Whiteness, marginalization, and exclusion: An analysis of Tongan students’ experiences in U.S. institutions of higher education

References

• Akindes, F. Y. (2004). Methodology as lived experience: Rhizomatic ethnography in Hawai'I. In P. D. Murphy & M. M. Kraidy (Eds.), Global media studies (pp. 147–164). Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Alexander, B. K. (2004). Black skin/white masks: The performative sustainability of whiteness (with apologies to Frantz Fanon). Qualitative Inquiry, 10(5), 647–672. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077800403257640
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allen, B. J. (2005). Social constructionism. In D. Mumby, & S. May (Eds.), Engaging organizational communication theory and research: Multiple perspectives (pp. 35–53). Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Allen, B. J. (2007). Theorizing communication and race. Communication Monographs, 74(2), 259–264. https://doi.org/10.1080/03637750701393055
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amacher, A., Ault, M. K., & Van Gilder, B. (2022). Surviving higher education: How communication influences Tongan students’ assimilation in higher education institutions. Western Journal of Communication, advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1080/10570314.2022.2155069
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Astin, A. (1982). Minorities in American higher education: Recent trends, current prospects, and recommendations. Jossey-Bass.
   Google Scholar
• Cabrera, N. L., Franklin, J. D., & Watson, J. S. (2017). Whiteness in higher education: The invisible missing link in diversity and racial analyses. ASHE Higher Education Report, 42(6), 7–125. https://doi.org/10.1002/aehe.20116
   Google Scholar
• Charmaz, K. (2006). Constructing grounded theory. Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Chen, A. S. (1999). Lives at the center of the periphery, lives at the periphery of the center: Chinese American masculinities and bargaining with hegemony. Gender & Society, 13(5), 584–607. https://doi.org/10.1177/089124399013005002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, Y. W., & Lawless, B. (2018). Rethinking “difficult” conversations in communication instruction from an intercultural lens: Pedagogical strategies for “SWAP-ping” the communication classroom. Communication Studies, 69(4), 372–388. https://doi.org/10.1080/10510974.2018.1472117
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clayton-Pedersen, A. R. (2022). Examining the challenges making excellence inclusive. Metropolitan Universities Journal, 33(2), 18–24. https://doi.org/10.18060/26227
   Google Scholar
• Connell, R. (1987). Gender and power. Stanford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Connell, R. W. (1995). Masculinities (1st ed.). University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Cooks, L. M., & Simpson, J. S. (2007). Introduction. In L. M. Cooks, & J. S. Simpson (Eds.), Whiteness, pedagogy, performance (pp. 1–23). Lexington Books.
   Google Scholar
• Cowling, W. E. (2002). Motivations for contemporary Tongan migration. In P. Spickard, J. Rondilla, & D. Wright (Eds.), Pacific diaspora: Island peoples in the United States and across the Pacific (pp. 99–117). University of Hawaii Press.
   Google Scholar
• Cramer, L. M. (2019). Cam Newton and Russell Westbrook's symbolic resistance to whiteness in the NFL and NBA. Howard Journal of Communications, 30(1), 57–75. https://doi.org/10.1080/10646175.2018.1439421
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crenshaw, C. (1997). Resisting whiteness’ rhetorical silence. Western Journal of Communication, 61(3), 253–278. https://doi.org/10.1080/10570319709374577
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cress, C. M., & Ikeda, E. K. (2003). Distress under duress: The relationship between campus climate and depression in Asian American college students. NASPA Journal, 40(2), 74–97. https://doi.org/10.2202/1949-6605.1224
   Google Scholar
• Creswell, J. W., & Poth, C. N. (2016). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches (4th edition). Sage publications.
   Google Scholar
• Eguchi, S. (2009). Negotiating hegemonic masculinity: The rhetorical strategy of “straight-acting” among gay men. Journal of Intercultural Communication Research, 38(3), 193–209. https://doi.org/10.1080/17475759.2009.508892
   Google Scholar
• Eguchi, S. (2015). Queer intercultural relationality: An autoethnography of Asian–Black (dis)connections in white gay America. Journal of International and Intercultural Communication, 8(1), 27–43. https://doi.org/10.1080/17513057.2015.991077
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Endres, D., & Gould, M. (2009). “I am also in the position to use my whiteness to help them out”: The communication of whiteness in service learning. Western Journal of Communication, 73(4), 418–436. https://doi.org/10.1080/10570310903279083
   Google Scholar
• Fine, M. A., & Kurdek, L. A. (1993). Reflections on determining authorship credit and authorship order on faculty-student collaborations. The American Psychologist, 48(11), 1141–1147. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.48.11.1141
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foster, K. M. (2005). Diet of disparagement: The racial experiences of Black students in a predominantly White university. International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, 18(4), 489–505. https://doi.org/10.1080/09518390500137659
   Google Scholar
• Gorski, P. C. (2009). What we're teaching teachers: An analysis of multicultural teacher education coursework syllabi. Teaching and Teacher Education, 25(2), 309–318. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2008.07.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halualani, R. T. (2008). Where exactly is the Pacific? Global migrations, diasporic movements, and intercultural communication. Journal of International and Intercultural Communication, 1(1), 3–22. https://doi.org/10.1080/17513050701739509
   Google Scholar
• Hau'Ofa, E. (1998). The ocean in us. The Contemporary Pacific, 10(2), 392–410.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hau’ofa, E. (1994). Our sea of islands. The Contemporary Pacific, 6(1), 148–161. http://www.jstor.org/stable/23701593
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holling, M. A. (2019). “You intimidate me” as a microaggressive controlling image to discipline womyn of color faculty. Southern Communication Journal, 84(2), 99–112. https://doi.org/10.1080/1041794X.2018.1511748
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hurtado, S., Alvarado, A. R., & Guillermo-Wann, C. (2015). Thinking about race: The salience of racial identity at two-and four-year colleges and the climate for diversity. The Journal of Higher Education, 86(1), 127–155. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221546.2015.11777359
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hurtado, S., & Carter, D. F. (1997). Effects of college transition and perceptions of the campus racial climate on Latino college students’ sense of belonging. Sociology of Education, 70(4), 324–345. https://doi.org/10.2307/2673270
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hussain, M., & Jones, J. M. (2019). Discrimination, diversity, and sense of belonging: Experiences of students of color. Journal of Diversity in Higher Education, 14(1), 63–71. https://doi.org/10.1037/dhe0000117
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson IIR. L., Warren, J. R., Pitts, M. J., & Wilson, K. B. (2007). “It is not my responsibility to teach culture!”: White graduate teaching assistants negotiating identity and pedagogy. In L. M. Cooks, & J. S. Simpson (Eds.), Whiteness, pedagogy, performance (pp. 67–86). Lexington Books.
   Google Scholar
• Koepke, D. J. (2007). Race, class, poverty, and capitalism. Race, Gender & Class, 14(3/4), 189–205.
   Google Scholar
• Lawless, B., & Chen, Y. W. (2017). Multicultural neoliberalism and academic labor: Experiences of female immigrant faculty in the US academy. Cultural Studies↔ Critical Methodologies, 17(3), 236–243. https://doi.org/10.1177/1532708616672688
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, H. (2007). Transforming transnationalism: Second generation Tongans overseas. Asian and Pacific Migration Journal, 16(2), 157–178. https://doi.org/10.1177/011719680701600202
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leonardo, Z., & Porter, R. K. (2010). Pedagogy of fear: Toward a Fanonian theory of ‘safety’ in race dialogue. Race Ethnicity and Education, 13(2), 139–157. https://doi.org/10.1080/13613324.2010.482898
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levin, S., Van Laar, C., & Foote, W. (2006). Ethnic segregation and perceived discrimination in college: Mutual influences and effects on social and academic life. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 36(6), 1471–1501. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0021-9029.2006.00068.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lincoln, Y. S., & Guba, E. G. (1985). Naturalistic inquiry. Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Lindlof, T. R., & Taylor, B. C. (2011). Qualitative communication research methods (3rd ed.). Sage publications.
   Google Scholar
• Lipsitz, G. (2006). The possessive investment in whiteness: How white people profit from identity politics. Temple University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Liu, W. M., Liu, R. Z., Garrison, Y. L., Kim, J. Y. C., Chan, L., Ho, Y., & Yeung, C. W. (2019). Racial trauma, microaggressions, and becoming racially innocuous: The role of acculturation and White supremacist ideology. American Psychologist, 74(1), 143–155. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000368
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loo, C. M., & Rolison, G. (1986). Alienation of ethnic minority students at a predominantly White university. Journal of Higher Education, 57(1), 58–77. https://doi.org/10.2307/1981466
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LuLevitt, C., & Calafell, B. M. (2018). Reverberations of familial and cultural histories: Performances with and against whiteness. In D. M. D. McIntosh, D. G. Moon, & T. K. Nakayama (Eds.), Interrogating the communicative power of whiteness (pp. 46–65). Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Madison, D. (2006). The dialogic performative in critical ethnography. Text and Performance Quarterly, 26(4), 320–324. https://doi.org/10.1080/10462930600828675
   Google Scholar
• Maramba, D. C. (2017). AANAPISIs: Ensuring success for Asian American and Pacific Islander Students. Higher Education Today, American Council on Education (ACE). https://www.higheredtoday.org/2017/10/30/aanapisis-ensuring-success-asian-american-pacific-islander-students
   Google Scholar
• McIntosh, D. M. D., Moon, D. G., & Nakayama, T. K. (2018). Introduction: Introducing twenty-first century whiteness or “everything old is new again”. In D. M. D. McIntosh, D. G. Moon, & T. K. Nakayama (Eds.), Interrogating the communicative power of whiteness (pp. 1–12). Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Milem, J. F., Chang, M. J., & Antonio, A. L. (2005). Making diversity work on campus: A research-based perspective. Association American Colleges and Universities.
   Google Scholar
• Mumby, D. K. (1998). Organizing men: Power, discourse, and the social construction of masculinity (s) in the workplace. Communication Theory, 8(2), 164–183. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2885.1998.tb00216.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Na'Puti, T. R. (2019b). Speaking of indigeneity: Navigating genealogies against erasure and #RhetoricSoWhite. Quarterly Journal of Speech, 105(4), 495–501. https://doi.org/10.1080/00335630.2019.1669895
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakayama, T. K., & Krizek, R. L. (1995). Whiteness: A strategic rhetoric. Quarterly journal of Speech, 81(3), 291–309. https://doi.org/10.1080/00335639509384117
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Na’puti, T. R. (2019a). Archipelagic rhetoric: remapping the Marianas and challenging militarization from “A Stirring Place”. Communication and Critical/Cultural Studies, 16(1), 4–25. https://doi.org/10.1080/14791420.2019.1572905
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Na’puti, T. R. (2020). Oceanic possibilities for communication studies. Communication and Critical/Cultural Studies, 17(1), 95–103. https://doi.org/10.1080/14791420.2020.1723802
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Center for Education Statistics. (2018). Back to school statistics.
   Google Scholar
• Netting, F. E., & Nichols-Casebolt, A. (1997). Authorship and collaboration: Preparing the next generation of social work scholars. Journal of Social Work Education, 33(3), 555–564. https://doi.org/10.1080/10437797.1997.10778893
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noguera, P. A. (2008). The trouble with black boys: … And other reflections on race, equity, and the future of public education. John Wiley & Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Nuñez, A. M. (2009). A critical paradox? Predictors of Latino students’ sense of belonging in college. Journal of Diversity in Higher Education, 2(1), 46–61. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0014099
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Keeffe, P. (2013). A sense of belonging: Improving student retention. College Student Journal, 47(4), 605–613.
   Google Scholar
• Ono, K. A., & Cheung, A. Y. (2018). Asian American performance in white supremacist representation. In D. M. D. McIntosh, D. G. Moon, & T. K. Nakayama (Eds.), Interrogating the communicative power of whiteness (pp. 13–28). Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Park, M. K. (2015). Race, hegemonic masculinity, and the “Linpossible!” An analysis of media representations of Jeremy Lin. Communication & Sport, 3(4), 367–389. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167479513516854
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phillippi, J. C., Likis, F. E., & Tilden, E. L. (2018). Authorship grids: Practical tools to facilitate collaboration and ethical publication. Research in nursing & health, 41(2), 195–208. https://doi.org/10.1002/nur.21856
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Settles, I. H., Buchanan, N. T., & Dotson, K. (2019). Scrutinized but not recognized: (In)visibility and hypervisibility experiences of faculty of color. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 113, 62–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2018.06.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simpson, J. S. (2007). “Can’t we focus on the good stuff?”: The pedagogical distance between comfort and critique. In L. M. Cooks, & J. S. Simpson (Eds.), Whiteness, pedagogy, performance (pp. 247–269). Lexington Books.
   Google Scholar
• Small, C. A., & Dixon, D. L. (2004). Tonga: Migration and the homeland. Migration Policy Institute. https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/tonga-migration-and-homeland.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, W. A., Allen, W. R., & Danley, L. L. (2007a). “Assume the position … you fit the description” psychosocial experiences and racial battle fatigue among African American male college students. American Behavioral Scientist, 51(4), 551–578. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764207307742
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, W. A., Yosso, T. J., & Solórzano, D. G. (2007b). Racial primes and Black misandry on historically White campuses: Toward critical race accountability in educational administration. Educational Administration Quarterly, 43(5), 559–585. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013161X07307793
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steele, C. M. (1997). A threat in the air: How stereotypes shape intellectual identity and performance. American Psychologist, 52(6), 613–629. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.52.6.613
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stewart, J. Y. (2005). Data reveal hard truth for islanders. Los Angeles Times. https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2005-sep-26-me-pacific26-story.html.
   Google Scholar
• Steyn, M., & Conway, D. (2010). Introduction: Intersecting whiteness, interdisciplinary debates. Ethnicities, 10(3), 283–291. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468796810372309
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sue, D. W. (2010). Microaggressions in everyday life: Race, gender, and sexual orientation. Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Tate, E. (2017). Graduation rates and race. Inside Higher Ed. https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2017/04/26/college-completion-rates-vary-race-and-ethnicity-report-find.
   Google Scholar
• Teranishi, R., Briscoe, K., Behringer, L., Pineda, D., Goldman, E., & Carolino, M. (2010). Federal Higher Education Policy Priorities and the Asian American and Pacific Islander Community.
   Google Scholar
• Tonga Country Profile (2023). BBC monitoring. BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-pacific-16197014
   Google Scholar
• U. S. Census Bureau. (2019). 2019: ACS 1-year estimates detailed tables. American Community Survey. https://data.census.gov/cedsci/.
   Google Scholar
• Wander, P. C., Martin, J. N., & Nakayama, T. K. (1999). Whiteness and beyond: Sociohistorical foundations of whiteness and contemporary challenges. In T. K. Nakayama, & J. N. Martin (Eds.), Whiteness: The communication of social identity (pp. 13–26). Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Warren, J. T. (2004). Bodily excess and the desire for absence: Whiteness and the making of (raced) educational subjectivities. In B. K. Alexander, G. L. Anderson, & B. Gallegos (Eds.), Performance theories in education: Power, pedagogy, and the politics of identity (pp. 83–104). Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Willis, A. I., & Harris, V. J. (1997). Expanding the boundaries: A reaction to the First-Grade Studies. Reading Research Quarterly, 32(4), 439–445.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright, J. G. (1992). Forsaking island paradise for Promised Land: Many Tongans, converted by Mormon missionaries, flock to Utah, where they encounter culture clash. Los Angeles Times. https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1992-11-30-mn-991-story.html.
   Google Scholar
• Yep, G. A. (2010). Toward the de-subjugation of racially marked knowledges in communication. Southern Communication Journal, 75(2), 171–175. https://doi.org/10.1080/10417941003613263
   Google Scholar
• Yep, G. A. (2016). Demystifying normativities in communication education. Communication Education, 65(2), 235–240. https://doi.org/10.1080/03634523.2016.1144893
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar