Direct and Indirect Contributions of Child Temperament, Parenting Stress, and Bedtime Routines to Children’s Sleep Behaviors During the Covid-19 Pandemic

References

• Adams, E. L., Smith, D., Caccavale, L. J., & Bean, M. K. (2021). Parents are stressed! Patterns of parent stress across COVID-19. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 12, 626456. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.626456
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allen, S. L., Howlett, M. D., Coulombe, J. A., & Corkum, P. V. (2016). ABCs of sleeping: A review of the evidence behind pediatric sleep practice recommendations. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 29, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2015.08.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Altena, E., Baglioni, C., Espie, C. A., Ellis, J., Gavriloff, D., Holzinger, B., Schlarb, A., Frase, L., Jernelöv, S., & Riemann, D. (2020). Dealing with sleep problems during home confinement due to the COVID-19 outbreak: Practical recommendations from a task force of the European CBT-I academy. Journal of Sleep Research, 29(4), e13052. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsr.13052
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anatolian News Agency. (2022). Türkiye’nin Kovid-19 salgınıyla mücadelesinin 2 yılı. Retrieved October 11, 2023, from https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/koronavirus/turkiyenin-kovid-19-salginiyla-mucadelesinin-2-yili/2529977
   Google Scholar
• Aydogan, D., & Özbay, Y. (2017). The parenting stress scale: The validity and the reliability study. International Journal of Early Childhood Education Studies, 2(2), 24–38.
   Google Scholar
• Baptista, A. S., Prado, I. M., Perazzo, M. F., Pinho, T., Paiva, S. M., Pordeus, I. A., & Serra‐Negra, J. M. (2021). Can children’s oral hygiene and sleep routines be compromised during the COVID‐19 pandemic? International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry, 31(1), 12–19. https://doi.org/10.1111/ipd.12732
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barata, Ö., & Acar, I. H. (2023). Turkish children’s bedtime routines during the COVID-19 pandemic: Preliminary evaluation of the bedtime routines questionnaire. Children’s Health Care, 52(3), 449–468. https://doi.org/10.1080/02739615.2022.2134133
   Google Scholar
• Bates, L., Zieff, G., Stanford, K., Moore, J., Kerr, Z., Hanson, E., Barone Gibbs, B., Kline, C., & Stoner, L. (2020). COVID-19 impact on behaviors across the 24-hour day in children and adolescents: Physical activity, sedentary behavior, and sleep. Children, 7(9), 138. https://doi.org/10.3390/children7090138
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bathory, E., & Tomopoulos, S. (2017). Sleep regulation, physiology and development, sleep duration and patterns, and sleep hygiene in infants, toddlers, and preschool-age children. Current Problems in Pediatric and Adolescent Health Care, 47(2), 29–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cppeds.2016.12.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Box, G. E. P., & Cox, D. R. (1964). An analysis of transformations. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, 26(2), 211–243. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2517-6161.1964.tb00553.x
   Google Scholar
• Brown, T. A. (2006). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research. Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Brown, S. M., Doom, J. R., Lechuga-Peña, S., Watamura, S. E., & Koppels, T. (2020). Stress and parenting during the global COVID-19 pandemic. Child Abuse & Neglect, 110(Pt 2), 104699. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104699
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burgdorf, V., Szabo, M., & Abbott, M. J. (2019). The effect of mindfulness interventions for parents on parenting stress and youth psychological outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 1336. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01336
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burke, R. V., Kuhn, B. R., & Peterson, J. L. (2004). Brief report: A “storybook” ending to Children’s bedtime problems--the use of a rewarding social story to reduce bedtime resistance and frequent night waking. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 29(5), 389–396. https://doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy/jsh042
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Byrne, B. M. (2010). Structural equation modeling with AMOS: Basic concepts, applications, and programming. Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Chary, M., McQuillan, M. E., Bates, J. E., & Deater-Deckard, K. (2018). Maternal executive function and sleep interact in the prediction of negative parenting. Behavioral Sleep Medicine, 18(2), 203–216. https://doi.org/10.1080/15402002.2018.1549042
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deater-Deckard, K. (1998). Parenting stress and child adjustment: Some old hypotheses and new questions. Clinical Psychology Science & Practice, 5, 314–332. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2850.1998.tb00152.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dellagiulia, A., Lionetti, F., Fasolo, M., Verderame, C., Sperati, A., & Alessandri, G. (2020). Early impact of COVID-19 lockdown on children’s sleep: A 4-week longitudinal study. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine, 16(9), 1639–1640. https://doi.org/10.5664/jcsm.8648
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Stasio, S., Boldrini, F., Ragni, B., & Gentile, S. (2020). Predictive factors of toddlers’ sleep and parental stress. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(7), 2494. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17072494
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dewald, J. F., Meijer, A. M., Oort, F. J., Kerkhof, G. A., & Bögels, S. M. (2010). The influence of sleep quality, sleep duration and sleepiness on school performance in children and adolescents: A meta-analytic review. Sleep medicine reviews, 14(3), 179–189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2009.10.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Durlak, J. A. (2009). How to select, calculate, and interpret effect sizes. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 34(9), 917–928. https://doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy/jsp004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feinberg, M. E., Mogle, J. A., Lee, J. K., Tornello, S. L., Hostetler, M. L., Cifelli, J. A., Bai, S., & Hotez, E. (2022). Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on parent, child, and family functioning. Family Process, 61(1), 361–374. https://doi.org/10.1111/famp.12649
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fiş, N. P., Arman, A., Ay, P., Topuzoğlu, A., Güler, A. S., & Imren, S. G. (2010). The validity and the reliability of Turkish Version of Children’s sleep habits questionnaire. Anatolian Journal of Psychiatry, 11(2), 151–160.
   Google Scholar
• Goodlin-Jones, B. L., Burnham, M. M., Gaylor, E., & Anders, T. F. (2004). The relationship between parenting stress and children’s sleep problems: A meta-analytic review. Sleep, 27(3), 426–435. https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/27.3.426
   Google Scholar
• Goodnight, J. A., Bates, J. E., Staples, A. D., Pettit, G. S., & Dodge, K. A. (2007). Temperamental resistance to control increases the association between sleep problems and externalizing behavior development. Journal of Family Psychology, 21(1), 39–48. https://doi.org/10.1037/0893-3200.21.1.39
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hair, J., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2010). Multivariate data analysis (7th ed.). Pearson Educational International.
   Google Scholar
• Henderson, J. A., & Jordan, S. S. (2010). Development and preliminary evaluation of the bedtime routines questionnaire. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 32(2), 271–280. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862-009-9143-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoyniak, C. P., Bates, J. E., McQuillan, M. E., Staples, A. D., Petersen, I. T., Rudasill, K. M., & Molfese, V. J. (2020). Sleep across early childhood: Implications for internalizing and externalizing problems, socioemotional skills, and cognitive and academic abilities in preschool. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 61(10), 1080–1091. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.13225
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoyniak, C. P., Petersen, I. T., McQuillan, M. E., Staples, A. D., & Bates, J. E. (2015). Less efficient neural processing related to irregular sleep and less sustained attention in toddlers. Developmental Neuropsychology, 40(3), 155–166. https://doi.org/10.1080/87565641.2015.1016162
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ishii, R., Obara, H., Nagamitsu, S., Matsuoka, M., Suda, M., Yuge, K., Inoue, T., Sakuta, R., Oka, Y., Kakuma, T., Matsuishi, T., & Yamashita, Y. (2022). The Japanese version of the children’s sleep habits questionnaire (CSHQ-J): A validation study and influencing factors. Brain and Development, 44(9), 595–604. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.braindev.2022.06.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kataria, S., Swanson, M. S., & Trevathan, G. E. (1987). Persistence of sleep disturbances in preschool children. The Journal of Pediatrics, 110(4), 642–646. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-3476(87)80571-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kitsaras, G., Goodwin, M., Allan, J., & Pretty, I. A. (2021). Defining and measuring bedtime routines in families with young children-A DELPHI process for reaching wider consensus. Public Library of Science ONE, 16(2), e0247490. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0247490
   Google Scholar
• Kline, R. B. (2011). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. The Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lollies, F., Schnatschmidt, M., Schlarb, A. A., & Genuneit, J. (2022). Child sleep problems affect mothers and fathers differently: How infant and young child sleep affects paternal and maternal sleep quality, emotion regulation, and sleep-related cognitions. Nature and Science of Sleep, 14, 137–152. https://doi.org/10.2147/NSS.S329503
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McQuillan, M. E., Bates, J. E., Staples, A. D., & Deater-Deckard, K. (2019). Maternal stress, sleep, and parenting. Journal of Family Psychology, 33(3), 349–359. https://doi.org/10.1037/fam0000516
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meltzer, L. J., & Mindell, J. A. (2007). Relationship between child sleep disturbances and maternal sleep, mood, and parenting stress: A pilot study. Journal of Family Psychology, 21(1), 67–73. https://doi.org/10.1037/0893-3200.21.1.67
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milan, M. A., Mitchell, Z. P., Berger, M. I., & Pierson, D. F. (1981). Positive routines: A rapid alternative to extinction for elimination of bedtime tantrum behavior. Child Behavior Therapy, 3(1), 13–25. https://doi.org/10.1300/J473V03N01_02
   Google Scholar
• Mindell, J. A., Kuhn, B., Lewin, D. S., Meltzer, L. J., & Sadeh, A. (2006). American Academy of Sleep Medicine. Behavioral treatment of bedtime problems and night wakings in infants and young children. Sleep, 29(10), 1263–1276.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mindell, J. A., Li, A. M., Sadeh, A., Kwon, R., & Goh, D. Y. (2015). Bedtime routines for young children: A dose-dependent association with sleep outcomes. Sleep, 38(5), 717–722. https://doi.org/10.5665/sleep.4662
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mindell, J. A., Owens, J., & Sadeh, A. (2010). Parenting stress and child sleep problems: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 14(6), 417–431. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2010.07.004
   Google Scholar
• Mindell, J. A., Telofski, L. S., Wiegand, B., & Kurtz, E. S. (2009). A nightly bedtime routine: Impact on sleep in young children and maternal mood. Sleep, 32(5), 599–606. https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/32.5.599
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mindell, J. A., & Williamson, A. A. (2018). Benefits of a bedtime routine in young children: Sleep, development, and beyond. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 40, 93–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2017.10.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moccia, L., Janiri, D., Pepe, M., Dattoli, L., Molinaro, M., De Martin, V., Chieffo, D., Janiri, L., Fiorillo, A., Sani, G., & DiNicola, M. (2020). Affective temperament, attachment style, and the psychological impact of the COVID-19 outbreak: An early report on the Italian general population. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 87, 75–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.048
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Molfese, V. J., Rudasill, K. M., Prokasky, A., Champagne, C., Holmes, M., Molfese, D. L., & Bates, J. E. (2015). Relations between toddler sleep characteristics, sleep problems, and temperament. Developmental Neuropsychology, 40(3), 138–154. https://doi.org/10.1080/87565641.2015.1028627
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Sleep Foundation. (2020). Sleep in America. Retrieved in May from https://www.thensf.org/sleep-in-america-polls
   Google Scholar
• Owens, J. A., Spirito, A., & McGuinn, M. (2000). The children’s sleep habits questionnaire (CSHQ): Psychometric properties of a survey instrument for school-aged children. Sleep, 23(8), 1043–1051. https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/23.8.1d
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prior, M., Sanson, A., & Oberklaid, F. (1989). The Australian temperament project. In G. A. Kohnstamm, J. E. Bates, & M. K. Rothbart (Eds.), Temperament in childhood (pp. 537–556). Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Prokasky, A., Fritz, M., Molfese, V. J., & Bates, J. E. (2019). Night-to-night variability in the bedtime routine predicts sleep in toddlers. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 49, 18–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecresq.2019.05.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raizen, D. M., Mason, T. B., & Pack, A. I. (2006). Genetic basis for sleep regulation and sleep disorders. Seminars in Neurology, 26(5), 467–483. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2006-951619
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reid, G. J., Hong, R. Y., & Wade, T. J. (2009). The relation between common sleep problems and emotional and behavioral problems among 2- and 3-year-olds in the context of known risk factors for psychopathology. Journal of Sleep Research, 18(1), 49–59. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2869.2008.00692.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ren, L., & Hu, B. Y. (2019). The relative importance of sleep duration and bedtime routines for the social-emotional functioning of Chinese children. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 40(8), 597–605. https://doi.org/10.1097/DBP.0000000000000693
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richter, S. A., Ferraz-Rodrigues, C., Schilling, L. B., Camargo, N. F., & Nunes, M. L. (2022). Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on sleep quality in children and adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Sleep Research, 32(1), e13720. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsr.13720
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rothbart, M. K., & Bates, J. E. (2007). Temperament. Handbook of Child Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470147658.chpsy030
   Google Scholar
• Sadeh, A., Gruber, R., & Raviv, A. (2003). The effects of sleep restriction and extension on school-age children: What a difference an hour makes. Child Development, 74(2), 444–455. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.7402008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarialioğlu, A., Ayran, G., & Köse, S. (2023). Determining the relationship between sleep disturbances in children and parental stress during COVID-19 pandemic. Psychology, Health and Medicine, 28(4), 1100–1114. https://doi.org/10.1080/13548506.2022.2163670
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scaini, S., Caputi, M., Giani, L., & Forresi, B. (2021). Temperament profiles to differentiate between stress-resilient and stress-affected children during covid-19 pandemic. Psychology Hub, 38(3), 7–16 . https://doi.org/10.13133/2724-2943/17582
   Google Scholar
• Scher, A., Epstein, R., Sadeh, A., Tirosh, E., & Lavie, P. (1992). Toddlers’ sleep and temperament: Reporting bias or a valid link? Child Psychology & Psychiatry & Allied Disciplines, 33(7), 1249–1254. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.1992.tb00943.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seymour, F. W., Bayfield, G., Brock, P., & During, M. (1983). Management of night-waking in young children. Australian Journal of Family Therapy, 4(4), 217–223. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1467-8438.1983.tb00066.x
   Google Scholar
• Sinai, D., & Tikotzky, L. (2012). Infant sleep, parental sleep and parenting stress in families of mothers on maternity leave and in families of working mothers. Infant Behavior & Development, 35(2), 179–186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infbeh.2012.01.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Staples, A. D., Bates, J. E., & Petersen, I. T. (2015). IX. BEDTIME ROUTINES in EARLY CHILDHOOD: PREVALENCE, CONSISTENCY, and ASSOCIATIONS with NIGHTTIME SLEEP. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 80(1), 141–159. https://doi.org/10.1111/mono.12149
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Troxel, W. M., Trentacosta, C. J., Forbes, E. E., & Campbell, S. B. (2013). Negative emotionality moderates associations among attachment, toddler sleep, and later problem behaviors. Journal of Family Psychology, 27(1), 127–136. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0031149
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ustuner Top, F., & Cam, H. H. (2022). Sleep disturbances in school-aged children 6-12 years during the COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey. Journal of Pediatric Nursing, 63, 125–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pedn.2021.11.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verdolini, N., Amoretti, S., Montejo, L., García-Rizo, C., Hogg, B., Mezquida, G., Rabelo-da-Ponte, F. D., Vallespir, C., Radua, J., Martinez-Aran, A., Pacchiarotti, I., Rosa, A. R., Bernardo, M., Vieta, E., Torrent, C., & Solé, B. (2021). Resilience and mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Affective Disorders, 283, 156–164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2021.01.055
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson, K. E., Lumeng, J. C., Kaciroti, N., Chen, S. Y., LeBourgeois, M. K., Chervin, R. D., & Miller, A. L. (2014). Sleep hygiene practices and bedtime resistance in low-income preschoolers: Does temperament matter? Behavioral Sleep Medicine, 13(5), 412–423. https://doi.org/10.1080/15402002.2014.940104
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yagmurlu, B., & Altan, O. (2010). Maternal socialization and child temperament as predictors of emotion regulation in Turkish preschoolers. Infant and Child Development, 19(3), 275–296. https://doi.org/10.1002/icd.646
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yagmurlu, B., & Sanson, A. (2009). Parenting and temperament as predictors of pro-social behavior in Australian and Turkish Australian children. Australian Journal of Psychology, 61(2), 77–88. https://doi.org/10.1080/00049530802001338
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zreik, G., Asraf, K., Haimov, I., & Tikotzky, L. (2020). Maternal perceptions of sleep problems among children and mothers during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic in Israel. Journal of Sleep Research, 30(1). https://doi.org/10.1111/jsr.13201
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar