Association between breastfeeding duration and educational attainment in rural Southwest Uganda: a population-based cohort study

References

• Ballard O, Morrow AL. Human milk composition. Nutrients and bioactive factors. Pediatr Clin North Am. 2013;.60:49–12. doi: 10.1016/j.pcl.2012.10.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hampel D, Dror DK, Allen LH. Micronutrients in human milk: analytical methods. Adv Nutr. 2018;9:313S–331S. doi: 10.1093/advances/nmy017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim SY, Yi DY. Components of human breast milk: from macronutrient to microbiome and microRNA. Clin Exp Pediatr. 2020;63:301–309. doi: 10.3345/cep.2020.00059
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ruiz L, Espinosa-Martos I, García-Carral C, Manzano S, McGuire MK, Meehan CL, et al. What’s normal? Immune profiling of human milk from healthy women living in different geographical and socioeconomic settings. Front Immunol. 2017;8:1–17. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00696
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carr LE, Virmani MD, Rosa F, Munblit D, Matazel KS, Elolimy AA, et al. Role of human milk bioactives on infants’ gut and immune health. Front Immunol. 2021;12:1–17. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.604080
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu B, Newburg DS. Human milk glycoproteins protect infants against human pathogens. Breastfeed Med. 2013;8:354–362. doi: 10.1089/bfm.2013.0016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richards M, Hardy R, Wadsworth ME. Long-term effects of breast-feeding in a national birth cohort: educational attainment and midlife cognitive function. Public Health Nutr. 2002;5:631–635. doi: 10.1079/PHN2002338
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rees DI, Sabia JJ. The effect of breast feeding on educational attainment: evidence from sibling data. J Hum Cap. 2009;3:43–72. doi: 10.1086/599861
   Google Scholar
• Frazer KM. Long-term effects of breast-feeding on cognition and educational attainment. Columbia University; 2019. Available from: https://academiccommons.columbia.edu/doi/10.7916/d8-3g74-6243
   Google Scholar
• Heikkilä K, Kelly Y, Renfrew MJ, Sacker A, Quigley MA. Breastfeeding and educational achievement at age 5. Matern Child Nutr. 2014;10:92–101. doi: 10.1111/j.1740-8709.2012.00402.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oddy WH, Li J, Whitehouse AJO, Zubrick SR, Malacova E. Breastfeeding duration and academic achievement at 10 years. Pediatrics. 2011;127:e137–e145. doi: 10.1542/peds.2009-3489
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duijts L, Ramadhani MK, Moll HA. Breastfeeding protects against infectious diseases during infancy in industrialized countries. A systematic review. Matern Child Nutr. 2009;5:199–210. doi: 10.1111/j.1740-8709.2008.00176.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kramer M, Kakuma R. Optimal duration of exclusive breastfeeding. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD003517.pub2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Victora CG, Bahl R, Barros AJD, França GVA, Horton S, Krasevec J, et al. Breastfeeding in the 21st century: epidemiology, mechanisms, and lifelong effect. Lancet. 2016;387:475–490. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(15)01024-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heck KE, Braveman P, Cubbin C, Chávez GF, Kiely JL. Socioeconomic status and breastfeeding initiation among california mothers. Public Health Rep. 2006;121:51–59. doi: 10.1177/003335490612100111
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown LJ, Sear R. Local environmental quality positively predicts breastfeeding in the UK’s millennium cohort study. Evol Med Public Heal. 2017:120–135. doi: 10.1093/emph/eox011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Won KS, Cho H, Kim LY. Socioeconomic status and academic outcomes in developing countries: a meta-analysis. Rev Educ Res. 2019;89:875–916. doi: 10.3102/0034654319877155
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• von Stumm S, Cave SN, Wakeling P. Persistent association between family socioeconomic status and primary school performance in Britain over 95 years. NPJ Sci Learn. 2022;7. doi: 10.1038/s41539-022-00120-3
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Der G, Batty GD, Deary IJ. Effect of breast feeding on intelligence in children: prospective study, sibling pairs analysis, and meta-analysis. Br Med J. 2006;333:945–948. doi: 10.1136/bmj.38978.699583.55
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holme A, MacArthur C, Lancashire R. The effects of breastfeeding on cognitive and neurological development of children at 9 years. Child Care Health Dev. 2010;36:583–590. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2214.2009.01068.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walfisch A, Sermer C, Cressman A, Koren G. Breast milk and cognitive development — the role of confounders: a systematic review. BMJ Open. 2013;3:3. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2013-003259
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jain A, Concato J, Leventhal JM. How good is the evidence linking breastfeeding and intelligence? Pediatrics. 2002;109:1044–1053. doi: 10.1542/peds.109.6.1044
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pereyra- ElíElíAs R, Quigley MA, Carson C. To what extent does confounding explain the association between breastfeeding duration and cognitive development up to age 14? Findings from the UK millennium cohort Study. PLOS ONE. 2022;17:1–19. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0267326
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCrory C, Layte R. The effect of breastfeeding on children’s educational test scores at nine years of age: results of an Irish cohort study. Soc Sci Med. 2011;72:1515–1521. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.03.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horwood LJ, Fergusson DM. Breastfeeding and later cognitive and academic outcomes. Pediatrics. 1998;101:1–9. doi: 10.1542/peds.101.1.e9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiang M. Breastfeeding on child cognitive development: still a long way to go. Pediatrics. 2011 [cited 2021 Jul 8] Available from: https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/breastfeeding-child-cognitive-development-still-long-way-go
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cooper C. Breastfeeding and adult intelligence. Lancet Glob Health. 2015;3:e519. doi: 10.1016/S2214-109X(15)00062-5
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Horta BL, Loret De Mola C, Victora CG. Breastfeeding and intelligence: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta Paediatr Int J Paediatr. 2015;104:14–19. doi: 10.1111/apa.13139
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wako WG, Wayessa Z, Fikrie A. Effects of maternal education on early initiation and exclusive breastfeeding practices in sub-saharan Africa: a secondary analysis of demographic and health surveys from 2015 to 2019. BMJ Open. 2022;12:1–8. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-054302
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohammed S, Oakley LL, Marston M, Glynn JR, Calvert C. Time trends in the prevalence and determinants of age-appropriate breast feeding among children aged 0–23 months in Ghana: a pooled analysis of population-based surveys, 2003–2017. BMJ Open. 2022;12:12. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-059928
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohammed S, Oakley LL, Marston M, Glynn JR, Calvert C. The association of breastfeeding with cognitive development and educational achievement in Sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review. J Glob Heal. 2022;12:1–4. doi: 10.7189/jogh.12.04071
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horta BL, Bas A, Bhargava SK, Fall CHD, Feranil A, de Kadt J, et al. Infant feeding and school attainment in five cohorts from low- and middle-income countries. PLOS ONE. 2013;8:1–9. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071548
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitchell JM, Rochat TJ, Houle B, Stein A, Newell ML, Bland RM. The effect of maternal and child early life factors on grade repetition among HIV exposed and unexposed children in rural KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. J Dev Orig Health Dis. 2016;7:185–196. doi: 10.1017/S2040174415007230
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohammed S, Webb EL, Calvert C, Glynn JR, Sunny BS, Crampin AC, et al. Effects of exclusive breastfeeding on educational attainment and longitudinal trajectories of grade progression among children in a 13 ‑ year follow ‑ up study in Malawi. Sci Rep. 2023;13:1–15. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-38455-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kılıç M, Ozan TU. The effect of breastfeeding duration and parental attitudes on academic success. Int J Child Heal Nutr. 2022;11:142–151. doi: 10.6000/1929-4247.2022.11.03.3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pereyra- ElíElíAs R, Carson C, Quigley MA. Association between breastfeeding duration and educational achievement in England: results from the Millennium cohort study. Arch Dis Child. 2023;108:archdischild-2022–325148. doi: 10.1136/archdischild-2022-325148
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Struyf T, Dube Q, Cromwell EA, Sheahan AD, Heyderman RS, Van Rie A. The effect of HIV infection and exposure on cognitive development in the first two years of life in Malawi. Eur J Paediatr Neurol. 2020;25:157–164. doi: 10.1016/j.ejpn.2019.11.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asiki G, Murphy G, Nakiyingi-Miiro J, Seeley J, Nsubuga RN, Karabarinde A, et al. Data resource profile: the general population cohort in rural southwestern Uganda: a platform for communicable and non-communicable disease studies. Int J Epidemiol. 2013;42:129–141. doi: 10.1093/ije/dys234
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asiki G. The survival and nutritional status of children in relation to aspects of maternal health: follow-up studies in rural Uganda. Stockholm (Sweden): Karolinska Institute; 2016.
   Google Scholar
• Uganda Bureau of Statistics. The national population and housing census 2014 – area specific profile series. Kampala (Uganda); 2017.
   Google Scholar
• MRC/Uganda. MRC/UVRI unit to transfer to LSHTM. Q Newsl MRC/UVRI Uganda Res Unit AIDS. 2017;6:7–10.
   Google Scholar
• London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine. General population cohort; 2024 [cited 2024 Jan 11]. Available from: https://www.lshtm.ac.uk/research/centres-projects-groups/general-population-cohort
   Google Scholar
• Musika WR. Universal primary education and the Uganda’s economy; 2019. Available from: https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED616904.pdf
   Google Scholar
• UNESCO. Percentage of children over-age for grade (primary education, lower secondary education); 2022, 7–9 [cited 2022 Sep 7]. Available from: http://uis.unesco.org/en/glossary-term/percentage-children-over-age-grade-primary-education-lower-secondary-education
   Google Scholar
• Okurut JM. Examining the effect of automatic promotion on students’ learning achievements in Uganda’s primary education. World J Educ. 2015;5:85–100. doi: 10.5430/wje.v5n5p85
   Google Scholar
• FASAF UAPS UNESCO UNICEF USAID and ORC Macro. Guide to the analysis and use of household survey and census education data. Montreal (Quebec); 2004.
   Google Scholar
• Sunny BS, Elze M, Chihana M, Gondwe L, Crampin AC, Munkhondya M, et al. Failing to progress or progressing to fail? Age-for-grade heterogeneity and grade repetition in primary schools in Karonga district, northern Malawi. Int J Educ Dev. 2017;52:68–80. doi: 10.1016/j.ijedudev.2016.10.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Little RJA. A test of missing completely at random for multivariate data with missing values. J Am Stat Assoc. 1988;83:1198–1202. doi: 10.1080/01621459.1988.10478722
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nguyen CD, Carlin JB, Lee KJ. Model checking in multiple imputation: an overview and case study. Emerging Themes Epidemiol. 2017;14:1–12. doi: 10.1186/s12982-017-0062-6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Madley-Dowd P, Hughes R, Tilling K, Heron J. The proportion of missing data should not be used to guide decisions on multiple imputation. J Clin Epidemiol. 2019;110:63–73. doi: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2019.02.016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• White IR, Royston P, Wood AM. Multiple imputation using chained equations: issues and guidance for practice. Stat Med. 2011;30:377–399. doi: 10.1002/sim.4067
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Authority UNP. Pre-primary and primary education in Uganda: access, cost, quality and relevance. Uganda; 2015.
   Google Scholar
• Ridker RG. Determinants of educational achievement and attainment in Africa: findings from nine case studies. Washington (D.C.); 1997. Available from: https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNACA323.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Wigg NR, Tong S, McMichael AJ, Baghurst PA, Vimpani G, Roberts R. Does breastfeeding at six months predict cognitive development? Aust N Z J Public Health. 1998;22:232–236. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-842X.1998.tb01179.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Denny K, Doyle O. The causal effect of breastfeeding on children’s cognitive development: a quasi-experimental design. Univ Coll Dublin WP10/05. 2010;Wp 10 05:1–23. Available from: http://www.ucd.ie/t4cms/WP10_05.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Kramer MS, Aboud F, Mironova E, Vanilovich I, Platt RW, Matush L, et al. Breastfeeding and child cognitive development: new evidence from a large randomized trial. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2008;65:578. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.65.5.578
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tumwine JK, Nankabirwa V, Diallo HA, Engebretsen IMS, Ndeezi G, Bangirana P, et al. Exclusive breastfeeding promotion and neuropsychological outcomes in 5-8 year old children from Uganda and Burkina Faso: results from the PROMISE EBF cluster randomized trial. PLOS ONE. 2018;13:1–17. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tylleskär T, Jackson D, Meda N, Engebretsen IMS, Chopra M, Diallo AH, et al. Exclusive breastfeeding promotion by peer counsellors in Sub-Saharan Africa (PROMISE-EBF): a cluster-randomised trial. Lancet. 2011;378:420–427. 378 9789 CC-Neonatal CC-Effective Practice and Organisation of Care. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60738-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peters KE, Huang J, Vaughn MG, Witko C. Does breastfeeding contribute to the racial gap in reading and math test scores? Ann Epidemiol. 2013;23:646–651. doi: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2013.06.091
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horta BL, Victora CG. Short-term effects of breastfeeding: a systematic review on the benefits of breastfeeding on diarrhoea and pneumonia mortality. Geneva 27 (Switzerland); 2013. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/95585/9789241506120_eng.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
   Google Scholar
• Horta BL, Loret De Mola C, Victora CG. Long-term consequences of breastfeeding on cholesterol, obesity, systolic blood pressure and type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta Paediatr Int J Paediatr. 2015;104:30–37. doi: 10.1111/apa.13133
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar