PV energy penetration in Saudi Arabia: current status, residential, and commercial users, local investment, use in modern agriculture

References

• Ahmed, A., M. Zubair, P. Praveen, and A. Abokhalil. 2018. “Solar Energy Resource Analysis and Evaluation of Photovoltaic System Performance in Various Regions of Saudi Arabia.” Sustainability 10 (4): 1129. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10041129.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alghassab, M., Z. A. Khan, A. Altamimi, M. Imran, and F. F. Alruwaili. 2022. “Prospects of Hybrid Energy in Saudi Arabia, Exploring Irrigation Application in Shaqra.” Sustainability (Switzerland) 14 (9). https://doi.org/10.3390/su14095397.
   Google Scholar
• Ali, A. 2023. “Transforming Saudi Arabia’s Energy Landscape Towards a Sustainable Future: Progress of Solar Photovoltaic Energy Deployment.” Sustainability (Switzerland) 15:10. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15108420.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ali, Al-Sulaiman, A. Al-Duais, Irshad, M. Z. Amjad, Shafiullah, M. H. Fahad, et al. 2021. “Renewable Portfolio Standard Development Assessment in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia from the Perspective of Policy Networks Theory.” Processes 9 (7): 1123. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr9071123.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Almarshoud, A. F., and E. Adam. 2018. “Towards VLS-PV Deployment in Saudi Arabia: Challenges, Opportunities and Recommendations.” Energy Policy 114 (March): 422–430. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2017.12.024.
   Google Scholar
• AlOtaibi, Z. S., H. I. Khonkar, A. O. AlAmoudi, and S. H. Alqahtani. 2020. “Current Status and Future Perspectives for Localizing the Solar Photovoltaic Industry in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.” Energy Transitions 4 (1): 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41825-019-00020-y.
   Google Scholar
• Alrashoud, K., and K. Tokimatsu. 2019. “Factors Influencing Social Perception of Residential Solar Photovoltaic Systems in Saudi Arabia.” Sustainability (Switzerland) 11:19. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11195259.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alrashoud, K., and K. Tokimatsu. 2020. “An Exploratory Study of the Public’s Views on Residential Solar Photovoltaic Systems in Oil-Rich Saudi Arabia.” Environmental Development 35 (September): 100526. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envdev.2020.100526.
   Google Scholar
• Al-Waeli, A. H. A., H. A. A.-W. Ali, M. K. El-Din, H.-K. A.-K. Atma, A. Al-Mamari, H. A. Kazem, and M. T. Chaichan. 2017. “Optimum Design and Evaluation of Solar Water Pumping System for Rural Areas.” International Journal of Renewable Energy Research 7 (v7i1). https://doi.org/10.20508/ijrer.v7i1.4838.g6960.
   Google Scholar
• Amran, Y. H. A., Y. H. M. Amran, R. Alyousef, and H. Alabduljabbar. 2020. “Renewable and Sustainable Energy Production in Saudi Arabia According to Saudi Vision 2030; Current Status and Future Prospects.” Journal of Cleaner Production 247:119602. Elsevier Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.119602.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atalla, T. N., A. A. Gasim, and L. C. Hunt. 2018. “Gasoline Demand, Pricing Policy, and Social Welfare in Saudi Arabia: A Quantitative Analysis.” Energy Policy 114:123–133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2017.11.047. December 2017.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Awan, A. B. 2019. “Comparative Analysis of 100 MW Concentrated Solar Power Plant and Photovoltaic Plant.” AIP Conference Proceedings 2119 (1): 020004. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5115363.
   Google Scholar
• Awan, A. B., R. P. P. Muhammad Zubair, A. G. Abokhalil, and A. Abokhalil. 2018. “Solar Energy Resource Analysis and Evaluation of Photovoltaic System Performance in Various Regions of Saudi Arabia.” Sustainability (Switzerland) 10 (4): 1–27. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10041129.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Awan, A. B., M. Zubair, and K. V. V. Chandra Mouli. 2020. “Design, Optimization and Performance Comparison of Solar Tower and Photovoltaic Power Plants.” Energy 199 (May): 117450. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2020.117450.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barbosa, G. L., F. Daiane Almeida Gadelha, N. Kublik, A. Proctor, L. Reichelm, E. Weissinger, G. M. Wohlleb, and R. U. Halden. 2015. “Comparison of Land, Water, and Energy Requirements of Lettuce Grown Using Hydroponic Vs. Conventional Agricultural Methods.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 12 (6): 6879–6891. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120606879.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Basu, J. B., S. Dawn, P. Kumar Saha, M. Ranjan Chakraborty, and T. Selim Ustun. 2022. “A Comparative Study on System Profit Maximization of a Renewable Combined Deregulated Power System.” In Electronics (Switzerland). MDPI. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11182857.
   Google Scholar
• Bloomberg. 2018. “Saudis, SoftBank Plan World’s Largest Solar Project.” Press Release. 2018. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-03-28/saudi-arabia-softbank-ink-deal-on-200-billion-solar-project.
   Google Scholar
• Brecl, K., and M. Topic. 2018. “Photovoltaics (PV) System Energy Forecast on the Basis of the Local Weather Forecast: Problems, Uncertainties and Solutions.” Energies 11 (5): 5. https://doi.org/10.3390/en11051143.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Control, H., and C. Methods. 2019. “Protected Cropping in Warm Climates: A Review of Humidity Control and Cooling Methods.“ Energies 12 (14): 1–24. https://doi.org/10.3390/en12142737.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dhavale, D. G., and J. Sarkis. 2018. “Stochastic Internal Rate of Return on Investments in Sustainable Assets Generating Carbon Credits.” Computers and Operations Research 89:324–336. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cor.2017.02.014.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dönmez, F., and A. Altuncu. 2022. “Design of a Communication Network for Distributed Renewable Energy Generation Systems.” In 2022 International Balkan Conference on Communications and Networking, BalkanCom 2022, 1–5. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc. https://doi.org/10.1109/BalkanCom55633.2022.9900582.
   Google Scholar
• Drechsler, M., J. Egerer, M. Lange, F. Masurowski, J. Meyerhoff, and M. Oehlmann. 2017. “Efficient and Equitable Spatial Allocation of Renewable Power Plants at the Country Scale.” Nature Energy 2 (9). https://doi.org/10.1038/nenergy.2017.124.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Electricity & Cogeneration Regulatory Authority. “Regulatory Framework for Small-Scale Solar PV Systems.” 2 2019. https://www.ecra.gov.sa/en-us/ECRARegulations/Regulations/Documents/Regulatory-framework-for-Small-Scale-Solar-PV-Systems.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Elhadidy, M. A., and S. M. Shaahid. 2009. “Exploitation of Renewable Energy Resources for Environment-Friendly Sustainable Development in Saudi Arabia.” International Journal of Sustainable Engineering 2 (1): 56–66. https://doi.org/10.1080/19397030802658979.
   Google Scholar
• Elshurafa, A. M., A. M. Alsubaie, A. A. Alabduljabbar, and S. A. Al-Hsaien. 2019. “Solar PV on Mosque Rooftops: Results from a Pilot Study in Saudi Arabia.” Journal of Building Engineering 25 (September): 100809. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2019.100809.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• European Commission. 2018. “European Statistics.” Yearly https://doi.org/10.2785/990579.
   Google Scholar
• Goodrich, A., T. James, and M. Woodhouse. 2012. “Residential, Commercial, and Utility-Scale Photovoltaic (PV) System Prices in the United States: Current Drivers and Cost-Reduction Opportunities.” Photovoltaic Costs in the US: Analyses of Prices and Trends, no. February: 1–58. https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy12osti/53347.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Hajimineh, R., and A. Mohammad Moghani. 2023. “The Important Factors of Saudi Arabian Policymaking in Renewable Energy Resources.” Future Energy 2 (2): 29–38. https://doi.org/10.55670/fpll.fuen.2.2.4.
   Google Scholar
• Haney, J., and A. Burstein. 2013. “PV System Operations and Maintenance Fundamentals Solar America Board for Codes and Standards.” www.solarabcs.org.
   Google Scholar
• Haque, M. I., and M. Riyazuddin Khan. 2020. “Impact of Climate Change on Food Security in Saudi Arabia: A Roadmap to Agriculture-Water Sustainability.” Journal of Agribusiness in Developing and Emerging Economies 12 (1): 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1108/JADEE-06-2020-0127.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hasanov, F. J., and S. Shannak. May 2020. “Electricity Incentives for Agriculture in Saudi Arabia. Is That Relevant to Remove Them?” Energy Policy 144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2020.111589.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huawei, S. 2020. Fusion Solar Utility Smart PV Solution. Shenzhen: P.R. China. https://solar.huawei.com/en/download?p=%2F-%2Fmedia%2FSolar%2Fattachment%2Fpdf%2Fmea%2Fdatasheet%2FFusionSolar%20Utility%20Smart%20PV%20Solution.pdf. 518129.
   Google Scholar
• Jacobo, J. T. 2022. “Saudi Arabia Eyes 15GW of Renewables Projects After Penning New PPAs with ACWA Power, Jinko Power.” Financial & Legal, Markets & Finance, Power Plants, Projects. https://www.pv-tech.org/saudi-arabia-eyes-15gw-of-renewables-projects-after-penning-new-ppas-with-acwa-power-jinko-power/.
   Google Scholar
• Jewell, W., and R. Ramakumar. 1987. “The Effects of Moving Clouds on Electric Utilities With Dispersed Photovoltaic Generation.” IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion EC-2: 570–576. https://doi.org/10.1109/TEC.1987.4765894.
   Google Scholar
• Kazem, H. A., A. H. A. Al-Waeli, M. T. Chaichan, A. S. Al-Mamari, and A. H. Al-Kabi. 2017. “Design, Measurement and Evaluation of Photovoltaic Pumping System for Rural Areas in Oman.” Environment Development and Sustainability 19 (3): 1041–1053. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-016-9773-z.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kozai, T. 2013. “Resource Use Efficiency of Closed Plant Production System with Artificial Light: Concept, Estimation and Application to Plant Factory.” Proceedings of the Japan Academy Series B: Physical and Biological Sciences 89 (10): 447–461. https://doi.org/10.2183/pjab.89.447.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Love, D. C., J. P. Fry, L. Ximin, E. S. Hill, L. Genello, K. Semmens, and R. E. Thompson. 2015. “Commercial Aquaponics Production and Profitability: Findings from an International Survey.” Aquaculture 435:67–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2014.09.023.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahmood, H., T. Tawfik Yousef Alkhateeb, M. Mohammed Zaaf Al-Qahtani, Z. Allam, N. Ahmad, M. Furqan, and S. Fu. 2019. “Agriculture Development and CO2 Emissions Nexus in Saudi Arabia.” PLoS ONE 14 (12): 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0225865.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maisch, M. 2020. “Australia-Singapore Power Link: World’s Biggest Solar-Plus-Storage Project Gets Government Backing.” PV Magazine. https://www.pv-magazine.com/2019/07/22/australia-singapore-power-link-worlds-biggest-solarstorage-project-get-government-backing/.
   Google Scholar
• MOE. 2022a. “List of Private Universities and Institutes in Saudi Arabia.” https://moe.gov.sa/ar/education/highereducation/Pages/PrivateUniversity.aspx.
   Google Scholar
• MOE. 2022b. “List of Public Universities in Saudi Arabia.” List of Public Universities in Saudi Arabia. https://moe.gov.sa/en/education/highereducation/pages/universitieslist.aspx.
   Google Scholar
• Mokni, K., and M. Youssef. 2020. “Empirical Analysis of the Cross-Interdependence Between Crude Oil and Agricultural Commodity Markets.” Review of Financial Economics 38 (4): 635–654. https://doi.org/10.1002/rfe.1096.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muhammad, Z., R. P. P. Ahmed Bilal Awan, M. Abdulbaseer, and M. Abdulbaseer. 2019. “Solar Energy Export Prospects of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.” Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy 11 (4): 045902. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5098016.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muhammad, Z., R. P. P. Ahmed Bilal Awan, and R. P. Praveen. 2018. “Analysis of Photovoltaic Arrays Efficiency for Reduction of Building Cooling Load in Hot Climates.” Building Services Engineering Research and Technology 39 (6): 733–748. https://doi.org/10.1177/0143624418780633.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nasser, A., A. B. S. Bahaj, and P. James. 2022. “Supply Chain Readiness for Solar PV Expansion in Saudi Arabia.” Energies 15 (20): 20. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15207479.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NS Energy. 2023. “Sakaka Solar Project.” October 10, 2023. https://www.nsenergybusiness.com/projects/sakaka-solar-project/#.
   Google Scholar
• Panapakidis, I. P., N. Koltsaklis, and G. C. Christoforidis. 2021. “A Novel Integrated Profit Maximization Model for Retailers Under Varied Penetration Levels of Photovoltaic Systems.” Energies 14 (1): 92. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14010092.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parker, L. E., A. J. McElrone, S. M. Ostoja, and E. J. Forrestel. 2020. “Extreme Heat Effects on Perennial Crops and Strategies for Sustaining Future Production.” Plant Science 295:110397. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.110397.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pepermans, G., J. Driesen, D. Haeseldonckx, W. D’haeseleer, R. Belmans, and J. Driesen. 2003. “Distributed Generation: Definition, Benefits and Issues.” Energy Policy 33 (6): 787–798. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2003.10.004.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Power, A. C. W. A. 2019. “Sakaka PV Power Plant.” SAKAKA PV IPP. https://www.acwapower.com/en/projects/sakaka-pv-ipp/.
   Google Scholar
• Power, A. C. W. A. 2021. “Sudair PV Power Plant.” Sudair PV Power Plant. https://www.acwapower.com/en/projects/sudair-pv-ipp/.
   Google Scholar
• Quagrainie, K. K., R. Manolio, H.-J. Kim, V. Flores, V. Flores, H.-J. Kim, V. Mcclain, K. K. Quagrainie, and R. Manolio. 2017. ““Economic Analysis of Aquaponics and Hydroponics Production in the U.” Journal of Applied Aquaculture 30 (1), December: 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/10454438.2017.1414009.
   Google Scholar
• Quagrainie, K. K., R. Manolio Valladão Flores, H. Ji Kim, and V. McClain. 2018. “Economic Analysis of Aquaponics and Hydroponics Production in the U.S. Midwest.” Journal of Applied Aquaculture 30 (1): 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/10454438.2017.1414009.
   Google Scholar
• Ran, F., D. Chung, T. Lowder, D. Feldman, K. Ardani, F. Ran, D. Chung, T. Lowder, D. Feldman, and K. Ardani. 2017. “U.S. Solar Photovoltaic System Cost Benchmark: Q1 2017 U.S. Solar Photovoltaic System Cost Benchmark: Q1 2017.” Nrel no. September. https://doi.org/10.2172/1390776.
   Google Scholar
• Saidi, A. S., F. Alsharari, E. M. Ahmed, S. F. Al-Gahtani, S. Mohammad Irshad, and S. Alalwani. 2023. “Investigating the Impact of Grid-Tied Photovoltaic System in the Aljouf Region, Saudi Arabia, Using Dynamic Reactive Power Control.” Energies 16 (5). https://doi.org/10.3390/en16052368.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salam, M. A., and S. A. Khan. 2017. “Transition Towards Sustainable Energy Production – a Review of the Progress for Solar Energy in Saudi Arabia.” Energy Exploration & Exploitation 36 (1): 3–27. https://doi.org/10.1177/0144598717737442.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SASO. 2022. “Saudi Standards, Metrology and Quality Organization.” National Standards. https://www.saso.gov.sa/en/sectors/specs/Pages/about.aspx.
   Google Scholar
• Sharvini, S. R., Z. Zainon Noor, C. Shiong Chong, L. C. Stringer, and R. Olasunkanmi Yusuf. 2018. “Energy Consumption Trends and Their Linkages with Renewable Energy Policies in East and Southeast Asian Countries: Challenges and Opportunities.” In Sustainable Environment Research. Chinese Institute of Environmental Engineering. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.serj.2018.08.006.
   Google Scholar
• Solargis. 2019. Energy Sector Management Assistance Program, Global Solar Atlas. Vol. 2.0. Washington, DC. https://globalsolaratlas.info/map.
   Google Scholar
• Souza, S. V., R. Marcio Toesca Gimenes, and E. Binotto. 2019. “Economic Viability for Deploying Hydroponic System in Emerging Countries: A Differentiated Risk Adjustment Proposal.” Land Use Policy 83:357–369. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2019.02.020. March 2018.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TVTC. 2022. “Technical and Vocational Training Corporation.” List of Institutes and Technical Colleges. https://www.tvtc.gov.sa/index-college.html.
   Google Scholar
• Weselek, A., A. Ehmann, S. Zikeli, I. Lewandowski, S. Schindele, and P. Högy. 2019. “Agrophotovoltaic Systems: Applications, Challenges, and Opportunities. A Review.” Agronomy for Sustainable Development 39 (4). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-019-0581-3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willockx, B., C. Lavaert, and J. Cappelle. 2022. “Geospatial Assessment of Elevated Agrivoltaics on Arable Land in Europe to Highlight the Implications on Design, Land Use and Economic Level.” Energy Reports 8:8736–8751. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2022.06.076.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wonsuk, K., E. Al-Ammar, and M. Almahmeed. 2019. “Development of Feed-In Tariff for PV in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.” Energies 12 (15): 15. https://doi.org/10.3390/en12152898.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamada, M. 2016. “Vision 2030 and the Birth of Saudi Solar Energy.” Middle East Institute. Washington DC. http://www.mei.edu/content/vision-2030-and-birth-saudi-solar-energy.
   Google Scholar
• Yeang, L. D., and U. AlQura University. 2010. “King Abdullah City for Atomic and Renewable Energy,” No. November 2016: 1–9. https://www.kacare.gov.sa/en/FutureEnergy/Pages/vision.aspx.
   Google Scholar
• Youm, I. 2000. “Renewable Energy Activities in Senegal: A Review.” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 4 (1): 75–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1364-0321(99)00009-X.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zubair, M., A. B. Awan, R. P. Praveen, M. Abdulbaseer, and R. P. Praveen. 2019. “Solar Energy Export Prospects of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.” Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy 11 (4): 045902. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5098016.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zubair, M., and A. Bilal Awan. 2021. “Economic Viability of Solar Energy Export from the Middle East and North Africa to Europe and South Asia.” Environment Development and Sustainability 23 (12): 17986–17987. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-021-01424-x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zubair, M., A. Bilal Awan, A. Al-Ahmadi, and A. G. Abo-Khalil. 2018. “NPC Based Design Optimization for a Net Zero Office Building in Hot Climates with PV Panels as Shading Device.” Energies 11 (6): 1–20. https://doi.org/10.3390/en11061391.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar