Explaining elite athletes’ corruption behaviours: a comparative analysis of doping and match fixing

References

• Agnew, R., et al., 2002. Strain, personality traits and delinquency: extending general strain theory. Criminology, 40 (1), 43–72. doi:10.1111/j.1745-9125.2002.tb00949.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ajzen, I., 1985. From intentions to actions: a theory of planned behavior. In: J. Kuhl and J. Beckman, eds. Action-control: from cognition to behavior. New York: Springer, 11–39.
   Google Scholar
• Ajzen, I., 1991. The theory of planned behaviour. Organisational behaviour & human decision processes, 50 (2), 179–221. doi:10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ajzen, I., 2020. The theory of planned behavior: frequently asked questions. Human behaviour and emerging technologies, 2 (4), 314–324. doi:10.1002/hbe2.195
   Google Scholar
• Aubel, O. and Ohl, F., 2014. An alternative approach to the prevention of doping in cycling. International journal of drug policy, 25 (6), 1094–1102. doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2014.08.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Backhouse, S., et al., 2018. Tackling doping in sport: a call to take action on the dopogenic environment. British journal of sports medicine, 52 (23), 1485–1486. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2016-097169
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bandura, A., et al., 1996. Mechanisms of moral disengagement in the exercise of moral agency. Journal of personality and social Psychology, 71 (2), 364–374. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.71.2.364
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barkoukis, V., et al., 2019. A preliminary investigation of the decision-making process towards match fixing. Crime Law and social change, 74 (1), 45–54. doi:10.1007/s10611-019-09870-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barnoy, A. and Reich, Z., 2022. Trusting others: a pareto distribution of source and message credibility among news reporters. Communication research, 49 (2), 196–220. doi:10.1177/0093650220911814
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blank, C., et al., 2016. Predictors of doping intentions, susceptibility, and behaviour of elite athletes: a meta-analytic review. Springer Plus, 5 (1), 1333. doi:10.1186/s40064-016-3000-0
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bloodworth, A. and McNamee, M., 2010. Clean Olympians? Doping and anti-doping: the views of talented young British athletes. International journal of drug policy, 21 (4), 276–282. doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2009.11.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braun, V. and Clarke, V., 2006. Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative research in psychology, 3 (2), 77–101. doi:10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
   Google Scholar
• Carpenter, K., 2012. Match-fixing: the biggest threat to sport in the 21st century? International sport in Law review, 2 (1), 13–24.
   Google Scholar
• Chappelet, J., 2015. The Olympic fight against match-fixing. Sport in society, 18 (10), 1260–1272. doi:10.1080/17430437.2015.1034519
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chester, N. and Wojek, N., 2015. Doping control in sport. In: D. Mottram and N. Chester, eds. Drugs in sport. London: Routledge, 50–62.
   Google Scholar
• Clarke, R., 1997. Situational crime prevention. Chicago: Harrow and Heston.
   Google Scholar
• Cohen, J., et al., 2010. Corporate fraud and managers’ behavior: evidence from the press. Journal of business ethics, 95 (2), 271–315. doi:10.1007/s10551-011-0857-2
   Google Scholar
• Creswell, J. and Poth, C., 2018. Qualitative inquiry and research design choosing among five approaches. Thousand Oaks: SAGE.
   Google Scholar
• Didymus, F.F. and Backhouse, S.H., 2020. Coping by doping? A qualitative inquiry into permitted and prohibited substance use in competitive rugby. Psychology of sport and exercise, 49, 101680. doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2020.101680
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Engelberg, T., et al., 2015. The final frontier of anti-doping: a study of athletes who have committed doping violations. Sport management review, 18 (2), 268–279. doi:10.1016/j.smr.2014.06.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fishbein, M. and Ajzen, I., 2010. Predicting and changing behavior: the reasoned action approach. New York: Psychology Press.
   Google Scholar
• Garrigan, B., et al., 2018. Moral decision-making and moral development: toward an integrative framework. Developmental review, 49, 80–100. doi:10.1016/j.dr.2018.06.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goh, E., 2019. Breaking the rules to venture off-trail at national parks: exploring salient beliefs through a planned behaviour approach. Tourism Recreation research, 45 (2), 277–283. doi:10.1080/02508281.2019.1679526
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gray, S., 2018. Achieving compliance with the world anti-doping Code: learning from the implementation of another international agreement. International journal of sport policy & Politics, 3 (3), 247–260. doi:10.1080/19406940.2018.1550798
   Google Scholar
• Gul, S., et al., 2020. Retrieval performance of Google, Yahoo and Bing for navigational queries in the field of “life science and biomedicine”. Data technologies and applications, 54 (2), 133–150. doi:10.1108/DTA-05-2019-0083
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hill, D., 2015. Jumping into fixing. Trends in organized Crime, 18 (3), 212–228. doi:10.1007/s12117-014-9237-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hodge, K., et al., 2013. Psychological mechanisms underlying doping attitudes in sport: motivation and moral disengagement. Journal of sport and exercise Psychology, 35 (4), 419–432. doi:10.1123/jsep.35.4.419
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Houlihan, B. 2008. Detection and education in anti-doping policy: A review of current issues and an assessment of future prospects. Available from: https://hermes-ir.lib.hit-u.ac.jp/hermes/ir/re/16448/HJart0490100550.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Howlett, M., 2018. Matching policy tools and their targets: beyond nudges and utility maximisation in policy design. Policy & politics, 46 (1), 101–124. doi:10.1332/030557317X15053060139376
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huybers, T. and Mazanov, J., 2012. What would Kim do: a choice study of projected athlete doping considerations. Journal of sport management, 26 (4), 322–334. doi:10.1123/jsm.26.4.322
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Institute of National Anti-doping Organisations, 2021. Independent integrity units. Available from: https://www.inado.org/newsroom/detail?tx_news_pi1%5Baction%5D=detail&tx_news_pi1%5Bcontroller%5D=News&tx_news_pi1%5Bnews%5D=42&cHash=d769da9b9da8a7eefbeb2cbd349e1930 [Accessed 3 January 2022]
   Google Scholar
• Johnson, M., 2012. A systemic social-cognitive perspective on doping. Psychology of sport and exercise, 13 (3), 317–323. doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2011.12.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kahneman, D., 2003. A perspective on judgement and choice. Mapping bounded rationality. American­ Psychologist, 58 (9), 697–720. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.58.9.697
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kegelaers, J., et al., 2018. Incentives and deterrents for drug-taking behaviour in elite sports: a holistic and developmental approach. European sport management quarterly, 18 (1), 112–132. doi:10.1080/16184742.2017.1384505
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kihl, L., 2019. Individual-level explanations of corruption within an intercollegiate context. Journal of intercollegiate sport, 12 (1), 43–72. doi:10.17161/jis.v12i1.11560
   Google Scholar
• Kirby, K., et al., 2011. A qualitative analysis of the experiences of elite athletes who have admitted to doping for performance enhancement. International journal of sport policy & Politics, 3 (2), 205–224. doi:10.1080/19406940.2011.577081
   Google Scholar
• Krippendorff, K., 1980. Content analysis: an introduction to its methodology. Pennsylvania: Sage Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Lamont-Mills, A. and Christensen, S., 2008. ‘I have never taken performance enhancing drugs and I never will’: drug discourse in the Shane Warne case. Scandinavian journal of medicine & Science in sports, 18 (2), 250–258. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0838.2007.00639.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lastra, R., Bell, P., and Bond, C., 2018. Sports betting and the integrity of Australian sport: athletes’ and non-athletes’ perceptions of betting-motivated corruption in sport. International journal of Law, Crime and justice, 52, 185–198. doi:10.1016/j.ijlcj.2017.11.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lazuras, L., et al., 2010. Predictors of doping intentions in elite-level athletes: a social cognition approach. Journal of sport & exercise Psychology, 32 (5), 694–710. doi:10.1123/jsep.32.5.694
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, P., 2017. Understanding the match-fixing scandals of professional baseball in Taiwan: an exploratory study of a Confucianism-oriented society. European sport management quarterly, 17 (1), 45–66. doi:10.1080/16184742.2016.1225111
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lentillon-Kaestner, V., et al., 2012. Health and doping in elite-level cycling. Scandinavian journal of medicine & Science in sports, 22 (5), 596–606. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0838.2010.01281.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lentillon-Kaestner, V. and Carstairs, C., 2010. Doping use among young elite cyclists: A qualitative psychosociological approach. Scandinavian journal of medicine and Science in sports, 20 (2), 336–345. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0838.2009.00885.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lucidi, F., et al., 2008. The social-cognitive mechanisms regulating adolescents’ use of doping substances. Journal of sports sciences, 26 (5), 447–456. doi:10.1080/02640410701579370
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manoli, A.E. and Antonopoulos, G.A., 2015. ‘The only game in town?’: football match-fixing in Greece. Trends in organized Crime, 18 (3), 196–211. doi:10.1007/s12117-014-9239-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marcelo, M., 2020. Deconstructing match-fixing: a holistic framework for sport integrity policies. Crime, Law and social change, 74 (1), 1–12. doi:10.1007/s10611-020-09892-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masters, A., 2015. Corruption in sport: from the playing field to the field of policy. Policy and society, 34 (2), 111–123. doi:10.1016/j.polsoc.2015.04.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merton, R., 1938. Social Structure and Anomie. American Sociological review, 3 (5), 672–682. doi:10.2307/2084686
   Google Scholar
• Morente-Sánchez, J. and Zabala, M., 2013. Doping in sport: A review of elite athletes’ attitudes, beliefs, and knowledge. Sports medicine, 43 (6), 395–411. doi:10.1007/s40279-013-0037-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moston, S. and Engelberg, T., 2019. And justice for all? How anti-doping responds to ‘innocent mistakes’. International journal of sport policy & Politics, 11 (2), 261–274. doi:10.1080/19406940.2018.1550799
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moston, S., Engelberg, T., and Skinner, J., 2015. Athletes’ and coaches’ perceptions of deterrents to performance-enhancing drug use. International journal of sport policy & Politics, 7 (4), 623–636. doi:10.1080/19406940.2014.936960
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nguyen, T. and Gardiner, S., 2021. The fight against corruption in Vietnamese football: a closer look at typical corruption cases, causes and possible solutions. In: C. Ordwat, ed. Restoring trust in sport. Abingdon: Routledge, 163–175.
   Google Scholar
• Nowell, L.S., et al., 2017. Thematic analysis: striving to meet the trustworthiness criteria. International journal of qualitative methods, 16 (1), 160940691773384. doi:10.1177/1609406917733847
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nowy, T. and Breuer, C., 2017. Match-fixing in European grassroots football. European sport management quarterly, 17 (1), 24–44. doi:10.1080/16184742.2016.1193212
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ntoumanis, N., et al., 2014. Personal and psychosocial predictors of doping use in physical activity settings: a meta-analysis. Sports medicine, 44 (11), 1603–1624. doi:10.1007/s40279-014-0240-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Numerato, D., 2016. Corruption and public secrecy: an ethnography of football match-fixing. Current sociology, 64 (5), 699–717. doi:10.1177/0011392115599815
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Overbye, M., et al., 2013. To dope or not to dope: elite athletes’ perceptions of doping deterrents and incentives. Performance enhancement & health, 2 (3), 119–134. doi:10.1016/j.peh.2013.07.001
   Google Scholar
• Palmer, M.A., et al., 2016. Inconsistencies undermine the credibility of confession evidence. Legal and criminological Psychology, 21 (1), 161–173. doi:10.1111/lcrp.12048
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petróczi, A. and Aidman, E., 2008. Psychological drivers in doping: the life-cycle model of performance enhancement. Substance abuse treatment. Prevention and policy, 3 (7), 1–12. doi:10.1186/1747-597X-3-7
   Google Scholar
• Reinold, M., 2021. Techniques of deceptive communication about doping. European journal for sport and society, 19 (3), 232–249. doi:10.1080/16138171.2021.1930944
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saunders, B., et al., 2018. Saturation in qualitative research: exploring its conceptualization and operationalization. Quality & quantity, 52 (4), 1893–1907. doi:10.1007/s11135-017-0574-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sekulic, D., et al., 2016. Doping attitudes and covariates of potential doping behaviour in high-level team-sport athletes; gender specific analysis. Journal of sports science & medicine, 15 (4), 606–615.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, A.C.T., et al., 2010. Contextual influences and athlete attitudes to drugs in sport. Sport management review, 13 (3), 181–197. doi:10.1016/j.smr.2010.01.008
   Google Scholar
• Sparkes, A.C. and Smith, B., 2013. Qualitative research methods in sport, exercise and health: from process to product. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Swann, C., et al., 2015. Defining elite athletes: issues in the study of expert performance in sport psychology. Psychology of sport and exercise, 16 (1), 3–14. doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2014.07.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tak, M., et al., 2018. The politics of countermeasures against match-fixing in sport: a political sociology approach to policy instruments. International review for the Sociology of sport, 53 (1), 30–48. doi:10.1177/1012690216639748
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tak, M., et al., 2020. Too much at stake to uphold sport integrity? high-performance athletes’ involvement in match-fixing. Crime, Law and social change, 74 (1), 27–44. doi:10.1007/s10611-020-09887-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van der Hoeven, S.V.S., et al., 2020. Match-fixing: moral challenges for those involved. Ethics & behaviour, 30 (6), 425–443. doi:10.1080/10508422.2019.1667238
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wintterlin, F., 2017. Trust in distant sources: an analytical model capturing antecedents of risk and trustworthiness as perceived by journalists. Journalism, 21 (1), 130–145. doi:10.1177/1464884917716000
   Google Scholar
• Yoon, C., 2011. Theory of planned behavior and ethics theory in digital piracy: an integrated model. Journal of business ethics, 100 (3), 405–417. doi:10.1007/s10551-010-0687-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar