Research of the life cycle for two most common routes of steel production with a focus on the impact to the human body

References

• Aleksashin, A. L., I. Schnaltzger, and G. Hollias. 2007. “Creation and Growth of Oxygen-Converter Steelmaking.” Metallurgist 51 (1): 60–65. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11015-007-0014-4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alfaro, M. R., O. M. Ugarte, L. H. V. Lima, J. R. Silva, F. B. V. da Silva, S. A. da Silva Lins, and C. W. A. Do Nascimento. 2022. “Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Soils and Edible Parts of Vegetables Grown on Sites Contaminated by an Abandoned Steel Plant in Havana.” Environmental Geochemistry and Health 44 (1): 43–56. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-021-01092-w.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-Harahsheh, M., J. Al-Nu’airat, A. Al-Otoom, I. Al-Hammouri, H. Al-Jabali, M. Al-Zoubi, and S. Abu Al’asal. 2019. “Treatments of Electric Arc Furnace Dust and Halogenated Plastic Wastes: A Review.” Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering 7 (1): 102856. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2018.102856.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arens, M., M. Åhman, and V. Vogl. 2021. “Which Countries Are Prepared to Green Their Coal-Based Steel Industry with Electricity? – Reviewing Climate and Energy Policy As Well As the Implementation of Renewable Electricity.” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 143:110938. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2021.110938.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aries, E., D. R. Anderson, and R. Fisher. 2008. “Exposure Assessment of Workers to Airborne PCDD/Fs, PCBs and PAHs at an Electric Arc Furnace Steelmaking Plant in the UK.” The Annals of Occupational Hygiene 52 (4): 213–225. https://doi.org/10.1093/annhyg/men011.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bowman, B., and K. Krüger. 2009. Arc Furnace Physics. Düsseldorf: Verlag Stahleisen https://books.google.cz/books?id=EshLygAACAAJ.
   Google Scholar
• Brenner, D. J., R. Doll, D. T. Goodhead, E. J. Hall, C. E. Land, J. B. Little, J. H. Lubin, et al. 2003. “Cancer Risks Attributable to Low Doses of Ionizing Radiation: Assessing What We Really Know.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 100 (24): 13761–13766. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2235592100.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Breugelmans, O., C. Ameling, M. Marra, P. Fischer, J. van de Kassteele, J. Lijzen, A. Oosterlee, et al. 2013. “Lung Cancer Risk and Past Exposure to Emissions from a Large Steel Plant.” Journal of Environment and Public Health 2013:684035. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/684035.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Burchart-Korol, D. 2013. “Life Cycle Assessment of Steel Production in Poland: A Case Study.” Journal of Cleaner Production 54:235–243. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2013.04.031.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cao, S., X. Duan, X. Zhao, J. Ma, T. Dong, N. Huang, C. Sun, B. He, and F. Wei. 2014. “Health Risks from the Exposure of Children to As, Se, Pb and Other Heavy Metals Near the Largest Coking Plant in China.” Science of the Total Environment 472:1001–1009. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.11.124.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cappelletti, R., M. Ceppi, J. Claudatus, and V. Gennaro. 2016. “Health Status of Male Steel Workers at an Electric Arc Furnace (EAF) in Trentino, Italy.” Journal of Occupational Medicine and Toxicology 11:1. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12995-016-0095-8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, H.-L., T.-S. Shih, P.-C. Huang, C.-Y. Hsieh, and C.-C. Lee. 2006. “Exposure of Arc-Furnace-Plant Workers to Polychlorinated Dibenzo-P-Dioxins and Dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs.” Chemosphere 64 (4): 666–671. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.10.059.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiang, H. L., W. H. Lin, J. S. Lai, and W. C. Wang. 2010. “Inhalation Risk Assessment of Exposure to the Selected Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) Emitted from the Facilities of a Steel Plant.” Journal of Environmental Science & Health: Part A, Toxic/Hazardous Substances & Environmental Engineering 45 (11): 1397–1405. https://doi.org/10.1080/10934529.2010.500932.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cullen, J. M., J. M. Allwood, and M. D. Bambach. 2012. “Mapping the Global Flow of Steel: From Steelmaking to End-Use Goods.” Environmental Science & Technology 46 (24): 13048–13055. https://doi.org/10.1021/es302433p.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dai, Q.-L., X.-H. Bi, J.-H. Wu, Y.-F. Zhang, J. Wang, H. Xu, L. Yao, L. Jiao, and Y.-C. Feng. 2015. “Characterization and Source Identification of Heavy Metals in Ambient PM10 and PM2.5 in an Integrated Iron and Steel Industry Zone Compared with a Background Site.” Aerosol & Air Quality Research 15 (3): 875–887. https://doi.org/10.4209/aaqr.2014.09.0226.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Das, P., G. C. Mondal, S. Singh, A. K. Singh, B. Prasad, and K. K. Singh. 2018. “Effluent Treatment Technologies in the Iron and Steel Industry – A State of the Art Review.” Water Environment Research 90 (5): 395–408. https://doi.org/10.2175/106143017X15131012152951.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dehghani, F., F. Omidi, R. A. Fallahzadeh, and B. Pourhassan. 2021. “Health Risk Assessment of Occupational Exposure to Heavy Metals in a Steel Casting Unit of a Steelmaking Plant Using Monte-Carlo Simulation Technique.” Toxicology and Industrial Health 37 (7): 431–440. https://doi.org/10.1177/07482337211019593.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dehghani, F., F. Omidi, O. Heravizadeh, S. Barati Chamgordani, V. Gharibi, and A. Sotoudeh Manesh. 2020. “Occupational Health Risk Assessment of Volatile Organic Compounds Emitted from the Coke Production Unit of a Steel Plant.” International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics 26 (2): 227–232. https://doi.org/10.1080/10803548.2018.1443593.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dragović, R., B. Gajić, S. Dragović, M. Đorđević, M. Đorđević, N. Mihailović, and A. Onjia. 2014. “Assessment of the Impact of Geographical Factors on the Spatial Distribution of Heavy Metals in Soils Around the Steel Production Facility in Smederevo (Serbia).” Journal of Cleaner Production 84:550–562. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.03.060.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eggleston, H. S., L. Buendia, K. Miwa, T. Ngara, and K. Tanabe. 2006. 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, 2108–2111. Kamiyamaguchi, Hayama, Kanagawa (Japan): Japan: IPCC National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Programme, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IPCC, Institute for Global Environmental Strategies IGES.
   Google Scholar
• Emami, H., F. S. Mohammad, S. Mohammadzadeh, A. Fahim, M. Abdolvand, S. Ali Ehsan Dehkordi, S. Mohammadzadeh, and F. Maghool. 2023. “A Review of Heavy Metals Accumulation in Red Meat and Meat Products in the Middle East.” Journal of Food Protection 86 (3): 100048. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfp.2023.100048.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• “Fact sheet. Steel and raw materials”. 2023. World Steel Association. https://worldsteel.org/.
   Google Scholar
• Fierens, S., H. Mairesse, J. F. Heilier, J. F. Focant, G. Eppe, E. De Pauw, and A. Bernard. 2007. “Impact of Iron and Steel Industry and Waste Incinerators on Human Exposure to Dioxins, PCBs, and Heavy Metals: Results of a Cross-Sectional Study in Belgium.” Journal of Toxicology & Environmental Health A 70 (3–4): 222–226. https://doi.org/10.1080/15287390600884628.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Földi, C., R. Dohrmann, and T. Mansfeldt. 2014. “Mercury in Dumped Blast Furnace Sludge.” Chemosphere 99:248–253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.11.007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hartig, W., K. H. Stedem, and R. Lin. 2006. “Sinter Plant Waste Gas Cleaning – State of the Art.” Metallurgical Research and Technology 103 (6): 257–265. https://doi.org/10.1051/metal:2006138.
   Google Scholar
• Holappa, L. 2020. “A General Vision for Reduction of Energy Consumption and CO2 Emissions from the Steel Industry.” Metals 10 (9): 1117.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu, W.-T., H.-W. Xia, D.-L. Pan, X.-L. Wei, J. Li, X.-J. Dai, F. Yang, X. Lu, and H.-J. Wang. 2018. “Difference of Zinc Volatility in Diverse Carrier Minerals: The Critical Limit of Blast Furnace Dust Recycle.” Minerals Engineering 116:24–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2017.11.001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khaparde, V. V., A. D. Bhanarkar, D. Majumdar, and C. V. Chalapati Rao. 2016. “Characterization of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Fugitive PM10 Emissions from an Integrated Iron and Steel Plant.” Science of the Total Environment 562:155–163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.03.153.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar, B., G. G. Roy, and P. Kumar Sen. 2020. “Comparative Exergy Analysis Between Rotary Hearth Furnace-Electric Arc Furnace and Blast Furnace-Basic Oxygen Furnace Steelmaking Routes.” Energy and Climate Change 1:100016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egycc.2020.100016.
   Google Scholar
• Lee, W. S., G. P. Chang-Chien, L. C. Wang, W. J. Lee, K. Y. Wu, and P. J. Tsai. 2005. “Emissions of Polychlorinated Dibenzo-P-Dioxins and Dibenzofurans from Stack Gases of Electric Arc Furnaces and Secondary Aluminum Smelters.” Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association 55 (2): 219–226. https://doi.org/10.1080/10473289.2005.10464613.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, X. L., W. Q. Sun, L. Zhao, and J. J. Cai. 2018. “Material Metabolism and Environmental Emissions of BF-BOF and EAF Steel Production Routes.” Mineral Processing & Extractive Metallurgy Review 39 (1): 50–58. https://doi.org/10.1080/08827508.2017.1324440.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Machado, J. G. M. S., F. Andrade Brehm, C. A. M. Moraes, C. A. dos Santos, A. C. F. Vilela, and J. B. M. da Cunha. 2006. “Chemical, Physical, Structural and Morphological Characterization of the Electric Arc Furnace Dust.” Journal of Hazardous Materials 136 (3): 953–960. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2006.01.044.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Markatos, N. C., G. M. Sideris, M. N. Christolis, and N. C. Markatos. 2020. “Numerical Simulation of Pollutants Dispersion Around an Electric-Arc-Furnace in Case of an Accidental Release.” Biodiversity International Journal 4 (1): 50‒57. https://doi.org/10.15406/bij.2020.04.00164.
   Google Scholar
• Mitchell, N. J., and F. J. Janzen. 2010. “Temperature-Dependent Sex Determination and Contemporary Climate Change.” Sexual Development 4 (1–2): 129–140. https://doi.org/10.1159/000282494.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mombelli, D., C. Mapelli, A. Gruttadauria, C. Baldizzone, F. Magni, P. L. Levrangi, and P. Simone. 2012. “Analisys of Electric Arc Furnace Slag.” Steel Research International 83 (11): 1012–1019. https://doi.org/10.1002/srin.201100259.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moser, S. C. 2010. “Communicating Climate Change: History, Challenges, Process and Future Directions.” WIREs Climate Change 1 (1): 31–53. https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.11.
   Google Scholar
• Mu, L., L. Peng, X. Liu, H. Bai, C. Song, Y. Wang, and Z. Li. 2012. “Emission Characteristics of Heavy Metals and Their Behavior During Coking Processes.” Environmental Science & Technology 46 (11): 6425–6430. https://doi.org/10.1021/es300754p.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norgate, T. E., S. Jahanshahi, and W. J. Rankin. 2007. “Assessing the Environmental Impact of Metal Production Processes.” Journal of Cleaner Production 15 (8): 838–848. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2006.06.018.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Odabasi, M., A. Bayram, T. Elbir, R. Seyfioglu, Y. Dumanoglu, A. Bozlaker, H. Demircioglu, H. Altiok, S. Yatkin, and B. Cetin. 2009. “Electric Arc Furnaces for Steel-Making: Hot Spots for Persistent Organic Pollutants.” Environmental Science & Technology 43 (14): 5205–5211. https://doi.org/10.1021/es900863s.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oreskes, N., K. Shrader-Frechette, and K. Belitz. 1994. “Verification, Validation, and Confirmation of Numerical Models in the Earth Sciences.” Science 263 (5147): 641–646. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.263.5147.641.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paulu, A., J. Bartacek, M. Seresova, and V. Koci. 2021. “Combining Process Modelling and LCA to Assess the Environmental Impacts of Wastewater Treatment Innovations.” Water 13 (9). https://doi.org/10.3390/w13091246.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pawełczyk, A., F. Božek, and K. Grabas. 2016. “Impact of Military Metallurgical Plant Wastes on the population’s Health Risk.” Chemosphere 152:513–519. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.03.031.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petranikova, M., V. Ssenteza, C. M. Lousada, B. Ebin, and C. Tunsu. 2020. “Novel Process for Decontamination and Additional Valorization of Steel Making Dust Processing Using Two-Step Correlative Leaching.” Journal of Hazardous Materials 384:121442. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121442.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Proctor, D. M., K. A. Fehling, E. C. Shay, J. L. Wittenborn, J. J. Green, C. Avent, R. D. Bigham, et al. 2000. “Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Blast Furnace, Basic Oxygen Furnace, and Electric Arc Furnace Steel Industry Slags.” Environmental Science & Technology 34 (8): 1576–1582. https://doi.org/10.1021/es9906002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rehmus, F. H., D. P. Manka, and E. A. Upton. 1973. “Control of H2S Emissions During Slag Quenching.” Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association 23 (10): 864–869. https://doi.org/10.1080/00022470.1973.10469856.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Remus, R., M. A. Aguado-Monsonet, S. Roudier, and L. D. Sanc. 2013. Best Available Techniques (BAT) Reference Document for Iron and Steel Production. European IPPC Bureau: European Union. https://doi.org/10.2791/97469.
   Google Scholar
• Ren, L., S. Zhou, T. Peng, and X. Ou. 2021. “A Review of CO2 Emissions Reduction Technologies and Low-Carbon Development in the Iron and Steel Industry Focusing on China.” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 143:110846. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2021.110846.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roba, C., C. Roşu, I. Piştea, A. Ozunu, and C. Baciu. 2016. “Heavy Metal Content in Vegetables and Fruits Cultivated in Baia Mare Mining Area (Romania) and Health Risk Assessment.” Environmental Science and Pollution Research 23 (7): 6062–6073. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-4799-6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sammut, M. L., Y. Noack, J. Rose, J. L. Hazemann, O. Proux, M. Depoux, A. Ziebel, and E. Fiani. 2010. “Speciation of Cd and Pb in Dust Emitted from Sinter Plant.” Chemosphere 78 (4): 445–450. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.10.039.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwarzenbach, R., B. Escher, K. Fenner, T. Hofstetter, C. Johnson, U. Gunten, and B. Wehrli. 2006. “The Challenge of Micropollutants in Aquatic Systems.” Science (New York, NY) 313:1072–1077. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1127291.
   Google Scholar
• Seppälä, J., S. Koskela, M. Melanen, and M. Palperi. 2002. “The Finnish Metals Industry and the Environment.” Resources, Conservation & Recycling 35 (1): 61–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-3449(01)00122-7.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sha, W. 2013. “High-Strength Low-Alloy Steel.” In Steels: From Materials Science to Structural Engineering, edited by W. Sha, 27–58. London: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Smiljanić, S., N. Tomić, M. Perusic, L. Vasiljević, and S. Pelemis. 2019. “The Main Sources of Heavy Metals in the Soil and Pathways Intake. VI International Congress “Engineering, Environment and Materials in Processing Industry”. https://doi.org/10.7251/EEMEN1901453S.
   Google Scholar
• Stehle, S., and R. Schulz. 2015. “Agricultural Insecticides Threaten Surface Waters at the Global Scale.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 112. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1500232112.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tchounwou, P. B., C. G. Yedjou, A. K. Patlolla, and D. J. Sutton. 2012. “Heavy Metal Toxicity and the Environment.” Molecular, Clinical and Environmental Toxicology 101:133–164. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7643-8340-4_6.
   Google Scholar
• Timofeev, I., N. Kosheleva, and N. Kasimov. 2019. “Health Risk Assessment Based on the Contents of Potentially Toxic Elements in Urban Soils of Darkhan, Mongolia.” Journal of Environmental Management 242:279–289. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.04.090.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomatis, L., A. Aitio, J. Wilbourn, and L. Shuker. 1989. “Human Carcinogens so Far Identified.” Japanese Journal of Cancer Research 80 (9): 795–807. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1349-7006.1989.tb01717.x.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vandenberg, L. N., S. D. G. Rayasam, D. A. Axelrad, D. H. Bennett, P. Brown, C. C. Carignan, N. Chartres, et al. 2023. “Addressing Systemic Problems with Exposure Assessments to Protect the public’s Health.” Environmental Health 21 (1): 121. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12940-022-00917-0.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vestergaard, N. K., U. Stephansen, L. Rasmussen, and K. Pilegaard. 1986. “Airborne Heavy Metal Pollution in the Environment of a Danish Steel Plant.” Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 27 (3): 363–377. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00649418.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, Z., D. Dong, X. Liang, G. Qu, J. Wu, and X. Xu. 1996. “Cancer Mortality Among Silicotics in China’s Metallurgical Industry.” International Journal of Epidemiology 25 (5): 913–917. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/25.5.913.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, C., C. Ryman, and J. Dahl. 2009. “Potential CO2 Emission Reduction for BF–BOF Steelmaking Based on Optimised Use of Ferrous Burden Materials.” International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control 3 (1): 29–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijggc.2008.06.005.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, J., L. Wang, Y. Wang, D. C. W. Tsang, X. Yang, J. Beiyuan, M. Yin, et al. 2021. “Emerging Risks of Toxic Metal(loid)s in Soil-Vegetables Influenced by Steel-Making Activities and Isotopic Source Apportionment.” Environment International 146:106207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2020.106207.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wei, J., M. Chen, J. Song, F. Luo, L. Han, C. Li, and M. Dong. 2015. “Assessment of Human Health Risk for an Area Impacted by a Large-Scale Metallurgical Refinery Complex in Hunan, China.” Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal 21 (4): 863–881. https://doi.org/10.1080/10807039.2014.890479.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiedmann, T., and J. Barrett. 2010. “A Review of the Ecological Footprint Indicator—Perceptions and Methods.” Sustainability 2 (6): 1645–1693.
   Google Scholar
• Williams, T., and R. Nanstad. 2019. “Chapter 10 – Low-Alloy Steels.” In Structural Alloys for Nuclear Energy Applications, edited by G. R. Odette and S. J. Zinkle, 411–483. Boston: Elsevier.
   Google Scholar
• Yellishetty, M., M. M. Gavin, P. G. Ranjith, and A. Tharumarajah. 2011. “Environmental Life-Cycle Comparisons of Steel Production and Recycling: Sustainability Issues, Problems and Prospects.” Environmental Science & Policy 14 (6): 650–663. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2011.04.008.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao, S., W. Xu, S. Zong, L. Yao, J. Liu, F. Lu, Y. Yi, et al. 2021. “The Pollution Characteristics and Full-Scale Risk Assessment of Coking Plant Soil Co-Contaminated with Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Heavy Metals.” Environmental Engineering Science 38 (9): 867–876. https://doi.org/10.1089/ees.2020.0416.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar