984
Views
1
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Articles

Warm-water events in the eastern Fram Strait during the last 2000 years as revealed by different microfossil groups

ORCID Icon, , , ORCID Icon, & ORCID Icon

References

  • Andersen C., Koç N., Jennings A. & Andrews J.T. 2004. Nonuniform response of the major surface currents in the Nordic Seas to insolation forcing: implications for the Holocene climate variability. Paleoceanography 19, PA2003, doi: 10.1029/2002PA000873.
  • Andersen C., Koç N. & Moros M. 2004. A highly unstable Holocene climate in the subpolar North Atlantic: evidence from diatoms. Quaternary Science Reviews 23, 2155–17.
  • Andruleit H.A. & Baumann K.-H. 1998. History of the Last Deglaciation and Holocene in the Nordic Seas as revealed by coccolithophore assemblages. Marine Micropaleontology 35, 179–201.
  • Assmy P., Fernández-Méndez M., Duarte P., Meyer A., Randelhoff A., Mundy C.J., Olsen L.M., Kauko H.M., Bailey A., Chierici M., Cohen L., Doulgeris A.P., Ehn J.K., Fransson A., Gerland S., Hop H., Hudson S.R., Hughes N., Itkin P., Johnsen G., King J.A., Koch B.P., Koenig Z., Kwasniewski S., Laney S.R., Nicolaus M., Pavlov A.K., Polashenski C.M., Provost C., Rösel A., Sandbu M., Spreen G., Smedsrud L.H., Sundfjord A., Taskjelle T., Tatarek A., Wiktor J., Wagner P.M., Wold A., Steen H. & Granskog M.A. 2017. Leads in Arctic pack ice enable early phytoplankton blooms below snow-covered sea ice. Scientific Reports 7,  article no. 40850, doi: 10.1038/srep40850.
  • Baldauf J.G. 1986. Diatom biostratigraphic and palaeoceanographic interpretations for the middle to high latitude North Atlantic Ocean. In C.P. Summerhayes & N.J. Shackleton (eds.): North Atlantic palaeoceanography. Geological Society Special Publication 21. Pp. 243–252. London: Geological Society.
  • Bauch H.A. 1999. Planktic foraminifera in Holocene sediments from the Laptev Sea and the central Arctic Ocean: species distribution and paleobiogeographical implication. In H. Kassens et al. (ed.): Land–ocean systems in the Siberian Arctic: dynamics and history. Pp. 601–613. Berlin: Springer.
  • Bendle J. & Rosell-Melé A. 2004. Distributions of UK37 and UK37ʹ in the surface waters and sediments of the Nordic Seas: implications for paleoceanography. Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems 5, Q11013, doi: 10.1029/2004GC000741.
  • Berner K.S., Koç N., Godtliebsen F. & Divine D. 2011. Holocene climate variability of the Norwegian Atlantic Current during high and low solar insolation forcing. Paleoceanography 26, PA2220, doi: 10.1029/2010PA002002.
  • Beszczynska-Möller A., Fahrbach E., Schauer U. & Hansen E. 2012. Variability in Atlantic Water temperature and transport at the entrance to the Arctic Ocean, 1997-2010. ICES Journal of Marine Science 69, 852–863.
  • Bjørklund K.R., Cortese G., Swanberg N.R. & Schrader H.J. 1998. Radiolarian faunal provinces in surface sediments of the Greenland, Iceland and Norwegian (GIN) seas. Marine Micropaleontology 35, 105–140.
  • Bjørklund K.R., Hatakeda K., Kruglikova S.B. & Matul A.G. 2015. Amphimelissa setosa (Cleve) (Polycystina, Nassellaria)—a stratigraphic and paleoecological marker of migrating polar environments in the Northern Hemisphere during the Quaternary. Stratigraphy 12, 23–37.
  • Bjørklund K.R., Kruglikova S.B. & Anderson O.R. 2012. Modern incursions of tropical Radiolaria into the Arctic Ocean. Journal of Micropalaeontology 31, 139–158.
  • Bonnet S., de Vernal A., Hillaire-Marcel C., Radi T. & Husum K. 2010. Variability of sea-surface temperature and sea-ice cover in the Fram Strait over the last two millennia. Marine Micropaleontology 74, 59–74.
  • Briner J.P., McKay N.P., Axford Y., Bennike O., Bradley R.S., de Vernal A., Fisher D., Francus P., Fréchette B., Gajewski K.J., Jennings A., Kaufman D.S., Miller G., Rouston C. & Wagner B. 2016. Holocene climate change in Arctic Canada and Greenland. Quaternary Science Reviews 147, 340–364.
  • Cabedo-Sanz P. & Belt S.T. 2016. Seasonal sea ice variability in eastern Fram Strait over the last 2000 years. Arktos 2, article no. 22, doi: 10.1007/s41063-016-0023-2.
  • Cherkasheva A., Bracher A., Melsheimer C., Köberle C., Gerdes R., Nöthig E.-M., Bauerfeind E. & Boetius A. 2014. Influence of the physical environment on polar phytoplankton blooms: a case study in the Fram Strait. Journal of Marine Systems 132, 196–207.
  • Christiansen B. & Ljungqvist F.C. 2012. The extra-tropical Northern Hemisphere temperature in the last two millennia: reconstructions of low-frequency variability. Climate of the Past 8, 765–786.
  • Dale T., Rey F. & Heimdal B.R. 1999. Seasonal development of phytoplankton at a high latitude oceanic site. Sarsia 84, 419–435.
  • De Deckker P. & Gingele F.X. 2002. On the occurrence of the giant diatom Ethmodiscus rex in an 80-ka record from a deep-sea core southeast of Sumatra, Indonesia: implications for tropical palaeoceanography. Marine Geology 183, 31–43.
  • Dylmer C.V., Giraudeau J., Eynaud F., Husum K. & de Vernal A. 2013. Northward advection of Atlantic Water in the eastern Nordic Seas over the last 3000 yr. Climate of the Past 9, 1505–1518.
  • Egge J.K. & Aksnes D.L. 1992. Silicate as regulating nutrient in phytoplankton competition. Marine Ecology Progress Series 83, 281–289.
  • Eldevik T., Risebrobakken B., Bjune A.E., Andersson C., Birks H.J.B., Dokken T.M., Drange H., Glessmer M.S., Li C., Nilsen J.E.Ø., Otterå O.H., Richter K. & Skagseth Ø. 2014. A brief history of climate—the northern seas from the Last Glacial Maximum to global warming. Quaternary Science Reviews 106, 225–246.
  • Falck E., Kattner G. & Budéus G. 2005. Disappearance of Pacific Water in the northwestern Fram Strait. Geophysical Research Letters 32, L14619, doi: 10.1029/2005GL023400.
  • GISTEMP Team 2017. GISS Surface Temperature Analysis (GISTEMP). NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies. Accessed on the internet at https://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp on 23 April 2018.
  • Guillet S., Corona C., Stoffel M., Khodri M., Lavigne F., Ortega P., Eckert N., Sielenou P.D., Daux V., Churakova (Sidorova) O.V., Davi N., Edouard J.-L., Zhang Y., Luckman B.H., Myglan V.S., Guiot J., Beniston M., Masson-Delmotte V. & Oppenheimer C. 2017. Climate response to the Samalas volcanic eruption in 1257 revealed by proxy records. Nature Geoscience 10, 123–128.
  • Hass C., Andruleit H., Baumann A., Baumann K.H., Kohly A., Jensen S., Matthießen J., Samtleben C., Schäfer P., Schröder-Ritzrau A. & Thiede J. 2001. The potential of synoptic plankton analyses for paleoclimatic investigations: five plankton groups from the Holocene Nordic Seas. In P. Schäfer et al. (eds.): The northern North Atlantic: a changing environment. Pp. 291–318. Berlin: Springer.
  • Hoff U., Rasmussen T.L., Stein R., Ezat M.M. & Fahl K. 2016. Sea ice and millennial-scale climate variability in the Nordic Seas 90 kyr ago to present. Nature Communications 7, article no. 12247, doi: 10.1038/ncomms12247.
  • Holland D.M., Mysak L.A. & Oberhuber J.M. 1996. An investigation of the general circulation of the Arctic Ocean using an isopycnal model. Tellus Series A 48, 138–157.
  • Jousé A.P. 1962. Stratigraphic and paleogeographic studies in the northwestern part of the Pacific Ocean. Moscow: Academy of Sciences of USSR.
  • Jousé A.P. (ed.) 1977. Atlas of microorganisms in bottom sediments of the oceans (diatoms, radiolarians, silicoflagellates, coccoliths). Moscow: Nauka Press.
  • Karcher M., Gerdes R., Kauker F. & Köberle C. 2003. Arctic warming: evolution and spreading of the 1990s warm event in the Nordic seas and the Arctic Ocean. Journal of Geophysical Research—Oceans 108, 3034, doi: 10.1029/2001JC001265.
  • Kaufman D.S., Schneider D.P., McKay N.P., Ammann C.M., Bradley R.S., Briffa K.R., Miller G.H., Otto-Bliesner B.L., Overpeck J.T., Vinther B.M. & Arctic Lakes 2k Project Members. 2009. Recent warming reverses long-term Arctic cooling. Science 325, 1236–1239.
  • Kazarina G.K. & Yushina I.G. 1999. Diatoms in recent and Holocene sediments of the North Pacific and Bering Sea. Berichte zur Polarforshung 306, 120–133.
  • Kemp A.E.S., Pearce R.B., Grigorov I., Rance J., Lange C.B., Quilty P. & Salter I. 2006. Production of giant marine diatoms and their export at oceanic frontal zones: implications for Si and C flux from stratified oceans. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 20, GB4S04, doi: 10.1029/2006GB002698.
  • Knudsen K.L., Jiang H., Jansen E., Eiríksson J., Heinemeier J. & Seidenkrantz M.-S. 2004. Environmental changes off North Iceland during the deglaciation and the Holocene: foraminifera, diatoms and stable isotopes. Marine Micropaleontology 50, 273–305.
  • Koç Karpuz N. & Jansen E. 1992. A high-resolution diatom record of the last deglaciation from the SE Norwegian Sea: documentation of rapid climatic changes. Paleoceanography 7, 499–520.
  • Koç Karpuz N. & Schrader H. 1990. Surface sediment diatom distribution and Holocene paleotemperature variations in the Greenland, Iceland and Norwegian Sea. Paleoceanography 5, 557–580.
  • Köseoğlu D., Belt S.T., Smik L., Yao H., Panieri G. & Knies J. 2018. Complementary biomarker-based methods for characterising Arctic sea ice conditions: a case study comparison between multivariate analysis and the PIP25 index. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 222, 406–420.
  • Krawczyk D., Witkowski A., Wroniecki M., Waniek J., Kurzydłowski K.J. & Płociński T. 2012. Reinterpretation of two diatom species from the West Greenland margin—thalassiosira kushirensis and Thalassiosira antarctica var. borealis—hydrological consequences. Marine Micropaleontology 88–89, 1–14.
  • Kubiszyn A.M., Piwosz K., Wiktor Jr J.M. & Wiktor J.M. 2014. The effect of inter-annual Atlantic Water inflow variability on the planktonic protist community structure in the west Spitsbergen waters during the summer. Journal of Plankton Research 36, 1190–1203.
  • Locarnini R.A., Mishonov A.V., Antonov J.I., Boyer T.P., Garcia H.E., Baranova O.K., Zweng M.M., Paver C.R., Reagan J.R., Johnson D.R., Hamilton M. & Seidov D. 2013. World Ocean atlas 2013. Vol. 1. Temperature. NOAA Atlas NESDIS 73. Silver Spring, MD: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service, US Department of Commerce.
  • Makarova I.V. (ed.) 2002. The diatoms of Russia and adjacent countries: fossil and recent. Vol. 2. Issue 3. St. Petersburg: St. Petersburg University Press.
  • Makarova I.V., Gleser S.I., Moisseeva A.I. & Nikolaev V.A. (Eds.). 1988. The diatoms of the USSR: fossil and recent. Vol. 2. Issue 1. Leningrad: Nauka Press.
  • Mann M., Zhang Z., Rutherford S., Bradley R.S., Hughes M.K., Shindell D., Ammann C., Faluvegi G. & Ni F. 2009. Global signatures and dynamical origins of the Little Ice Age and Medieval Climate Anomaly. Science 326, 1256–1260.
  • Marnela M., Rudels B., Olsson K.A., Anderson L.G., Jeansson E., Torres D.J., Messias M.-J., Swift J.H. & Watson A.J. 2008. Transports of Nordic Seas water masses and excess SF6 through Fram Strait to the Arctic Ocean. Progress in Oceanography 78, 1–11.
  • Мatul A.G. & Abelmann А. 2005. Pleistocene and Holocene distribution of the radiolarian Amphimelissa setosa Cleve in the North Pacific and North Atlantic: evidence for water mass movement. Deep-Sea Research II 52, 2351–2364.
  • Matul A.G., Khusid T.A., Mukhina V.V., Chekhovskaya M.P. & Safarova S.A. 2007. Recent and Late Holocene environments on the southeastern shelf of the Laptev Sea as inferred from microfossil data. Oceanology 47, 80–90.
  • Miettinen A., Divine D., Husum K., Koç N. & Jennings A. 2015. Exceptional ocean surface conditions on the SE Greenland shelf during the Medieval Climate Anomaly. Paleoceanography 30, 1657–1674.
  • Miettinen A., Koç N. & Husum K. 2013. Appearance of the Pacific diatom Neodenticula seminae in the northern Nordic Seas—an indication of changes in Arctic sea ice and ocean circulation. Marine Micropaleontology 99, 2–7.
  • Miller G.H., Brigham-Grette J., Alley R.B., Anderson L., Bauch H.A., Douglas M.S.V., Edwards M.E., Elias S.A., Finney B.P., Fitzpatrick J.J., Funder S.V., Herbert T.D., Hinzman L.D., Kaufman D.S., Mac Donald G.M., Polyak L., Robock A., Serreze M.C., Smol J.P., Spielhagen R., White J.W.C., Wolfe A.P. & Wolff E.W. 2010. Temperature and precipitation history of the Arctic. Quaternary Science Reviews 29, 1679–1715.
  • Morán X.A.G., López-Urrutia Á., Calvo-Díaz A. & Li W.K.W. 2010. Increasing importance of small phytoplankton in a warmer ocean. Global Change Biology 16, 1137–1144.
  • Nilsen F., Skogseth R., Vaardal-Lunde J. & Inall M. 2016. A simple shelf circulation model: intrusion of Atlantic Water on the West Spitsbergen Shelf. Journal of Physical Oceanography 46, 1209–1230.
  • Norwegian Ice Service 2017. Ice chart statistics. Norwegian Meteorological Institute. Accessed on the internet at http://polarview.met.no on 23 April 2018.
  • Norwegian Polar Institute 2017. Decadal average temperature and salinity in the core of the West Spitsbergen current. Environmental Monitoring of Svalbard and Jan Mayen. Accessed on the internet at http://www.mosj.no/en/climate/ocean/temperature-salinity-fram-strait.html on 23 April 2018.
  • Nöthig E.-M., Bracher A., Engel A., Metfies K., Niehoff B., Peeken I., Bauerfeind E., Cherkasheva A., Gäbler-Schwarz S., Hardge K., Kilias E., Kraft A., Kidane Y.M., Lalande C., Piontek J., Thomisch K. & Wurst M. 2015. Summertime plankton ecology in Fram Strait—a compilation of long- and short-term observations. Polar Research 34, article no. 23349, doi: 10.3402/polar.v34.23349.
  • Piquet A.M.-T., van de Poll W.H., Visser R.J.W., Wiencke C., Bolhuis H. & Buma A.G.J. 2014. Springtime phytoplankton dynamics in Arctic Krossfjorden and Kongsfjorden (Spitsbergen) as a function of glacier proximity. Biogeosciences 11, 2263–2279.
  • Polyakov I.V., Timokhov L.A., Alexeev V.A., Bacon S., Dmitrenko I.A., Fortier L., Frolov I.E., Gascard J.-C., Hansen E., Ivanov V.V., Laxon S., Mauritzen C., Perovich D., Shimada K., Simmons H.L., Sokolov V.T., Steele M. & Toole J. 2010. Arctic Ocean warming contributes to reduced polar ice cap. Journal of Physical Oceanography 40, 2743–2756.
  • Poulin M., Lundholm N., Bérard-Therriault L., Starr M. & Gagnon R. 2010. Morphological and phylogenetic comparisons of Neodenticula seminae (Bacillariophyta) populations between the Subarctic Pacific and the Gulf of St. Lawrence. European Journal of Phycology 45, 127–142.
  • Proshkina-Lavrenko A.I., Gleser S.I., Jousé A.P., Makarova I.V. & Sheshukova-Poretzkaya V.S. (eds.) 1974. The diatoms of the USSR: fossil and recent. Vol. I. Leningrad: Nauka Press.
  • Ramseier R.O., Garrity C., Bauerfeind E. & Peinert R. 1999. Sea-ice impact on long-term particle flux in the Greenland Sea’s Odden–Nordbukta region, 1985-1996. Journal of Geophysical Research—Oceans 104, 5329–5343.
  • Reid P.C., Johns D.G., Edwards M.I.N., Starr M., Poulin M. & Snoeijs P. 2007. A biological consequence of reducing Arctic ice cover: arrival of the Pacific diatom Neodenticula seminae in the North Atlantic for the first time in 800 000 years. Global Change Biology 13, 1910–1921.
  • Ren J., Gersonde R., Esper O. & Sancetta C. 2014. Diatom distributions in northern North Pacific surface sediments and their relationship to modern environmental variables. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 402, 81–103.
  • Rey F. 2012. Declining silicate concentrations in the Norwegian and Barents seas. ICES Journal of Marine Science 69, 208–212.
  • Rueda G., Fietz S. & Rosell-Melé A. 2013. Coupling of air and sea surface temperatures in the eastern Fram Strait during the last 2000 years. The Holocene 23, 692–698.
  • Samtleben C., Schäfer P., Andruleit H., Baumann A., Baumann K.-H., Kohly A., Matthiessen J., Schröder-Ritzrau A. & ‘Synpal’ Working Group. 1995. Plankton in the Norwegian–greenland Sea: from living communities to sediment assemblages—an actualistic approach. Geologische Rundschau 84, 108–136.
  • Sancetta C. 1981. Oceanographic and ecological significance of diatoms in surface sediments of the Bering and Okhotsk seas. Deep-Sea Research 28A, 789–817.
  • Sancetta C. 1982. Distribution of diatom species in surface sediments of the Bering and Okhotsk seas. Micropaleontology 28, 221–257.
  • Schlitzer R. 2016. Ocean Data View, version 4.7.7. http://odv.awi.de.
  • Schlüter M., Sauter E.J., Schulz-Bull D., Balzer W. & Suess E. 2001. Fluxes of organic carbon and biogenic silica reaching the seafloor: a comparison of high northern and southern latitudes of the Atlantic Ocean. In P. Schäfer et al. (eds.): The northern North Atlantic: a changing environment. Pp. 225–240. Berlin: Springer.
  • Sejrup H.P., Seppä H., McKay N.P., Kaufman D.S., Geirsdóttir Á., de Vernal A., Renssen H., Husum K., Jennings A. & Andrews J.T. 2016. North Atlantic–fennoscandian Holocene climate trends and mechanisms. Quaternary Science Reviews 147, 365–378.
  • Sieger R. & Grobe H. 2013. PanPlot 2—software to visualize profiles and time series. Helmholtz Center for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Alfred Wegener Institute, doi: 10.1594/PANGAEA.816201.
  • Smol J.P. & Stoermer E.F. (eds.) 2010. The diatoms: applications for the environmental and Earth sciences. 2nd edn. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Soltwedel T., Bauerfeind E., Bergmann M., Bracher A., Budaeva N., Busch K., Cherkasheva A., Fahl K., Grzelak K., Hasemann C., Jacob M., Kraft A., Lalande C., Metfies K., Nöthig E.-M., Meyer K., Quéric N.-V., Schewe I., Włodarska-Kowalczuk M. & Klages M. 2016. Natural variability or anthropogenically-induced variation? Insights from 15 years of multidisciplinary observations at the Arctic marine LTER site HAUSGARTEN. Ecological Indicators 65, 89–102.
  • Spielhagen R.F., Werner K., Sørensen S.A., Zamelczyk K., Kandiano E., Budeus G., Husum K., Marchitto T.M. & Hald M. 2011. Enhanced modern heat transfer to the Arctic by warm Atlantic Water. Science 331, 450–453.
  • Stabell B. 1987. The diatom flora in the Fram Strait. A comparison with the Pleistocene/Holocene boundary flora in the Norwegian Sea. Polar Research 5, 321–322.
  • Starr M., St-Amand L. & Bérard-Therriault L. 2002. State of phytoplankton in the Estuary and Gulf of St. Lawrence during 2001. Canadian Science Advisory Secretariat Research Document 2002/067. Quebec: Fisheries and Oceans Canada.
  • Strelnikova N.I. & Tsoy I.B. (eds.) 2008. The diatoms of Russia and adjacent countries: fossil and recent. Vol. II. Issue 5. St. Petersburg: St. Petersburg University Press.
  • Sun X., Humborg C., Mörth C.-M. & Brüchert V. 2017. Early diagenesis of silica in the Arctic Ocean sediments inferred by porewater stable silicon isotopes. Poster presented at the Goldschmidt 2017 conference, 13–18 August, Paris. Goldschmidt Abstracts 3833.
  • Talley L.D., Pickard G.L., Emery W.J. & Swift J.H. 2011. Descriptive physical oceanography: an introduction. 6th edn. Boston: Elsevier.
  • Torres-Valdés S., Tsubouchi T., Bacon S., Naveira-Garabato A.C., Sanders R., McLaughlin F.A., Petrie B., Kattner G., Azetsu-Scott K. & Whitledge T.E. 2013. Export of nutrients from the Arctic Ocean. Journal of Geophysical Research—Oceans 118, 1625–1644.
  • Tung K.-K. & Zhou J. 2013. Using data to attribute episodes of warming and cooling in instrumental records. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 110, 2058–2063.
  • Tyrrell T., & Merico A. 2004. Emiliania huxleyi: bloom observations and the conditions that induce them. In H.R. Thierstein & J.R. Young (eds.): Coccolithophores: From molecular processes to global impact. Pp. 75–97. Berlin: Springer.
  • Villareal T., Joseph L., Brzezinski M.A., Shipe R.F., Lipschultz F. & Altabet M.A. 1999. Biological and chemical characteristics of the giant diatom Ethmodiscus (Bacillariophyceae) in the Central North Pacific Gyre. Journal of Phycology 35, 896–902.
  • Volkman J.K., Eglinton G., Corner E.D.S. & Sargent J.R. 1980. Novel unsaturated straight-chain C37–c39 methyl and ethyl ketones in marine sediments and a coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi. In A.G. Douglas & J.R. Maxwell (eds.): Advances in organic geochemistry 1979. Pp. 219–227. Oxford: Pergamon Press.
  • von Quillfeldt C.H., Ambrose W.G. Jr. & Clough L.M. 2003. High number of diatom species in first year ice from the Chukchi Sea. Polar Biology 26, 806–818.
  • Weckström K., Miettinen A., Caissie B., Pearce C., Ellegaard M., Krawczyk D. & Witkowski A. 2014. Sea surface temperatures in Disko Bay during the Little Ice Age—caution needs to be exercised before assigning Thalassiosira kushirensis resting spore as a warm-water indicator in palaeoceanographic studies. Quaternary Science Reviews 101, 234–237.
  • Werner K., Frank M., Teschner C., Müller J. & Spielhagen R.F. 2013. Neoglacial change in deep water exchange and increase of sea-ice transport through eastern Fram Strait: evidence from radiogenic isotopes. Quaternary Science Reviews 92, 190–207.
  • Werner K., Spielhagen R.F., Bauch D., Hass H.C., Kandiano E. & Zamelczyk K. 2011. Atlantic Water advection to the eastern Fram Strait—multiproxy evidence for late Holocene variability. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 308, 264–276.
  • Zamelczyk K., Rasmussen T.L., Husum K. & Hald M. 2013. Marine calcium carbonate preservation vs. climate change over the last two millennia in the Fram Strait: implications for planktic foraminiferal paleostudies. Marine Micropaleontology 98, 14–27.
  • Zielinski U., Gersonde R., Sieger R. & Fütterer D.K. 1998. Quaternary surface water temperature estimations: calibration of a diatom transfer function for the Southern Ocean. Paleoceanography 13, 365–383.
  • Zweng M.M., Reagan J.R., Antonov J.I., Locarnini R.A., Mishonov A.V., Boyer T.P., Garcia H.E., Baranova O.K., Johnson D.R., Seidov D. & Biddle M.M. 2013. World Ocean atlas 2013. Vol. 2. Salinity. NOAA Atlas NESDIS 74. Silver Spring, MD: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service, US Department of Commerce.