References and suggested readings
- Aufderheide, P., & Firestone, C. M. (1993). Media literacy: A report of the national leadership conference on media literacy. The Aspen Institute.
- Benkler, Y., Faris, R., & Roberts, H. (2018). Network propaganda: Manipulation, disinformation, and radicalization in American politics. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190923624.001.0001
- Bonnet, J. L., & Rosenbaum, J. E. (2020). "Fake news,” misinformation, and political bias: Teaching news literacy in the 21st century. Communication Teacher, 34(2), 103–108. https://doi.org/10.1080/17404622.2019.1625938
- Bromwich, J. E., Rashbaum, W. K., Protess, B., Haberman, M., Christobek, K., Piccoli, S., Schweber, N., Silverstein, J., Marcius, C. R., Meko, H., & Fadulu, L. (2023, April 5). Trump charged with 34 felonies. New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2023/04/04/nyregion/trump-arraignment-felony-charges.html
- Brown, P., & Levinson, S. (1978). Universals in language usage: Politeness phenomena. In E. Goody (Ed.), Questions and politeness: Strategies in social interaction (pp. 56–310). Cambridge University Press.
- Buckingham, D. (2003). Media education: Literacy, learning and contemporary culture. Polity Press.
- Caplan, R., Hanson, L., & Donovan, J. (2018). Dead reckoning: Navigating content moderation after “fake news”. Data & Society Research Institute. https://datasociety.net/pubs/oh/DataAndSociety_Dead_Reckoning_2018.pdf
- Caulfield, M. (2019). SIFT (the four moves). Hapgood. https://hapgood.us/2019/06/19/sift-the four-moves/
- Chen, X., Sei-Ching, J. S., Theng, Y. L., & Lee, C. S. (2015). Why students share misinformation on social media: Motivation, gender, and study-level differences. The Journal of Academic Librarianship, 41(5), 583–592. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acalib.2015.07.003
- Cook, J., Lewandowsky, S., & Ecker, U. K. H. (2017). Neutralizing misinformation through inoculation: Exposing misleading argumentation techniques reduces their influence. PLOS ONE, 12(5), https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0175799
- Dan, V., Paris, B., Donovan, J., Hameleers, M., Roozenbeek, J., van der Linden, S., & von Sikorski, C. (2021). Visual mis- and disinformation, social media, and democracy. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 98(3), 641–664. https://doi.org/10.1177/10776990211035395
- Freelon, D., & Wells, C. (2020). Disinformation as political communication. Political Communication, 37(2), 145–156. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2020.1723755
- Hameleers, M., Powell, T. E., Van Der Meer, T. G. L. A., & Bos, L. (2020). A picture paints a thousand lies? The effects and mechanisms of multimodal disinformation and rebuttals disseminated via social media. Political Communication, 37(2), 281–301. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2019.1674979
- Head, A. J., Wihbey, J., Metaxas, P. T., MacMillan, M., & Cohen, D. (2018). How students engage with news: Five takeaways for educators, journalists, and librarians. Project Information Literacy. https://projectinfolit.org/pubs/news–study/pil_news-study_2018-10-16.pdf
- Hobbs, R. (2005). The state of media literacy education. Journal of Communication, 55(4), 865–871. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2005.tb03027.x.
- Hobbs, R. (2010). Digital and media literacy: A plan of action. The Aspen Institute.
- Jacobs, S., Dawsey, J., Barrett, D., & Alemany, J. (2023, March 30). Trump indicted by N.Y. grand jury, first ex-president charged with crime. The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2023/03/30/trump-ny-indictment/
- Jenkins, H., Clinton, K., Purushotma, R., Robison, A. J., & Weigel, M. (2007). Confronting the challenges of participatory culture: Media education for the 21st century. The John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation https://www.macfound.org/media/article_pdfs/jenkins_white_paper.pdf
- Johnson, J. (2021, March 16). What are deepfake images and how can you spot them? WKBW. https://www.wkbw.com/news/local-news/what-are-deepfake-images-and-how-can-you-spot-them
- Jones, K. (2023, March 30). No, these photos don’t show Donald Trump being arrested. Verify. https://www.verifythis.com/article/news/verify/donald-trump/no-these-photos-dont-show-donald-trump-being-arrested-fact-check/536-e573d7f2-5ddc-44e8-8b74-c78c2ff38223
- Lewandowsky, S., Cook, J., Ecker, U. K. H., Albarracín, D., Amazeen, M. A., Kendeou, P., Lombardi, D., Newman, E. J., Pennycook, G., Porter, E., Rand, D. G., Rapp, D. N., Reifler, J., Roozenbeek, J., Schmid, P., Seifert, C. M., Sinatra, G. M., Swire-Thompson, B., van der Linden, S., … Zaragoza, M. S. (2020). The debunking handbook. https://doi.org/10.17910/b7.1182
- Livingstone, S. (2004). Media literacy and the challenges of new information and communication technologies. Communication Review, 7(1), 3–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/10714420490280152
- Marcus, J. (2023, March 31). Social media explodes with memes on news of Trump indictment. Independent. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/trump-indicted-meme-twitter-b2311557.html
- Martens, H., & Hobbs, R. (2015). How media literacy supports civic engagement in a digital age. Atlantic Journal of Communication, 23(2), 120–137. https://doi.org/10.1080/15456870.2014.961636
- Mihailidis, P. (2009). Connecting cultures: New dynamics in global media literacy. Afterimage: The Journal of Media Arts and Cultural Criticism, 37(2), 37–43. https://doi.org/10.1525/aft.2009.37.2.37.
- Mihailidis, P. (2011). New civic voices & the emerging media literacy landscape. Journal of Media Literacy Education, 3(1), 4–5. https://doi.org/10.23860/jmle-3-1-3.
- Mihailidis, P. (2014). Media literacy and the emerging citizen: Youth, engagement and participation in digital culture. Peter Lang.
- Novak, M. (2023, March 30). These viral mugshots of President Trump are fake (for now). Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/mattnovak/2023/03/30/these-viral-mugshots-of-president-trump-are-fake-for-now/?sh=5cde18381068
- Parks, M., & Bond, S. (2023, March 26). AI deepfakes could advance misinformation in the run up to the 2024 election. NPR. https://www.npr.org/2023/03/26/1166114364/ai-deepfakes-could-advance-misinformation-in-the-run-up-to-the-2024-election
- Peng, Y., Lu, Y., & Shen, C. (2023). An agenda for studying credibility perceptions of visual misinformation. Political Communication, 40(2), 225–237. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2023.2175398
- Sample, I. (2020, January 13). What are deepfakes - and how can you spot them? The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2020/jan/13/what-are-deepfakes-and-how-can-you-spot-them
- Social Media and News Fact Sheet. (2022, September 20). Pew Research Center. https://www.pewresearch.org/journalism/fact-sheet/social-media-and-news-fact-sheet/
- Swenson, A. (2023, April 4). FACT FOCUS: Fake Trump mug shots spread in lieu of real one. AP News. https://apnews.com/article/trump-indictment-mug-shot-fact-check-2a57de9b109fa95f833c62e5509b9e45
- Ting-Toomey, S. (1988). Intercultural conflict styles: A face-negotiation theory. In Y. Y. Kim, & W. Gudykunst (Eds.), Theories in intercultural communication (pp. 213–235). Sage.
- Tucker, J. A., Guess, A., Barberá, P., Vaccari, C., Siegel, A., Sanovich, S., Stukal, D., & Nyhan, B. (2018). Social Media, political polarization, and political disinformation: A review of the scientific literature. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3144139
- Vaccari, C., & Chadwick, A. (2020). Deepfakes and disinformation: Exploring the impact of synthetic political video on deception, uncertainty, and trust in news. Social Media + Society, 6(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305120903408
- Vraga, E. K., & Bode, L. (2020). Defining misinformation and understanding its bounded nature: Using expertise and evidence for describing misinformation. Political Communication, 37(1), 136–144. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2020.1716500
- Waddell, T. F., & Moss, C. (2023). Fake news in the family: How family communication patterns and conflict history affect the intent to correct misinformation among family members. Communication Studies, 74(3), 183–199. https://doi.org/10.1080/10510974.2023.2196432
- Wineburg, S., & McGrew, S. (2017). Lateral Reading: Reading less and learning more when evaluating digital information (working paper No. 27-A1). Stanford History Education Group. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3048994
- Yang, Y., Davis, T., & Hindman, M. (2023). Visual misinformation on Facebook. Journal of Communication, 73(4), 316–328. https://doi.org/10.1093/joc/jqac051