Improving mechanical properties of carbon and tool steels via chromizing

References

• Roberts G, Krauss G, Kennedy R. Tool Steels: 5th Edition. Materials Park, Ohio: ASM International; 1998.
   Google Scholar
• Warcholinski B, Gilewicz A, Ratajski J. Cr2N/CrN multilayer coatings for wood machining tools. Tribol Int. 2011;44:1076–1082. doi:10.1016/j.triboint.2011.05.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sorokin GM, Malyshev VN. Criterion of wear resistance for ranking steels and alloys on mechanical properties. Int J mater mech eng. 2012;1:114–120.
   Google Scholar
• Lee K, Lanning D, Lin L, et al. Wear Mechanism analysis of a new Rotary Shear Biomass Comminution System. ACS Sustain Chem Eng. 2021;9:11652–11660. doi:10.1021/acssuschemeng.1c02542
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin L, Lanning D, Keiser JR, et al. Investigation of Cutter–Woodchip Contact Pressure in a new Biomass Comminution System. Front Energy Res. 2022;10:754811. doi:10.3389/fenrg.2022.754811
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grejtak T, Lacey JA, Kuns MW, et al. Improving knife milling performance for biomass preprocessing by using advanced blade materials. Wear. 2023;522:204714. doi:10.1016/j.wear.2023.204714
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhadeshia HKDH. Steels for bearings. Prog Mater Sci. 2012;57:268–435. doi:10.1016/j.pmatsci.2011.06.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rakhit AK. Heat treatment of gears: a practical guide for engineers. Materials Park, Ohio: ASM international; 2000.
   Google Scholar
• Dossett J, Totten GE. Introduction to surface hardening of steels. ASM Handbook. 2013;4:389–398. doi:10.31399/asm.hb.v04a.a0005771.
   Google Scholar
• Braghin F, Bruni S, Lewis R. Railway wheel wear. In: Lewis R, Olofsson U, editors. Wheel–Rail Interface Handbook. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 2009. p. 172–210.
   Google Scholar
• Kim HS, Yoon JH, Han JH, et al. Influence of Chromizing Treatment on the Corrosion Behavior of AISI 316 Stainless Steel in Supercritical Water Oxidation. Met Mater Int. 2004;10:83–88. doi:10.1007/BF03027367
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu S, Yang J, Liang X, et al. Investigation of the Preparation, Corrosion Inhibition, and Wear Resistance of the Chromized Layer on the Surfaces of T9 and SPCC Steels. Materials (Basel). 2022;15:7902. doi:10.3390/ma15227902
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang ZB, Lu J, Lu K. Wear and corrosion properties of a low carbon steel processed by means of SMAT followed by lower temperature chromizing treatment. Surf Coat Technol. 2006;201:2796–2801. doi:10.1016/j.surfcoat.2006.05.019
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang Q J, Chung Y-W. Encyclopedia of Tribology. Boston, MA: Springer US; 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Lee JW, Wang HC, Li JL, et al. Tribological properties evaluation of AISI 1095 steel chromized at different temperatures. Surf Coat Technol. 2004;188–189:550–555. doi:10.1016/j.surfcoat.2004.07.011.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen F-S, Lee P-Y, Yeh M-C. Thermal reactive deposition coating of chromium carbide on die steel in a fluidized bed furnace. Mater Chem Phys. 1998;53:19–27. doi:10.1016/S0254-0584(97)02048-8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee JW, Duh JG. Evaluation of microstructures and mechanical properties of chromized steels with different carbon contents. Surf Coat Technol. 2004;177–178:525–531. doi:10.1016/j.surfcoat.2003.08.031.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee J-W, Duh J-G, Tsai S-Y. Corrosion resistance and microstructural evaluation of the chromized coating process in a dual phase Fe Mn Al Cr alloy. Surf Coat Technol. 2002;153:59–66. doi:10.1016/S0257-8972(01)01546-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castle AR, Gabe DR. Chromium diffusion coatings. International Materials Reviews. 1999;44:37–58. doi:10.1179/095066099101528216
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meier GH, Cheng C, Perkins RA, et al. Diffusion chromizing of ferrous alloys. Surf Coat Technol. 1989;39–40:53–64. doi:10.1016/0257-8972(89)90040-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoel Emun B. thesis, McMaster University (2019).
   Google Scholar
• Lacey JA, Aston JE, Hernandez S, et al. Wear and why? How ash elements can help define wear profiles of biomass feedstocks. Paper No. 1901446, 2019; ASABE Annual International Meeting, Boston, MA, July 7−10, 2019 in (American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, St. Joseph, MI).
   Google Scholar
• Blau PJ, Grejtak T, Qu J. The characterization of wear-causing particles and silica sand in particular. Wear. 2023: 204872. doi:10.1016/j.wear.2023.204872
   Google Scholar
• Roy S, Lee K, Lacey JA, et al. Material Characterization-Based Wear Mechanism Investigation for Biomass Hammer Mills. ACS Sustain Chem Eng. 2020;8:3541–3546. doi:10.1021/acssuschemeng.9b06450
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oyedeji O, Gitman P, Qu J, et al. Understanding the Impact of Lignocellulosic Biomass Variability on the Size Reduction Process: A Review. ACS Sustain Chem Eng. 2020;8:2327–2343. doi:10.1021/acssuschemeng.9b06698
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mévrel R, Duret C, Pichoir R. Pack cementation processes. Materials Science Technology. 1986;2:201–206. doi:10.1179/mst.1986.2.3.201
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dong Z, Zhou T, Liu J, et al. Effects of pack chromizing on the microstructure and anticorrosion properties of 316L stainless steel. Surf Coat Technol. 2019;366:86–96. doi:10.1016/j.surfcoat.2019.03.022
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wei Z, Zhu C, Zhou L, et al. The Enhancement Effect of Salt Bath Chromizing for P20 Steel. Coatings. 2020;11:27. doi:10.3390/coatings11010027
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King PC, Reynoldson RW, Brownrigg A, et al. Fluidized bed CrN coating formation on prenitrocarburized plain carbon steel. J Mater Eng Perform. 2004;13:431–438. doi:10.1361/10599490419982.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kasprzycka E, Senatorski J, Nakonieczny A, et al. Diffusion Layers Produced on Carbon Steel Surface by Means of Vacuum Chromizing Process. J Mater Eng Perform. 2003;12:693–695. doi:10.1361/105994903322692493
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perry AJ. An approach to carbon loss in steel during conventional chemical vapour deposition. Wear. 1981;67:381–388. doi:10.1016/0043-1648(81)90051-X
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kasprzycka E, Bogdański B. Properties of tool steel after hybrid treatment connecting diffusion chromizing with the PVD method. Archieves of Metallurgy and Materials. 2019;64:235–242. doi:10.24425/amm.2019.126243.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu J, Zhang Y, Yang X, et al. Effect of pack-chromizing temperature on microstructure and performance of AISI 5140 steel with Cr-coatings. Surf Coat Technol. 2018;344:656–663. doi:10.1016/j.surfcoat.2018.03.099
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tan C, Zong X, Zhou W, et al. Insights into the microstructure characteriztics, mechanical properties and tribological behaviour of gas-phase chromized coating on GCr15 bearing steel. Surf Coat Technol. 2022;443:128605. doi:10.1016/j.surfcoat.2022.128605
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Standard test method for measuring abrasion resistance of materials by abrasive loop contact, ASTM G 174, ASTM International, W. Conshohocken, PA, 2003.
   Google Scholar
• Budinski KG. Evaluating the abrasion resistance of coatings with abrasive finishing tape. Surf Coat Technol. 2004;188–189:539–543. doi:10.1016/j.surfcoat.2004.07.012
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Standard test method for Knoop and Vickers hardness of materials, ASTM E384, ASTM Standards, W. Conshohocken, PA, 2010.
   Google Scholar
• Oliver WC, Pharr GM. An improved technique for determining hardness and elastic modulus using load and displacement sensing indentation experiments. J Mater Res. 1992;7:1564–1583. doi:10.1557/JMR.1992.1564
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li C-L, Lin Y-T, Lee J-W. Mechanical properties evaluation of chromized tungsten carbide–cobalt hardmetals. Surf Coat Technol. 2009;204:1106–1111. doi:10.1016/j.surfcoat.2009.07.035
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pan FS, Wang WQ, Tang AT, et al. Phase transformation refinement of coarse primary carbides in M2 high speed steel. Prog Nat Sci: Mater Int. 2011;21:180–186. doi:10.1016/S1002-0071(12)60053-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Golczewski J, Fischmeister HF. Calculation of phase equilibria for AISI M2 high-speed steel. Steel Research. 1992;63:354–360. doi:10.1002/srin.199200534
   Google Scholar
• Pirtovšek TV, Kugler G, Terčelj M. The behaviour of the carbides of ledeburitic AISI D2 tool steel during multiple hot deformation cycles. Mater Charact. 2013;83:97–108. doi:10.1016/j.matchar.2013.06.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamidzadeh MA, Meratian M, Saatchi A. Effect of cerium and lanthanum on the microstructure and mechanical properties of AISI D2 tool steel. Materials Science amd Engineering: A. 2013;571:193–198. doi:10.1016/j.msea.2013.01.074
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meier GH. A review of advances in high-temperature corrosion. Materials Science amd Engineering: A. 1989;120–121:1–11. doi:10.1016/0921-5093(89)90712-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun C, Xue Q, Zhang J, et al. Growth behavior and mechanical properties of Cr-V composite surface layer on AISI D3 steel by thermal reactive deposition. Vacuum. 2018;148:158–167. doi:10.1016/j.vacuum.2017.11.015
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ganji O, Sajjadi SA, Yang ZG, et al. On the formation and properties of chromium carbide and vanadium carbide coatings produced on W1 tool steel through thermal reactive diffusion (TRD). Ceram Int. 2020;46:25320–25329. doi:10.1016/j.ceramint.2020.06.326
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carbucicchio M, Palombarini G. Effects of alloying elements on the growth of iron boride coatings. J Mater Sci Lett. 1987;6:1149. doi:10.1007/BF01729165
   Google Scholar
• Campos I, Torres R, Ramírez G, et al. Growth kinetics of iron boride layers: Dimensional analysis. Appl Surf Sci. 2006;252:8662–8667. doi:10.1016/j.apsusc.2005.12.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Imbert C, Ryan ND, McQueen HJ. Hot workability of three grades of tool steel. Metallurgical Transactions A. 1984;15:1855–1864. doi:10.1007/BF02664899
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bianco R, Bianco RRA. Metallurgical and Ceramic Protective Coatings. In: KH Stern, editor. Metallurgical and Ceramic Protective Coatings. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands; 1996. p. 236–260.
   Google Scholar
• Casteletti LC, Fernandes FAP, Heck SC, et al. Pack and salt bath diffusion treatments on steels. Heat Treat Prog. 2009;9:49–52.
   Google Scholar