138
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

COVID-19 Response in Kenya, March 2020 to March 2021: A Comparative Analysis from a Historical Perspective

ORCID Icon

References

  • AFP. “Nobel Peace Laureate Claims HIV Deliberately Created.” ABC News, 9 October 2004. Accessed 12 July 2023. https://www.abc.net.au/news/2004-10-09/nobel-peace-laureate-claims-hiv-deliberately/565752.
  • Andayi, Fred. “How the Spanish Flu Affected Kenya – and its Similarities to Coronavirus,” The Conversation, 22 April 2020. Accessed 12 July 2023. https://theconversation.com/how-the-spanish-flu-affected-kenya-and-its-similarities-to-coronavirus-136515#:~:text=In%20just%20nine%20months%20%E2%80%93%20from,were%20reported%20across%20the%20country.
  • Andayi, Fred, Sandra S. Chaves, and Marc-Alain Widdowson. “Impact of the 1918 Influenza Pandemic in Coastal Kenya.” Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases 4 (2019): 91. https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed4020091
  • Baker, P., and Haberman, M. “Trump Tests Positive for the Coronavirus.” New York Times. 2 October 2020. Accessed 12 July 2023, https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/02/us/politics/trump-covid.html ().
  • Barry, J. M., C. Viboud, and L. Simonsen. “Cross-Protection between Successive Waves of the 1918–1919 Influenza Pandemic: Epidemiological Evidence from US Army Camps and from Britain.” Journal of Infectious Diseases 198, no. 1 (2008): 1427–34. https://doi.org/10.1086/592454
  • Benedictow, Ole J. The Black Death, 1346-1353: The Complete History. Martlesham, Suffolk: Boydell & Brewer, 2006.
  • Chan, C. H., A. R. Tuite, and D. N. Fisman, “Historical Epidemiology of the Second Cholera Pandemic: Relevance to Present Day Disease Dynamics,” PLoS ONE 8, no. 8 (2013): e72498. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072498
  • Coant, P. N., A. E. Kornberg, L. C. Duffy, D. M. Dryja, and S. M. Hassan. “Blood Culture Results as Determinants in the Organism Identification of Bacterial Meningitis.” Pediatric Emergency Care 8, no. 4 (1992): 200–5. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006565-199208000-00006
  • Colwell, Rita R. 2004. “Infectious Disease and Environment: Cholera as a Paradigm for Waterborne Disease.” International Microbiology 7, no. 4 (2004): 285–89.
  • Erkoreka, A. “Origins of the Spanish Influenza Pandemic (1918–1920) and its Relation to the First World War.” Journal of Molecular and Genetic Medicine: An International Journal of Biomedical Research 3 (2009): 190–94.
  • Fears, J. R. “The Plague Under Marcus Aurelius and the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire.” Infectious Disease Clinic of North America 18, no. 1 (2004): 65–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0891-5520(03)00089-8
  • Gathogo, J. “COVID-19 Containment Measures and ‘Prophecies’ in Kenya.” In Religion and the COVID-19 Pandemic in Southern Africa, edited by F. Sibanda, T. Muvambo, and E. Chitando, 126–40. London: Routledge, 2022. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003241096-9
  • Gathogo, J. The Imprints of NITD-Kabete in Mutira Mission, Kenya: Recollections on Josphat Kathogo Kamoni (1918–1978). Nairobi: Kairos, 2021.
  • Gathogo, J. The Truth About African Hospitality: Is there hope for Africa? Mombasa: Salt, 2001.
  • Gathogo, J. “Were the African Indigenous Resources Rendered Impotent by the Pandemic? A Review of COVID-19 Impact in Kenya, March 2020 to March 2022.” Jumuga Journal of Education, Oral Studies, and Human Sciences 5, no. 1 (2022): 1–13. https://doi.org/10.35544/jjeoshs.v5i1.56
  • Gharib, S. E. “Why Global Citizens Should Care.” Global Citizen, 9 March 2021. Accessed 21 March 2022, https://www.globalcitizen.org/en/content/what-is-covax/.
  • Gilbert, Bentley Brinkerhoff. “The Free Lancer: The South African War, 1895–1902.” In Lloyd George: A Political Life: The Architect of Change, 1863–1912. London: B. T. Batsford Ltd, 1987.
  • Green, M. S., T. Swartz, E. Mayshar, B. Lev, A. Leventhal, P. E. Slater, and J. Shemer. “When is an Epidemic an Epidemic?” The Israel Medical Association Journal 4, no. 1 (2002): 3–6.
  • Gregory, C. Thucydides and the Ancient Simplicity: the Limits of Political Realism. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998.
  • Junior, M. “Coronavirus: Stop Bludgeoning Kenyans During Curfew, Leaders Tell Police.” Standard Digital, 28 March 2020. Accessed 26 April 2020, https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/2001365989/stop-beating-kenyans-during-curfew-leaders-tell-police.
  • Kimita, G., Josphat Nyataya, Esther Omuseni, Faith Sigei, Alan Lemtudo, Eric Muthanje, Brian Andika, et al. “Temporal Lineage Replacements and Dominance of Imported Variants of Concern during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Kenya.” Community Medicine 103, no. 2 (2022): 1. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43856-022-00167-8
  • Littman, R. “The Plague of Athens: Epidemiology and Paleopathology.” The Mount Sinai Journal of Medicine 76, no. 5 (2009): 456–67. https://doi.org/10.1002/msj.20137
  • Lodge, T. A treatise of the Plague: Containing the Nature, Signes, and Accidents of the Same, with the Certaine and Absolute Cure of the Fevers, Botches and Carbuncles that Raigne in These Times. London: Edward White, 1603.
  • Male, V. “SARS-CoV-2 Infection and COVID-19 Vaccination in Pregnancy.” Nature Reviews Immunology 22, no. 5 (2022): 277–82. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41577-022-00703-6
  • Martin, P. M., and E. Martin-Granel. “2500-Year Evolution of the Term Epidemic.” Emerging Infectious Diseases 12, no. 6 (2006): 976–80. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1206.051263
  • Morgan, W. T. W. “The Ethnic Geography of Kenya on the Eve of Independence.” Erdkunde 54, no. 1 (2000): 76–87. https://doi.org/10.3112/erdkunde.2000.01.07
  • Mukami, L. “Kenya COVID-19 Cases Rise by 8, Total Now at 363.” Daily Nation, 27 April 2020. Accessed 27 April 2020, https://www.nation.co.ke/news/COVID-19-cases-rise-by-8--total-now-363/1056-5535748-os9yc4/index.html.
  • Munyaka, Kamiri. “Traditional Trees and Herbs Might Provide COVID-19 Cure – Environmentalist.” Kenya News Agency, 28 June 2020. Accessed 23 January 2022, https://www.kenyanews.go.ke/traditional-trees-and-herbs-might-provide-covid-19-cure-environmentalist/.
  • Ng’enoh, P. “Kanjo Cats Starving on Deserted Streets.” The Nairobian, No. 1528, 24 April–30 April 2020.
  • Oxford, J. S., A. Sefton, R. Jackson, N. P. A. S. Johnson, and R. S. Daniels. “Who’s That Lady?” Nature Medicine 5, no. 1 (1999): 1351–52. https://doi.org/10.1038/70913
  • Patterson, K. D., and G. F. Pyle. “The Diffusion of Influenza in Sub-Saharan Africa during the 1918–1919 Pandemic.” Social Science Medicine 17 (1983): 1299–1307. https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-9536(83)90022-9
  • Phillips, H. “Influenza Pandemic.” 1914–1918 Online, last updated 8 October 2014. https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/influenza_pandemic.
  • Robert, C. W. Thucydides. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1984.
  • Sampath S., A. Khedr, S. Qamar, A. Tekin, R. Singh, R. Green, and R. Kashyap. “Pandemics Throughout the History.” Cureus 13, no. 9 (2021): e18136. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.18136
  • Smith, C. A. 1996. “Plague in the Ancient World: A Study from Thucydides to Justinian.” Student Historical Journal 28, no. 1 (1996): 1–19.
  • Taubenberger, J. K., and D. M. Morens. “1918 Influenza: The Mother of All Pandemics.” Emerging Infectious Diseases 12, no. 1 (2006): 15–22. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1209.05-0979
  • Tomkins, S. M. “Colonial Administration in British Africa during the Influenza Epidemic of 1918–1919.” Canadian Journal of African Studies 28, no. 1 (1994): 60–83. https://doi.org/10.1080/00083968.1994.10804338
  • Tu H., S. Tu, S. Gao, A. Shao, and J. Sheng. “Current Epidemiological and Clinical Features Of COVID-19; A Global Perspective from China,” Journal of Infections 81 no. 1 (2020): 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2020.04.011
  • Waris, A. “Taxation without Principles: A Historical Analysis of the Kenyan Taxation System.” Kenya Law Review 1, no. 1 (2007): 272–304.
  • Wikipedia. “COVID-19 in Kenya.” Wikipedia. Last modified 8 June 2023. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Kenya.