360° Journalism as a Gateway to Information Seeking: The Role of Enjoyment and Spatial Presence

References

• Ahn, S. J., J. Bostick, E. Ogle, K. Nowak, K. McGillicuddy, and J. N. Bailenson. 2016. "Experiencing Nature: Embodying Animals in Immersive Virtual Environments Increases Inclusion of Nature in Self and Involvement with Nature." Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 21 (6): 399–419. doi:10.1111/jcc4.12173.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahn, S. J., K. L. Nowak, and J. N. Bailenson. 2022. “Unintended Consequences of Spatial Presence on Learning in Virtual Reality.” Computers & Education 186: 104532.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aitamurto, T. 2019. “Normative Paradoxes in 360° Journalism: Contested Accuracy and Objectivity.” New Media & Society 21: 3–19.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ajzen, Icek. 1991. “The Theory of Planned Behavior.” Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 50 (2): 179–211. doi:10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bailenson, J. N., K. R. Swinth, C. L. Hoyt, S. Persky, A. Dimov, and J. Blascovich. 2005. “The Independent and Interactive Effects of Embodied-Agent Appearance and Behavior on Self-Report, Cognitive, and Behavioral Markers of Copresence in Immersive Virtual Environments.” Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments 14: 379–393.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baum, M. A. 2003. “Soft News and Political Knowledge: Evidence of Absence or Absence of Evidence?” Political Communication 20: 173–190.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baum, M. A. 2006. Soft News Goes to War: Public Opinion and American Foreign Policy in the New Media Age. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Becker, A. B., and M. A. Xenos. 2007. “Understanding the Power of Jon Stewart: The Third Person Effect and the Comedy of the Daily Show.” Paper Presented at the Annual Conference of the Midwest Association of Public Opinion Research, Chicago, IL.
   Google Scholar
• Biocca, F. 1997. “The Cyborg’s Dilemma: Progressive Embodiment in Virtual Environments.” Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 3 (2). doi:10.1111/j.1083-6101.1997.tb00070.x.
   Google Scholar
• Brewer, P. R., and X. Cao. 2006. “Candidate Appearances on Soft News Shows and Public Knowledge About Primary Campaigns.” Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media 50: 18–35.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bryant, J., and D. Miron. 2002. “Entertainment as Media Effect.” In Media Effects: Advances in Theory and Research, edited by J. Bryant and D. Zillmann, 549–582. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
   Google Scholar
• Cacciatore, M. A., S. K. Yeo, D. A. Scheufele, M. A. Xenos, D. Brossard, and E. A. Corley. 2018. “Is Facebook Making Us Dumber? Exploring Social Media Use as a Predictor of Political Knowledge.” Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly 95: 404–424.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carrera, P., L. Oceja, A. Caballero, D. Munoz, B. Lopez-Perez, and T. Ambrona. 2013. “I Feel So Sorry! Tapping the Joint Influence of Empathy and Personal Distress on Helping Behavior.” Motivation and Emotion 37: 335–345.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Case, D. O., and L. M. Given. 2016. Looking for Information: A Survey of Research on Information Seeking, Needs and Behavior. Bingley: Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
   Google Scholar
• Chaffee, S., and S. Yang. 1988. “Communication and Political Socialization.” In Political Socialization for Democracy, edited by O. Ichilov, 137–157. New York: Teachers College Press.
   Google Scholar
• Cornelius, R. R. 1997. “Toward a New Understanding of Weeping and Catharsis?” In The (Non) Expression of Emotions in Health and Disease, edited by A. J. J. M. Vingerhoets, F. J. Van Bussell, and A. J. W. Boelhouwer, 303–321. Tilburg: University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Dale, K. R., A. A. Raney, S. H. Janicke, M. S. Sanders, and M. B. Oliver. 2017. “YouTube for Good: A Content Analysis and Examination of Elicitors of Self-Transcendent Media.” Journal of Communication 67 (6): 897–919.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delli Carpini, M. X. 2017. “The Political Effects of Entertainment Media.” In The Oxford Handbook of Political Communication, edited by K. Kenski and K. Hall Jamieson, 851–870. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Dervin, B. 1983. “Information as a User Construct: The Relevance of Perceived Information Needs to Synthesis and Interpretation.” In Knowledge Structure and Use: Implications for Synthesis and Interpretation, edited by S. A. Ward and L. J. Reed, 153–184. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.
   Google Scholar
• de Zúñiga, H. G., and T. Diehl. 2019. “News Finds Me Perception and Democracy: Effects on Political Knowledge, Political Interest, and Voting.” New Media and Society 21: 1253–1271.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Digital News Report. 2019. Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism. https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/2019-06/DNR_2019_FINAL_0.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Edgerly, S. 2021. “The Head and Heart of News Avoidance: How Attitudes About the News Media Relate to Levels of News Consumption.” Journalism. Advanced Online Publication. doi:10.1177/14648849211012922.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ekström, M. 2000. “Information, Storytelling and Attractions: TV Journalism in Three Modes of Communication.” Media, Culture & Society 22: 465–492.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feldman, L., and D. G. Young. 2008. “Late-Night Comedy as a Gateway to Traditional News: An Analysis of Time Trends in News Attention Among Late-Night Comedy Viewers During the 2004 Presidential Primaries.” Political Communication 25: 401–422.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fisch, S. M. 2000. “A Capacity Model of Children’s Comprehension of Educational Content on Television.” Media Psychology 2: 63–91.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gallup. 2021. Confidence in Institutions. https://news.gallup.com/poll/1597/confidence-institutions.aspx.
   Google Scholar
• Gilens, M., L. Vavreck, and M. Cohen. 2004. “See Spot Run: The Rise of Advertising, the Decline of News, and the American Public’s Perceptions of Presidential Candidates, 1952–2000.” Presented at the Annual Meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association, Chicago, IL.
   Google Scholar
• Godulla, A., R. Planer, C. Wolf, A. Lück, and F. Vaaßen. 2021. “An Immersive Journey Through Flawed Technology: Users’ Perceptions of VR in Journalism.” Journalism and Media 2 (3): 454–468.
   Google Scholar
• Grabe, M. E., A. Lang, S. Zhou, and P. D. Bolls. 2000. “Cognitive Access to Negatively Arousing News: An Experimental Investigation of the Knowledge Gap.” Communication Research 27: 3–26.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hardy, B. W., J. A. Gottfried, K. M. Winneg, and K. Hall Jamieson. 2014. “Stephen Colbert’s Civics Lesson: How Colbert Super PAC Taught Viewers About Campaign Finance.” Mass Communication and Society 17: 329–353.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hart, P. S., and A. A. Leiserowitz. 2009. “Finding the Teachable Moment: An Analysis of Information-Seeking Behavior on Global Warming Related Websites During the Release of The Day After Tomorrow.” Environmental Communication 3: 355–366.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayes, A. F. 2012. PROCESS: A Versatile Computational Tool for Observed Variable Mediation, Moderation, and Conditional Process Modeling [White Paper]. http://www.afhayes.com/public/process2012.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Hoffman, L. H., and D. G. Young. 2011. “Satire, Punch Lines, and the Nightly News: Untangling Media Effects on Political Participation.” Communication Research Reports 28 (2): 159–168.
   Google Scholar
• Hoffner, C. 2009. “Affective Responses and Exposure to Frightening Films: The Role of Empathy and Different Types of Content.” Communication Research Reports 26: 285–296.
   Google Scholar
• Hollander, B. A. 2005. “Late-Night Learning: Do Entertainment Programs Increase Political Campaign Knowledge for Young Viewers.” Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media 49: 402–415.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holt, L. F., and D. Carnahan. 2020. “Which Bad News to Choose? The Influence of Race and Social Identity on Story Selections Within Negative News Contexts.” Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 97: 644–662.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeong, G.-H., and P. J. Quirk. 2019. “Division at the Water’s Edge: The Polarization of Foreign Policy.” American Politics Research 47: 58–87.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson, J. D. 1997. Cancer-Related Information Seeking. Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press.
   Google Scholar
• Jones, S. 2017. “Disrupting the Narrative: Immersive Journalism in Virtual Reality.” Journal of Media Practice 18: 171–185.
   Google Scholar
• Kennedy, K., and S. Atske. 2019. Science Knowledge Varies by Race and Ethnicity in U.S. https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/03/28/science-knowledge-varies-by-race-and-ethnicity-in-u-s/.
   Google Scholar
• Klimmt, C., and P. Vorderer. 2003. “Media Psychology “Is Not Yet There”: Introducing Theories on Media Entertainment to the Presence Debate.” Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments 12: 346–359.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kruglanski, A. W. 1989. Lay Epistemics and Human Knowledge: Cognitive and Motivational Bases. New York: Plenum.
   Google Scholar
• Kruglanski, A. W., and S. Fishman. 2009. “The Need for Cognitive Closure.” In Handbook of Individual Differences in Social Behavior, edited by M. R. Leary and R. H. Hoyle, 343–353. New York: Guilford.
   Google Scholar
• Kuhlthau, C. C. 1991. “Inside the Search Process: Information Seeking from the User’s Perspective.” Journal of the American Society for Information Science 42: 361–371.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lang, A. 2000. “The Limited Capacity Model of Mediated Message Processing.” Journal of Communication 50 (1): 46–70.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, A. N., and H. I. Chyi. 2014. “When Newsworthy is Not Noteworthy.” Journalism Studies 15: 807–820.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, S. A., M. Lee, and M. Jeong. 2021. “The Role of Virtual Reality on Information Sharing and Seeking Behaviors.” Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management 46: 215–223.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Makransky, G., T. S. Terkildsen, and R. E. Mayer. 2017. “Adding Immersive Virtual Reality to a Science Lab Simulation Causes More Presence but Less Learning.” Learning and Instruction. doi:10.1016/j.learninstruc.2017.12.007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mares, M. L., and J. Cantor. 1992. “Elderly Viewers’ Responses to Televised Portrayals of Old Age: Empathy and Mood Management Versus Social Comparison.” Communication Research 19: 459–478.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marino, M. I., N. Bilge, R. E. Gutsche, Jr., and L. Holt. 2020. “Who is Credible (and Where)? Using Virtual Reality to Examine Credibility and Bias of Perceived Race/Ethnicity in Urban/Suburban Environments.” Howard Journal of Communications 31: 297–315.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGloin, R., K. Farrar, and M. Krcmar. 2011. “The Impact of Controller Naturalness on Spatial Presence, Gamer Enjoyment, and Perceived Realism in a Tennis Simulation Video Game.” Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments 20 (4): 309–324.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meijer, I. C. 2021. “What is Valuable Journalism? Three Key Experiences and Their Challenges for Journalism Scholars and Practitioners.” Digital Journalism. Advanced Online Publication. doi:10.1080/21670811.2021.1919537.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mikulincer, M. 1997. “Adult Attachment Style and Information Processing: Individual Differences in Curiosity and Cognitive Closure.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 72: 1217–1230.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moyer-Gusé, E. 2008. “Toward a Theory of Entertainment Persuasion: Explaining the Persuasive Effects of Entertainment-Education Messages.” Communication Theory 18: 407–425.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nabi, R., and M. Krcmar. 2004. “Conceptualizing Media Enjoyment as Attitude: Implications for Mass Media Effects Research.” Communication Theory 14: 288–310.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nash, J., and L. H. Hoffman. 2009. “Explaining the Gap: The Interaction of Gender and News Enjoyment in Predicting Political Knowledge.” Communication Research Reports 26: 114–122.
   Google Scholar
• Niederdeppe, J., D. L. Frosch, and R. C. Hornik. 2008. “Cancer News Coverage and Information Seeking.” Journal of Health Communication 13: 181–199.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nielsen, S. L., and P. Sheets. 2019. “Virtual Hype Meets Reality: Users’ Perception of Immersive Journalism.” Journalism. Advanced Online Publication. doi:10.1177/1464884919869399.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oliver, M. B. 2008. “Tender Affective States as Predictors of Entertainment Preference.” Journal of Communication 58: 40–61.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oliver, M. B. 2009. “Affect as a Predictor of Entertainment Choice: The Utility of Looking Beyond Pleasure.” In Media Choice: A Theoretical and Empirical Overview, edited by T. Hartman, 167–184. New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Oliver, M. B., and A. Bartsch. 2010. “Appreciation as Audience Response: Exploring Entertainment Gratifications Beyond Hedonism.” Human Communication Research 36: 53–81.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oliver, M. B., and A. A. Raney. 2011. “Entertainment as Pleasurable and Meaningful: Identifying Hedonic and Eudaimonic Motivations for Entertainment Consumption.” Journal of Communication 61 (5): 984–1004.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parkin, M. 2010. “Taking Late Night Comedy Seriously: How Candidate Appearances on Late Night Television Can Engage Viewers.” Political Research Quarterly 63 (1): 3–15.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pew Research Center. 2000. Audiences Fragmented and Skeptical: The Tough Job of Communicating With Voters. http://people-press.org/reports/display. php3?ReportID=46.
   Google Scholar
• Pew Research Center. 2004. Cable and Internet Loom Large in Fragmented Political News Universe. http://people-press.org/reports/display.php3?Report ID=200.
   Google Scholar
• Pew Research Center. 2018. Trust, Facts and Democracy. https://www.people-press.org/2018/04/26/10-political-engagement-knowledge-and-the-midterms/.
   Google Scholar
• Pfau, M., J. B. Houston, and S. M. Semmler. 2007. Mediating the Vote: The Changing Media Landscape in US Presidential Campaigns. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
   Google Scholar
• Prior, M. 2005. “News vs. Entertainment: How Increasing Media Choice Widens Gaps in Political Knowledge and Turnout.” American Journal of Political Science 49: 577–592.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rinke, E. M. 2014. “A General Survey Measure of the Need for Closure.” Presented at the Annual Conference of the American Association for Public Opinion Research, Anaheim, CA.
   Google Scholar
• Rubin, A. M., and E. M. Perse. 1987. “Audience Activity and Television News Gratifications.” Communication Research 14: 58–84.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruotsalainen, J., and M. Villi. 2021. “‘A Shared Reality Between a Journalist and the Audience’: How Live Journalism Reimagines News Stories.” Media and Communication 9: 167–177.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Savolainen, R. 2014. “Emotions as Motivators for Information Seeking: A Conceptual Analysis.” Library & Information Science Research 36: 59–65.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Segev, E., and A. Baram-Tsabari. 2010. “Seeking Science Information Online: Data Mining Google to Better Understand the Roles of the Media and the Education System.” Public Understanding of Science 21: 813–829.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shafer, D. M., C. P. Carbonara, and L. Popova. 2011. “Spatial Presence and Perceived Reality as Predictors of Motion-Based Video Game Enjoyment.” Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments 20 (6): 591–619.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sherry, J. L. 2004. “Flow and Media Enjoyment.” Communication Theory 14: 328–347.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skalski, P., R. Tamborini, A. Shelton, M. Buncher, and P. Lindmark. 2010. “Mapping the Road to Fun: Natural Video Game Controllers, Presence, and Game Enjoyment.” New Media & Society 13: 224–242. doi:10.1177/1461444810370949.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slater, M., and S. Wilbur. 1997. “A Framework for Immersive Virtual Environments (FIVE): Speculations on the Role of Presence in Virtual Environments.” Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments 6: 603–616.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steen, F., and S. Owens. 2001. “Evolution’s Pedagogy: An Adaptationist Model of Pretense and Entertainment.” Journal of Cognition and Culture 1: 289–321.
   Google Scholar
• Sutton, S. 1998. “Predicting and Explaining Intentions and Behavior: How Well Are We Doing?” Journal of Applied Social Psychology 28: 1317–1338.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tamborini, R., N. D. Bowman, A. L. Eden, and M. Grizzard. 2010. “Defining Media Enjoyment as the Satisfaction of Intrinsic Needs.” Journal of Communication 60: 758–777.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tichenor, P. J., G. A. Donohue, and C. A. Olien. 1970. “Mass Media Flow and Differential Growth in Knowledge.” Public Opinion Quarterly 34: 159–170.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Damme, K., A. All, L. de Marez, and S. van Leuven. 2019. “360° Video Journalism: Experimental Study on the Effect of Immersion on News Experience and Distant Suffering.” Journalism Studies. Advanced Online Publication. doi:10.1080/1461670X.2018.1561208.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vorderer, P. 2001. “It’s All Entertainment Sure. But What Exactly is Entertainment? Communication Research, Media Psychology and the Explanation of Entertainment Experiences.” Poetics 29: 247–261.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Webster, D. M., and A. W. Kruglanski. 1994. “Individual Differences in Need for Cognitive Closure.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 67 (6): 1049–1062.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weeks, B. E., L. M. Friedenberg, B. G. Southwell, and J. S. Slater. 2012. “Behavioral Consequences of Conflict-Oriented Health News Coverage: The 2009 Mammography Guideline Controversy and Online Information Seeking.” Health Communication 27: 158–166.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams, D. 2010. “The Mapping Principle, and a Research Framework for Virtual Worlds.” Communication Theory 20 (4): 451–470.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson, T. D. 1981. “On User Studies and Information Needs.” Journal of Documentation 37: 3–15.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xenos, M. A., and A. B. Becker. 2009. “Moments of Zen: Effects of the Daily Show on Information Seeking and Political Learning.” Political Communication 26 (3): 317–332.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• York, C. 2013. “Overloaded by the News: Effects of News Exposure and Enjoyment on Reporting Information Overload.” Communication Research Reports 30: 282–292.
   Google Scholar