High prevalence of somatic symptoms in a semi-rural Chilean population and its association with depression and anxietyFootnote^†

† Affiliation where research was conducted: Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.

References

• American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed., text rev.). Washington, DC: Author.
   Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
   Google Scholar
• Amigo, H., Bustos, P., Zumelzú, E., & Rona, R. J. (2014). Cohort profile: The Limache, Chile, birth cohort study. International Journal of Epidemiology, 43(4), 1031–1039. doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyt091
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bekhuis, E., Boschloo, L., Rosmalen, J. G. M., & Schoevers, R. A. (2015). Differential associations of specific depressive and anxiety disorders with somatic symptoms. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 78(2), 116–122. doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2014.11.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bustos, P., Amigo, H., Bangdiwala, S. I., Pizarro, T., & Rona, R. J. (2016). Does the association between birth weight and blood pressure increase with age? A longitudinal study in young adults. Journal of Hypertension, 34(6), 1062–1067. doi.org/10.1097/HJH.0000000000000912
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chilean Ministry of Health. (2010). National health survey. Chile 2009–2010. Retrieved from http://www.minsal.gob.cl/portal/url/item/bcb03d7bc28b64dfe040010165012d23.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Chilean Ministry of Health. (2014). Evaluation of mental health system in Chile (Second Report). Retrieved from http://www.who.int/mental_health/who_aims_country_reports/who_aims_report_chile.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Cleary, M., Horsfall, J., & Escott, P. (2014). Marginalization and associated concepts and processes in relation to mental health/illness. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 35, 224–226. doi.org/10.3109/01612840.2014.883792
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cosci, F., & Fava, G. A. (2015). The clinical inadequacy of the DSM-5 classification of somatic symptom and related disorders: An alternative trans-diagnostic model. CNS Spectrums, 1–8. doi.org/10.1017/S1092852915000760
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Costa Requena, G., Salamero, M., & Gil, F. (2007). Validity of the questionnaire MOS-SSS of social support in neoplastic patients. Medicina Clínica, 128(18), 687–691. doi.org/10.1157/13102357
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fullerton, C., Florenzano, R., & Acuña, J. (2000). Association of chronic diseases and psychiatric disorders among patients attenting public primary care clinics. Revista Médica de Chile, 128(7), 729–734.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garmendia, M. L., Alvarado, M. E., Montenegro, M., & Pino, P. (2008). Social support as a protective factor of recurrence after drug addiction treatment. Revista Médica de Chile, 136(2), 169–178. doi.org//S0034-98872008000200005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griffiths, K. M., Crisp, D. A., Barney, L., & Reid, R. (2011). Seeking help for depression from family and friends: A qualitative analysis of perceived advantages and disadvantages. BMC Psychiatry, 11(1), 196. doi.org/10.1186/1471-244X-11-196
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanel, G., Henningsen, P., Herzog, W., Sauer, N., Schaefert, R., Szecsenyi, J., & Löwe, B. (2009). Depression, anxiety, and somatoform disorders: Vague or distinct categories in primary care? Results from a large cross-sectional study. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 67(3), 189–197. doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2009.04.013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henningsen, P., Zimmerman, T., & Sattel, H. (2003). Medically unexplained physical symptoms, anxiety, and depression: A meta-analytic review. Psychosomatic Medicine, 65(4), 528–533. doi.org/10.1097/01.PSY.0000075977.90337.E7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, K. W., Kim, S. H., Shin, J. H., Choi, B. Y., Nam, J. H., & Park, S. C. (2014). Psychosocial, physical, and autonomic correlates of depression in Korean adults: Results from a county-based depression screening study. Psychiatry Investigation, 11(4), 402–411. doi.org/10.4306/pi.2014.11.4.402
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kocalevent, R.-D., Hinz, A., & Brähler, E. (2013). Standardization of a screening instrument (PHQ-15) for somatization syndromes in the general population. BMC Psychiatry, 13(1), 91. doi.org/10.1186/1471-244X-13-91
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kohn, R., Levav, I., de Almeida, J., Vicente, B., Andrade, L., Caraveo-Anduaga, J., … Saraceno, B. (2005). Mental disorders in Latin America and the Caribbean: A public health priority. Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública, 18(4–5), 229–240. doi.org/10.1590/S1020-49892005000900002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Körber, S., Frieser, D., Steinbrecher, N., & Hiller, W. (2011). Classification characteristics of the patient health questionnaire-15 for screening somatoform disorders in a primary care setting. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 71(3), 142–147. doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2011.01.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., & Williams, J. B. W. (2001). The PHQ-9: Validity of a brief depression severity measure. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 16(9), 606–613. doi.org/10.1046/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., & Williams, J. B. W. (2002). The PHQ-15: Validity of a new measure for evaluating the severity of somatic symptoms. Psychosomatic Medicine, 64(2), 258–266. doi.org/10.1097/00006842-200203000-00008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., Williams, J. B. W., & Löwe, B. (2010). The patient health questionnaire somatic, anxiety, and depressive symptom scales: A systematic review. General Hospital Psychiatry, 32(4), 345–359. doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2010.03.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lieb, R., Meinlschmidt, G., & Araya, R. (2007). Epidemiology of the association between somatoform disorders and anxiety and depressive disorders: An update. Psychosomatic Medicine, 69(9), 860–863. doi.org/69/9/860 [pii] doi: 10.1097/PSY.0b013e31815b0103
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Löwe, B., Spitzer, R. L., Williams, J. B. W., Mussell, M., Schellberg, D., & Kroenke, K. (2008). Depression, anxiety and somatization in primary care: Syndrome overlap and functional impairment. General Hospital Psychiatry, 30(3), 191–199. doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2008.01.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Menéndez, J., Guevara, A., Arcia, N., León Díaz, E. M., Marín, C., & Alfonso, J. C. (2005). Chronic diseases and functional limitation in older adults: A comparative study in seven cities of Latin America and the Caribbean. Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública, 17(5–6), 353–361. doi.org/10.1590/S1020-49892005000500007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Revilla, L., Luna del Castillo, J., Bailón, E., & Medina, I. (2005). Validation of MOS social support questionnaire in primary care. Medicina de Familia (And), 6, 10–18.
   Google Scholar
• Rundell, J. R. (2012). Factors associated with depression treatment-response in an outpatient psychosomatic medicine practice: An exploratory retrospective study. Psychosomatics, 53(4), 387–391. doi.org/10.1016/j.psym.2011.04.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sherbourne, C. D., Hays, R. D., & Wells, K. B. (1995). Personal and psychosocial risk factors for physical and mental health outcomes and course of depression among depressed patients. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 63(3), 345–355. doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.63.3.345
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sherbourne, C. D., Meredith, L. S., Rogers, W., & Ware, J. E. (1992). Social support and stressful life events: Age differences in their effects on health-related quality of life among the chronically ill. Quality of Life Research, 1(4), 235–246. doi.org/10.1007/BF00435632
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sherbourne, C. D., & Stewart, A. L. (1991). The MOS social support survey. Social Science and Medicine, 32(6), 705–714. doi.org/10.1016/0277-9536(91)90150-B
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shidhaye, R., Mendenhall, E., Sumathipala, K., Sumathipala, A., & Patel, V. (2013). Association of somatoform disorders with anxiety and depression in women in low and middle income countries: A systematic review. International Review of Psychiatry (Abingdon, England), 25(1), 65–76. doi.org/10.3109/09540261.2012.748651
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shin, J. K., Kim, K. W., Park, J. H., Lee, J. J., Huh, Y., Lee, S. B., … Woo, J. I. (2008). Impacts of poor social support on general health status in community-dwelling Korean elderly: The results from the Korean longitudinal study on health and aging. Psychiatry Investigation, 5(3), 155–162. doi.org/10.4306/pi.2008.5.3.155
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simon, G. E., VonKorff, M., Piccinelli, M., Fullerton, C., & Ormel, J. (1999). An international study of the relation between somatic symptoms and depression. New England Journal of Medicine, 341(18), 1329–1335. doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199910283411801
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spitzer, R. L., Kroenke, K., Williams, J. B. W., & Löwe, B. (2006). A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: The GAD-7. Archives of Internal Medicine, 166(10), 1092–1097. doi.org/10.1001/archinte.166.10.1092
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tófoli, L. F., Andrade, L. H., & Fortes, S. (2011). Somatization in Latin America: A review of the classification of somatoform disorders, functional syndromes and medically unexplained symptoms. Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria, 33(1), 70–80. doi.org/10.1590/S1516-44462011000500006
   Google Scholar
• Van Boven, K., Lucassen, P., Van Ravesteijn, H., Olde Hartman, T., Bor, H., Van Weel-Baumgarten, E., & Van Weel, C. (2011). Do unexplained symptoms predict anxiety or depression? Ten-year data from a practice-based research network. British Journal of General Practice, 61(587), 316–325. doi.org/10.3399/bjgp11X577981
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vicente, B., Kohn, R., Rioseco, P., Saldivia, S., Baker, C., & Torres, S. (2004). Population prevalence of psychiatric disorders in Chile: 6-month and 1-month rates. British Journal of Psychiatry, doi.org/10.1192/bjp.184.4.299
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vicente, B., Kohn, R., Rioseco, P., Saldivia, S., Levav, I., & Torres, S. (2006). Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of DSM-III-R disorders in the Chile psychiatric prevalence study. American Journal of Psychiatry, 163(8), 1362–1370. doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.163.8.1362 doi: 10.1176/ajp.2006.163.8.1362
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vicente, B., Kohn, R., Rioseco, P., Saldivia, S., Navarrette, G., Veloso, P., & Torres, S. (2006). Regional differences in psychiatric disorders in Chile. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 41(12), 935–942. doi.org/10.1007/s00127-006-0124-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ware, J. E., Snow, K. K., Kosinski, M., & Gandek, B. (1993). SF-36 health survey manual and interpretation guide. The Health Institute, New England Medical Center.
   Google Scholar
• Weuve, J., Tchetgen Tchetgen, E. J., Glymour, M. M., Beck, T. L., Aggarwal, N. T., Wilson, R. S., … Mendes de Leon, C. F. (2012). Accounting for bias due to selective attrition. Epidemiology, 23(1), 119–128. doi.org/10.1097/EDE.0b013e318230e861
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zijlema, W. L., Stolk, R. P., Löwe, B., Rief, W., White, P. D., & Rosmalen, J. G. M. (2013). How to assess common somatic symptoms in large-scale studies: A systematic review of questionnaires. Journal of Psychosomatic Research. doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2013.03.093
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar