681
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

The struggle for forest tenure in Myanmar: voices from the 2019 forest rules consultation

&
Pages 296-314 | Received 18 Nov 2022, Accepted 23 Jul 2023, Published online: 24 Aug 2023

References

  • Ayana, A.N., Arts, B., & Wiersum, K.F. (2018). How environmental NGOs have influenced decision making in a ‘semi-authoritarian’ state: The case of forest policy in Ethiopia. World Development, 109, 313–322. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2018.05.010
  • Borras, S.M., Jr. (2020). Agrarian social movements: The absurdly difficult but not impossible agenda of defeating right-wing populism and exploring a socialist future. Journal of Agrarian Change, 20(1), 3–36. https://doi.org/10.1111/joac.12311
  • Boutry, M., Allaverdian, C., Myo Win, T., & Pyae Soe, K. (2018). Persistence and change in Hakha Chin land and resource tenure: A synthesis on land dynamics in the periphery. Of Lives and Land Myanmar Research Series). GRET.
  • Bruun, O., & Rubin, O. (2022). Authoritarian environmentalism—captured collaboration in Vietnamese water management. Environmental Management, 71(3), 538–550. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-022-01650-7
  • Bryant, R.L. (1996). The political ecology of forestry in Burma, 1824-1994. University of Hawaii Press. https://uhpress.hawaii.edu/title/the-political-ecology-of-forestry-in-burma-1824-1994/
  • Cashore, B., & Stone, M.W. (2012). Can legality verification rescue global forest governance?: Analyzing the potential of public and private policy intersection to ameliorate forest challenges in Southeast Asia. Forest Policy and Economics, 18, 13–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2011.12.005
  • CAT. (2017) . Communities living in two protected public forests in the tanintharyi region are facing unjust evictions and loss of lands. Conservation Alliance of Tanintharyi.
  • CAT. (2018) . Our forest, our life: protected areas in tanintharyi region must respect the rights of indigenous peoples. Conservation Alliance of Tanintharyi.
  • Choudhury, C., & Aga, A. (2020). Manufacturing consent: mining, bureaucratic sabotage and the forest rights act in india. Capitalism Nature Socialism, 31(2), 70–90. https://doi.org/10.1080/10455752.2019.1594326
  • Croissant, A., & Kamerling, J. (2013). Why do military regimes institutionalize? constitution-making and elections as political survival strategy in Myanmar. Asian Journal of Political Science, 21(2), 105–125. https://doi.org/10.1080/02185377.2013.823797
  • Dang, T.K.P. (2020). Forestry policy and legitimacy: The case of forest devolution in vietnam. Journal of Asian and African Studies, 55(6), 848–862. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021909620935424
  • Dang, T.K.P., Visseren-Hamakers, I.J., & Arts, B. (2018). Forest devolution in Vietnam: From rhetoric to performance. Land Use Policy, 77, 760–774. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2018.06.008
  • Das, B.K. (2019). Denial of rights continues: How legislation for ‘democratic decentralisation’ of forest governance was subverted in the implementation process of the forest rights act in India. European Journal of Development Research, 31(4), 957–983. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41287-019-0195-2
  • MONREC (2019). Thit Taw Nee Au Pa Day (Mu Gyan) A Paw A Kyo Thet Saing Thu Myar Ei Phay Swat A Kyan Pyu Chat Myar Arr Pyan Lal Thone Tat Chin Saing Yar Du Ti Ya A Kyain Kyun Kyin Thu Sa Kar Wine Sway Nway Pwe Kyin Pa (The Second Expert Forum on Reviewing Stakeholder Input on Forest Law (Draft) Was Held). https://www.forestdepartment.gov.mm/news/25819
  • Edmunds, D., & Wollenberg, E. (Eds.). (2003). Local forest management: The impacts of devolution policies. Earthscan Publications Ltd.
  • Erni, C. (2021). Persistence and change in customary tenure systems in Myanmar: Thematic study #11. POINT & MRLG.
  • FAO. (2020). Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020: Main Report. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. https://doi.org/10.4060/ca9825en
  • Faysse, N. (2006). Troubles on the way: An analysis of the challenges faced by multi-stakeholder platforms. Natural Resources Forum, 30(3), 219–229. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-8947.2006.00112.x
  • Ferguson, J. (2014). The scramble for the waste lands: tracking colonial legacies, counterinsurgency and international investment through the lens of land laws in Burma/Myanmar. Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography, 35(2014), 295–311. https://doi.org/10.1111/sjtg.12078
  • Ferguson, J.M. (2015). Who’s Counting?: Ethnicity, Belonging, and the National Census in Burma/Myanmar. Bijdragen Tot de Taal-, Land- En Volkenkunde/Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences of Southeast Asia, 171(1), 1–28. https://doi.org/10.1163/22134379-17101022
  • Feurer, M., Gritten, D., & Than, M.M. Community forestry for livelihoods: benefiting from myanmar’s mangroves. (2018). Forests, 9(3), 150. Article 3. https://doi.org/10.3390/f9030150
  • Forbes, E. 2017. Civil Society Participation in Land Policy Making: the innovative experience of Myanmar‘s pre-consultation on the National Land Use Policy. MRLG Capitalization Note Series #2. Vientiane & Yangon: Mekong Regional Land Governance, Land Core Group, Loka Ahlinn.
  • Forest Law. (2018). Government of Myanmar. Pyidaungsu Hluttaw.
  • Froissart, C. (2019). From outsiders to insiders: The rise of China ENGOs as new experts in the law-making process and the building of a technocratic representation. Journal of Chinese Governance, 4(3), 207–232. https://doi.org/10.1080/23812346.2019.1638686
  • He, B., & Thøgersen, S. (2010). Giving the People a Voice? Experiments with consultative authoritarian institutions in China. Journal of Contemporary China, 19(66), 675–692. https://doi.org/10.1080/10670564.2010.485404
  • He, B., & Wagenaar, H. (2018). Authoritarian deliberation revisited. Japanese Journal of Political Science, 19(4), 622–629. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1468109918000257
  • HRW. (2016). ‘The farmer becomes the criminal’: Land confiscation in Burma’s Karen State. Human Rights Watch. https://www.hrw.org/report/2016/11/03/farmer-becomes-criminal/human-rights-and-land-confiscation-karen-state
  • Htoo, S.A., & Scott, F. (2018). How the Myanmar Government’s repressive land laws are catalyzing conflict and insecurity: An analysis of the vacant, fallow, and virgin land management law (LRAN Briefing Paper Series No.4, pp. 35–44).
  • Jansen, L.J.M., Kalas, P.P., & Bicchieri, M. (2021). Improving governance of tenure in policy and practice: The case of Myanmar. Land Use Policy, 100, 104906. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2020.104906
  • Jayasuriya, K., & Rodan, G. (2007). Beyond Hybrid Regimes: More Participation, Less Contestation in Southeast Asia. Democratization, 14(5), 773–794. https://doi.org/10.1080/13510340701635647
  • Jiang, M. (2008). Authoritarian Deliberation: Public Deliberation in China (SSRN Scholarly Paper No. 1672887). Social Science Research Network. https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=1672887
  • Karjoko, L., H, I.G.A.K.R., Ayani, S., Winarno, A.S., Jaelani, D.W., & Hanum, A.K.W.N. (2021). the consequence of the decision of the constitutional court in forestry on the recognition of traditional forests in indonesia. Journal of Legal, Ethical and Regulatory Issues. https://www.abacademies.org/abstract/the-consequence-of-the-decision-of-the-constitutional-court-in-forestry-on-the-recognition-of-traditional-forests-in-ind-11083.html
  • Kenney-Lazar, M., Suhardiman, D., & Hunt, G. (2022). The spatial politics of land policy reform in Myanmar and Laos. The Journal of Peasant Studies, 0, 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/03066150.2022.2054700
  • Kipgen, N. (2011). Political Change in Burma: Transition from democracy to military dictatorship (1948-62). Economic and Political Weekly, 46(20), 48–55. http://www.jstor.org/stable/23018213.
  • Kramer, T. (2015). Ethnic conflict and lands rights in Myanmar. Social Research, 82(2), 355–374. https://doi.org/10.1353/sor.2015.0021
  • Kramer, T. (2021). ‘Neither war nor peace’: Failed ceasefires and dispossession in Myanmar’s ethnic borderlands. The Journal of Peasant Studies, 48(3), 476–496. https://doi.org/10.1080/03066150.2020.1834386
  • Kronk Warner, E.A., Lynn, K., & Whyte, K. (2020). Changing Consultation ( SSRN Scholarly Paper No. 3544240). https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3544240
  • Lavigne Delville, P., Diagne, D., & Richebourg, C. (2021). How collective action can influence the direction of a land reform: Lessons learned from civil society mobilisation in Senegal. IIED.
  • LCG-FSWG. (2012) . Policy recommendations from the national dialogue on land tenure and land use rights. Land Core Group of the Food Security Working Group.
  • LEI. (2020). Rights for Forest Dwellers: Some Answers in the 2017 Vietnam Forestry Law. https://www.landequity.com.au/news/rights-for-forest-dwellers-some-answers-in-the-2017-vietnam-forestry-law/
  • Li, T.M. (2007). Practices of assemblage and community forest management. Economy and Society, 36(2), 263–293. https://doi.org/10.1080/03085140701254308
  • Li, T.M. (2021). Commons, co-ops, and corporations: Assembling Indonesia’s twenty-first century land reform. The Journal of Peasant Studies, 48(3), 613–639. https://doi.org/10.1080/03066150.2021.1890718
  • Magessa, K., Wynne-Jones, S., & Hockley, N. (2020). Are policies for decentralised forest governance designed to achieve full devolution? Evidence from Eastern Africa. International Forestry Review, 22(1), 83–100. https://doi.org/10.1505/146554820828671544
  • Mark, S. (2016). Are the odds of justice “stacked” against them? challenges and opportunities for securing land claims by smallholder farmers in Myanmar. Critical Asian Studies, 48(3), 443–460. https://doi.org/10.1080/14672715.2016.1196888
  • Miller, D.C., Rana, P., Nakamura, K., Irwin, S., Cheng, S.H., Ahlroth, S., & Perge, E. (2021). A global review of the impact of forest property rights interventions on poverty. Global Environmental Change, 66, 102218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2020.102218
  • MONREC. (2020). Forestry in Myanmar 2019-2020: Annual report of forest department [Annual report]. Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Conservation.
  • MONREC, & LCG. (2018). Record of 3rd national dialogue on strengthening forest tenure rights. Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Conservation. https://mylaff.org/document/view/4957
  • Mustalahti, I., Ramcilovic-Suominen, S., Ramcilovic‐Suominen, S., & Tegegne, Y. (2017). Resources and rules of the game: Participation of civil society in REDD+ and FLEGT-VPA processes in Lao PDR. Forests, 8(2), 50. 8(50. https://www.academia.edu/34352208/Resources_and_rules_of_the_game_Participation_of_civil_society_in_REDD_and_FLEGT_VPA_processes_in_lao_PDR
  • NLD. (2015) . NLD Election Manifesto (Authorised English translation). National League for Democracy.
  • Oberndorf, R., Thein, U.S., Oo, T.Z., Baird, M., Bowman, V., Brunner, J., Connette, G.M., Cosier, M., Dapice, D., De Alban, J.D.T., Diment, A., Fogerite, J., Fox, J., Hlaing, W., Htun, S., Hurd, J., LaJeunesse Connette, K., Lasmana, F. … Zrust, M. (2017). Developing the national land use policy in Myanmar: The importance of inclusive public consultations and close donor coordination. Conservation Biology: The Journal of the Society for Conservation Biology, 31(6), 1257–1270. https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.13021
  • Ostrom, E. (1990). Governing the Commons: The Evolution of institutions for collective action. Cambridge University Press.
  • Pulhin, J.M., & Inoue, M. (2008). Dynamics of devolution process in the management of the Philippine forests. International Journal of Social Forestry, 1(1), 26. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/JuanPulhin/publication/288901578_Dynamics_of_devolution_process_in_the_management_of_the_Philippine_forests/links/56908e8508aecd716aedfffd/Dynamics-of-devolution-process-in-the-management-ofthePhilippineforests.pdf
  • Ra, D., Kham, S.S., Barbesgaard, M., Franco, J.C., & Vervest, P. (2021). The politics of Myanmar’s agrarian transformation. The Journal of Peasant Studies, 48(3), 463–475. https://doi.org/10.1080/03066150.2021.1901689
  • Ramcilovic-Suominen, S., Carodenuto, S., McDermott, C., & Hiedanpää, J. (2021). Environmental justice and REDD+ safeguards in Laos: Lessons from an authoritarian political regime. Ambio, 50(12), 2256–2271. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-021-01618-7
  • RRtIP. (2018). Land and forest governance in the Naga village republic. Yangon: Resource Rights for the Indigenous Peoples.
  • Saray, M. (2019, July). Tears beyond the icy mountain. POINT. Director Documentary https://youtu.be/neNVGS7R6ts
  • Schlager, E., & Ostrom, E. (1992). Property-Rights regimes and natural resources: A Conceptual Analysis. Land Economics, 68(3), 249–262. https://doi.org/10.2307/3146375
  • Sikor, T., & Ngoc Thanh, T. (2007). Exclusive versus inclusive devolution in forest management: Insights from forest land allocation in Vietnam’s Central Highlands. Land Use Policy, 24(4), 644–653. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2006.04.006
  • Spectrum. (2015). Risks and ‘do no harm’ approaches for participatory land use mapping in Natmataung National Park. 1st Participatory Mapping Workshop, Yangon, Myanmar. https://mylaff.org/document/view/3166
  • Suhardiman, D., Kenney-Lazar, M., & Meinzen-Dick, R. (2019). The contested terrain of land governance reform in Myanmar. Critical Asian Studies, 51(3), 368–385. https://doi.org/10.1080/14672715.2019.1630845
  • Trejos, B., & Flores, J.C. (2021). Influence of property rights on performance of community-based forest devolution policies in Honduras. Forest Policy and Economics, 124, 102397. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2021.102397
  • TRIPNET. (2018) . Growing up together with the forest: The unique relationship between the forest and indigenous Karen people of Kamoethway. Tanintharyi River and Indigenous People Network.
  • Truex, R. (2017). Consultative Authoritarianism and Its Limits. Comparative Political Studies, 50(3), 329–361. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414014534196
  • World Bank. (2019). Myanmar country environmental analysis: Forest resources sector report. World Bank Group.
  • Zhang, K., He, B., & Wu, J. (2021). Double trouble? Effects of social conflict and foreign investment on consultative authoritarianism in China. Contemporary Politics, 27(4), 371–396. https://doi.org/10.1080/13569775.2021.1884376