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patton G, Sawyer S, Santelli J, Ross D, Afifi R, Allen N, et al. Our future: a Lancet commission on adolescent health and wellbeing. Lancet. 2016;387:2423–2478. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)00579-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blume L. Middle Childhood. Oxford Bibliographies; 2017 [cited 2023 Feb 21]. Available from: https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/display/document/obo-9780199791231/obo-9780199791231-0142.xml
   Google Scholar
• WHO. Background information. Health in the missing middle (5-9 years) and early adolescence and nutrition through the life cycle. STAGE Working Group 3. 2020 [cited 2022 Dec 14]. Available from: https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/mca-documents/stage/2-nov-2020-meeting/stage-wg3-background-paper-oct28-2020.pdf?sfvrsn=edd4b6ad_2
   Google Scholar
• UNICEF. Monitoring the situation of children and women. 2023 [cited 2023 Feb 23]. Available from: https://data.unicef.org/resources/resource-type/datasets/
   Google Scholar
• World Bank. Health nutrition and population statistics. 2022 [cited 2023 Feb 21]. Available from: https://databank.worldbank.org
   Google Scholar
• United Nations. The 17 goals. Department of economic and social affairs. Sustainable Development. [cited 2023 Feb 25]. Available from: https://sdgs.un.org/goals
   Google Scholar
• Del Giudice M, Halfon N, Forrest C, Lerner R, Faustman E. Middle childhood: an evolutionary-developmental synthesis. In: Handbook of life course health development. Cham, Switzerland: Springer; 2018. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-47143-3_5
   Google Scholar
• FAO, IFAD, UNICEF, WFP and WHO. 2023. The state of food security and nutrition in the world 2023. Urbanization, agrifood systems transformation and healthy diets across the rural–urban continuum. Rome, FAO. doi: 10.4060/cc3017en
   Google Scholar
• Clark H, Coll-Seck A, Banerjee A, Peterson S, Dalglish S, Ameratunga S, et al. A future for the world’s children? A WHO-UNICEF-lancet commission. Lancet. 2020;395:605–658. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(19)32540-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coll-Seck A, Clark H, Bahl R, Peterson S, Costello A, Lucas T. Framing an agenda for children thriving in the SDG era: a WHO-UNICEF-lancet commission on child health and well-being. Lancet. 2019;393:109–112. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32821-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steinbekk S, Ranum B, Wichstrom L. Prevalence and course of anxiety disorders and symptoms from preschool to adolescence: a 6-wave community study. J Child Psychol Psychiatr. 2022 May;63:527–534. doi: 10.1111/jcpp.13487
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark L, Tiggerman M. Appearance culture in nine- to 12-year-old girls: media and peer influences on body dissatisfaction. Soc Dev. 2006;15:628–643. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9507.2006.00361.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. Conduct disorder. 2018 [cited 2023 March 8]. Available from: https://www.aacap.org/aacap/families_and_youth/facts_for_families/fff-guide/Conduct-Disorder-033.aspx
   Google Scholar
• Carvajal L, Harris Requejo J, Irwin C. The measurement of mental health problems among adolescents throughout the world. J Adolesc Health. 2021 Sep;69:361–362. doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2021.06.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UNICEF. The state of the world’s children: on my mind. Promoting, protecting and caring for children’s mental health. 2021 [cited 2023 May 18]. Available from: https://www.unicef.org/reports/state-worlds-children-2021
   Google Scholar
• UNICEF. Monitoring the situation of children and women. COVID-19 and children. 2021 [cited 2023 May 15]. Available from: https://data.unicef.org/covid-19-and-children/
   Google Scholar
• Twenge JM, Haidt J, Lozano J, Cummins KC. Specification curve analysis shows that social media use is linked to poor mental health, especially among girls. Acta Psychol (Amst). 2022 April;224:103512. doi: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2022.103512
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mishna F, Saini M, Solomon S. Ongoing and online: children and youth’s perceptions of cyber bullying. Children And Youth Services Review 31. 2009;1222–1228. doi: 10.1016/j.childyouth.2009.05.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ling J, Chen S, Zahry N, Kao T. Economic burden of childhood overweight and obesity: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Obesity Rev. 2022;24. doi: 10.1111/obr.13535
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klingberg S, Draper C, Micklesfield S, Benjamin-Neelon S, Van Sluijs E. Childhood obesity prevention in Africa: a systematic review of intervention effectiveness and implementation. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;16:1212. [cited 2022 Nov 16]. doi: 10.3390/ijerph16071212
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WHO GHO. Health at a glance: Asia-pacific 2020: measuring progress towards universal health coverage. 2020 [cited 2023 May 13]. Available from: https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/sites/a47d0cd2-en/index.html?itemId=/content/component/a47d0cd2-en
   Google Scholar
• Mazidi M, Banach M, Kengne AP, Lipid and Blood Pressure Meta-analysis Collaboration Group. Prevalence of childhood and adolescent obesity and overweight in Asian countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Med Sci. 2018;14:1185–1203. doi: 10.5114/aoms.2018.79001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ataey A, Jafarvand E, Adham D, Moradi-Asl E. The relationship between obesity, overweight, and the human development index in world health organization eastern Mediterranean region countries. J Prev Med Public Health. 2020;53:98–105. doi: 10.3961/jpmph.19.100
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• World Obesity Federation. Obesity: missing the 2025 targets. Executive summary. 2022 [cited 2023 Jan 3]. Available from: https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/wof-files/WOF_Missing_the_targets_report_summary_web_final.pdf
   Google Scholar
• WHO. Obesity and overweight. Geneva: WHO; 2021 [cited 2023 Jun 17]. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/obesity-and-overweight
   Google Scholar
• Lobstein T, Baur L, Uauy R. Obesity in children and young people: a crisis in public health. Obesity Rev. 2004;5:4–85. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-789x.2004.00133.x
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Alfvén T, Dahlstrand J, Humphreys D, Nejat A-C, Målqvist M, Hollander S, et al. Placing children and adolescents at the centre of the sustainable development goals will deliver for current and future generations. Global Health Action. 2019;12:1670015. doi: 10.1080/16549716.2019.1670015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME). Global burden of disease study. [cited 2022 Sep 22]. Available from: http://ghdx.healthdata.org/gbd-2019
   Google Scholar
• Dinisman T, Ben-Arieh A. The characteristics of children’s subjective well-being. Soc Indic Res. 2015;126:555–569. doi: 10.1007/S11205-015-0921-X
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carvajal-Velez L, Ahs JW, Requejo JH, Kieling C, Lundin A, Kumar M, et al. Measurement of mental health among adolescents at the population level: a multicountry protocol for adaptation and validation of mental health measures. J Adolesc Health. 2023;72:S27–S33. doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2021.11.035
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WHO. World mental health report: transforming mental health for all. 2022 [cited 2023 Mar 8]. Available from: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240049338
   Google Scholar
• UNICEF. Five essential pillars for promoting and protecting mental health and psychosocial well-being in schools and learning environments. A briefing note for national governments. United Nations Transforming Education Summit 2022. 2022 [cited 2023 Mar 8]. Available from: https://www.unicef.org/media/126821/file/Promoting%20and%20protecting%20mental%20health%20in%20schools%20and%20learning%20environments.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Skolnik R. Global health 101. 4th ed. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Jones & Barnett Learning; 2021.
   Google Scholar
• UNICEF. Measuring mental health among adolescents and young people – indicators and MICS module. 2023 [cited 2023 May 21]. Available from: https://data.unicef.org/resources/adolescent-health-indicators/
   Google Scholar