483
Views
2
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review Article

What the hell are you doing? A PRISMA systematic review of psychosocial precursors of slut-shaming in adolescents and young adults

ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon
Pages 97-113 | Received 05 Jul 2022, Accepted 02 May 2023, Published online: 17 May 2023

References

  • Armstrong, E. (2013). Gender and neoliberalism: The all India Democratic women’s association and globalization politics. Routledge.
  • Armstrong, E. A., Hamilton, L. T., Armstrong, E. M., & Seeley, J. L. (2014). Good Girls. Social Psychology Quarterly, 77(2), 100–122. https://doi.org/10.1177/0190272514521220.**
  • Arnett, J. J. (2000). Emerging adulthood. The American Psychologist, 55(5), 469–480. https://doi.org/10.1037//0003-066X.55.5.469
  • Bamberg, M. (2004). Form and functions of “Slut bashing” in male identity constructions in 15-year-olds. Human Development, 47(6), 331–353. https://doi.org/10.1159/000081036
  • Barton, B., & Huebner, L. (2020). Feminine power: A new articulation. Psychology & Sexuality, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1080/19419899.2020.1771408
  • Bay-Cheng L Y. (2015). The Agency Line: A Neoliberal Metric for Appraising Young Women’s Sexuality. Sex Roles, 73(7–8), 279–291. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-015-0452-6
  • Becker, J. C. (2010). Why do women endorse hostile and benevolent sexism? The role of salient female subtypes and internalization of sexist contents. Sex Roles, 62(7–8), 453–467. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-009-9707-4
  • Bongiorno, R., Langbroek, C., Bain, P. G., Ting, M., & Ryan, M. K. (2020). Why women are blamed for being sexually harassed: The effects of empathy for female victims and male perpetrators. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 44(1), 11–27. https://doi.org/10.1177/0361684319868730
  • Braidotti, R. (2013). Patterns of dissonance: A study of women and contemporary philosophy. John Wiley & Sons.
  • Burns, M. D., & Granz, E. L. (2021). Confronting sexism: Promoting confrontation acceptance and reducing stereotyping through stereotype framing. Sex Roles, 84, 503–521. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-020-01183-5
  • Butler, J. (2004). Undoing gender. Routledge.
  • Chambers, D., Tincknell, E., & Loon, J. V. (2004). Peer regulation of teenage sexual identities. Gender and Education, 16(3), 397–415. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540250042000251515
  • Collins English Dictionary. n. d. Slut. In Dictionary, C. E.Ed., Dictionary. com Dictionary.com. https://www.dictionary.com/browse/slut
  • Connell, R., & Messerschmidt, J. W. (2005). Hegemonic masculinity. Rethinking the concept. Gender & Society, 19(6), 829–859. https://doi.org/10.1177/0891243205278639
  • Croom, A. M. (2013). How to do things with slurs: Studies in the way of derogatory words. Language & Communication, 33, 177–204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.langcom.2013.03.008
  • Currier, D. M. (2013). Strategic ambiguity: Protecting emphasized femininity and hegemonic masculinity in the hookup culture. Gender & Society, 27(5), 704–727. https://doi.org/10.1177/0891243213493960
  • Delgado Amaro, H., Alvarez, M. -J., & Ferreira, J. A. (2022). Sexual gender roles and stereotypes and the sexual double standard in sexual satisfaction among Portuguese college students: An exploratory study. Psychology & Sexuality, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/19419899.2022.2039271
  • Dodaj, A., Sesar, K., & Jerinić, S. (2020). A prospective study of high-school adolescent sexting behavior and psychological distress. The Journal of Psychology, 154(2), 111–128. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980.2019.1666788
  • Endendijk, J. J., van Baar, A. L., & Deković, M. (2020). He is a stud, she is a slut! A meta-analysis on the continued existence of sexual double standards. Personality & Social Psychology Review, 24(2), 163–190. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868319891310
  • Farvid, P., Braun, V., & Rowney, C. (2016). “No girl wants to be called a slut!”: Women, heterosexual casual sex and the sexual double standard. Journal of Gender Studies, 26(5), 544–560. https://doi.org/10.1080/09589236.2016.1150818.**
  • Fingerhut, A. W., Peplau, L. A., & Gable, S. L. (2010). Identity, minority stress and psychological well-being among gay men and lesbians. Psychology & Sexuality, 1(2), 101–114. https://doi.org/10.1080/19419899.2010.484592
  • Fjær, E. G., Pedersen, W., & Sandberg, S. (2015). I’m not one of those girls. Gender & Society, 29(6), 960–981. https://doi.org/10.1177/0891243215602107.**
  • García-Gómez, A. (2022). T(w)een sexting and sexual behaviour: (d)evaluating the feminine other. Psychology & Sexuality, 13(1), 115–127. https://doi.org/10.1080/19419899.2019.1699154
  • Gilligan, C. (1982). In a different voice: Psychological theory and women’s development. Harvard University Press.
  • Goblet, M., & Glowacz, F. (2021). Slut shaming in adolescence: A violence against girls and its impact on their health. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(12), 6657. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18126657.**
  • Gravelin, C. R., Biernat, M., & Baldwin, M. (2017). The impact of power and powerlessness on blaming the victim of sexual assault. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 22(1), 98–115. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430217706741
  • Grubb, A., & Harrower, J. (2008). Attribution of blame in cases of rape: An analysis of participant gender, type of rape and perceived similarity to the victim. Aggression & Violent Behavior, 13, 396–405. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2008.06.006
  • Grubb, A., & Turner, E. (2012). Attribution of blame in rape cases: A review of the impact of rape myth acceptance, gender role conformity and substance use on victim blaming. Aggression & Violent Behavior, 17(5), 443–452.
  • Hackman, C. L., Pember, S. E., Wilkerson, A. H., Burton, W., & Usdan, S. L. (2017). Slut-shaming and victim-blaming: A qualitative investigation of undergraduate students’ perceptions of sexual violence. Sex Education, 17(6), 697–711. https://doi.org/10.1080/14681811.2017.1362332.**
  • Hamilton, L., & Armstrong, E. A. (2009). Gendered sexuality in young adulthood: Double binds and flawed options. Gender & Society, 23(5), 589–616. https://doi.org/10.1177/0891243209345829
  • Heasley, R. (2005). Queer masculinities of straight men: A typology. Men and Masculinities, 7, 310–320. https://doi.org/10.1177/1097184X04272118
  • Hequembourg, A. L., Blayney, J. A., Livingston, J. A., Bostwick, W., & Auerbach, S. (2019). A mixed methods investigation of sexual victimization and coping among sexual minority compared to heterosexual women. Psychology & Sexuality, 12(1–2), 17–36. https://doi.org/10.1080/19419899.2019.1678193
  • Herek, G. M. (2015). Beyond “homophobia”: Thinking more clearly about stigma, prejudice, and sexual orientation. The American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 85(5, Suppl), S29–37. https://doi.org/10.1037/ort0000092
  • Herek, G. M. (2016). A nuanced view of stigma for understanding and addressing sexual and gender minority health disparities. LGBT Health, 3, 397–399. https://doi.org/10.1089/lgbt.2016.0154
  • hooks, b. (1984). Feminist theory: From margin to center. South End Press.
  • hooks, b. (2000). Feminism is for everybody: Passionate politics. Sound End Press.
  • hooks, b. (2005). Soul sister: Women, friendship, and fulfillment. South End Press.
  • Hughes, S., Champion, A., Brown, K., Hesse, C., & Pedersen, C. L. (2021). The influence of sexual orientation on reputational punishment of other women’s behaviour. Psychology & Sexuality, 12(4), 317–331. https://doi.org/10.1080/19419899.2020.1728366
  • Hunehäll Berndtsson, K., & Odenbring, Y. (2020). They don’t even think about what the girl might think about it’: Students’ views on sexting, gender inequalities and power relations in school. Journal of Gender Studies, 30(1), 91–101. https://doi.org/10.1080/09589236.2020.1825217
  • Ingoglia, S., Miano, P., Guajana, M. E., & Vitale, A. (2020). Secure attachment and individual protective factors against internalized homophobia. Journal of Gay & Lesbian Mental Health, 24(2), 136–154. https://doi.org/10.1080/19359705.2019.1688746
  • Kamke, K., Stewart, J. L., & Widman, L. 2021. Multilevel barriers to sexual health behavior among vulnerable adolescent girls in the USA. Sexuality Research & Social Policy, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13178-021-00594-7.**
  • Kling, J., Holmqvist Gattario, K., & Frisén, A. (2017). Swedish women’s perceptions of and conformity to feminine norms. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 58(3), 238–248. https://doi.org/10.1111/sjop.12361
  • Kreager D A, Staff J, Gauthier R, Lefkowitz E S and Feinberg M E. (2016). The Double Standard at Sexual Debut: Gender, Sexual Behavior and Adolescent Peer Acceptance. Sex Roles, 75(7–8), 377–392. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-016-0618-x
  • Masten, A. S. (2014). Global perspectives on resilience in children and youth. Child Development, 85(1), 6–20. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12205
  • Mayeza E, Bhana D and Mulqueeny D. (2022). Normalising violence? Girls and sexuality in a South African high school. Journal of Gender Studies, 31(2), 165–177. https://doi.org/10.1080/09589236.2021.1881460
  • McDavitt, B., & Mutchler, M. G. (2014). “Dude, you’re such a slut!” barriers and facilitators of sexual communication among young gay men and their best friends. Journal of Adolescent Research, 29(4), 464–498. https://doi.org/10.1177/0743558414528974.**
  • McDonald, P., Graham, T., & Martin, B. (2010). Outrage management in cases of sexual harassment as revealed in judicial decisions. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 34, 165–180. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.2010.01559.x
  • Meyer, I. H. (1995). Minority stress and mental health in gay men. Journal of Health & Social Behavior, 36(1), 38–56. https://doi.org/10.2307/2137286
  • Meyer, I. H. (2003). Prejudice, social stress, and mental health in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations: Conceptual issues and research evidence. Psychological Bulletin, 129(5), 674–697. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.129.5.674
  • Miller, S. A. (2016). How you bully a girl. Gender & Society, 30(5), 721–744. https://doi.org/10.1177/0891243216664723.**
  • Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., & Altman, D. G. (2009). Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA statement. PLoS Medicine, 6(7), e1000097. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000097
  • Muggleton, N. K., Tarran, S. R., & Fincher, C. L. (2019). Who punishes promiscuous women? Both women and men are prejudiced towards sexually-accessible women, but only women inflict costly punishment. Evolution and Human Behavior, 40(3), 259–268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2018.12.003
  • Nack, A. (2002). Bad girls and fallen women: Chronic STD diagnoses as gateways to tribal stigma. Symbolic Interaction, 25(4), 463–485. https://doi.org/10.1525/si.2002.25.4.463
  • Neville-Shepard, M. (2019). Disciplining the female student body: Consequential transference in arguments for school dress codes. Women’s Studies in Communication, 42(1), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/07491409.2019.1573771
  • Papp, L. J., Erchull, M. J., Liss, M., Waaland-Kreutzer, L., & Godfrey, H. (2016). Slut-shaming on Facebook: Do social class or clothing affect perceived acceptability? Gender Issues, 34(3), 240–257. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12147-016-9180-7.**
  • Papp, L. J., Hagerman, C., Gnoleba, M. A., Erchull, M. J., Liss, M., Miles McLean, H., & Robertson, C. M. (2015). Exploring perceptions of slut-shaming on Facebook: Evidence for a reverse sexual double standard. Gender Issues, 32(1), 57–76. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12147-014-9133-y.**
  • Parent, M. C., & Moradi, B. (2010). Confirmatory factor analysis of the conformity to feminine norms inventory and development of an abbreviated version: The CFNI-45. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 34, 97–109. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.2009.01545.x
  • Pascoe, C. J. (2005). “Dude, you’re a fag’: Adolescent masculinity and the fag discourse. Sexualities, 8(3), 329–346. https://doi.org/10.1177/1363460705053337.**
  • Pascoe, C. J. (2007). Dude, you’re a fag. University of California Press.
  • Pascoe, C. J. (2011). Dude, you’re a fag: Masculinity and sexuality in high school. University of California Press.
  • Pascoe, C. J. (2017). Who is a real man? The gender of trumpism. Masculinities & Social Change, 6(2), 119–141. https://doi.org/10.17583/MCS.2017.2745
  • Payne, E. (2010). Sluts: Heteronormative policing in the stories of lesbian youth. Educational Studies, 46(3), 317–336. https://doi.org/10.1080/00131941003614911.**
  • Pickel, K. L., & Gentry, R. H. (2016). Slut shaming in a school bullying case: Evaluators Ignore level of harm when the victim self-presents as sexually available. Sex Roles, 76(1–2), 89–98. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-016-0662-6.**
  • Proulx, C. N., Coulter, R. W., Egan, J. E., Matthews, D. D., & Mair, C. (2019). Associations of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and questioning–inclusive sex education with mental health outcomes and school-based victimization in US high school students. Journal of Adolescent Health, 64(5), 608–614. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2018.11.012
  • Ringrose, J., Harvey, L., Gill, R., & Livingstone, S. (2013). Teen girls, sexual double standards and “sexting”: Gendered value in digital image exchange. Feminist Theory, 14(3), 305–323. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464700113499853.**
  • Ringrose, J., Regehr, K., & Whitehead, S. (2021). Teen girls’ experiences negotiating the ubiquitous dick pic: Sexual double standards and the normalization of image based sexual harassment. Sex Roles, 85, 558–576. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-021-01236-3
  • Ringrose, J., & Renold, E. (2012). Slut-shaming, girl power and “sexualization”: Thinking through the politics of the international SlutWalks with teen girls. Gender and Education, 24(3), 333–343. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540253.2011.645023
  • Setty, E. (2019). Meanings of bodily and sexual expression in youth sexting culture: Young women’s negotiation of gendered risks and harms. Sex Roles, 80, 586–606. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-018-0957-x
  • Shamseer, L., Moher, D., Clarke, M., Ghersi, D., Liberati, A., Petticrew, M., Shekelle, P., & Stewart, L. A. (2015). Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015: Elaboration and explanation. BMJ, 349(jan02 1), g7647. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.g7647
  • Szymanski, D. M., & Kashubeck-West, S. (2008). Mediators of the relationship between internalized oppressions and lesbian and bisexual women’s psychological distress. The Counseling Psychologist, 36(4), 575–594. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000007309490
  • Thomas, F., Aggleton, P. (2016). School-Based Sex and Relationships Education: Current Knowledge and Emerging Themes. In V. Sundaram, & H. Sauntson (Eds.), Global Perspectives and Key Debates in Sex and Relationships Education: Addressing Issues of Gender, Sexuality, Plurality and Power. Palgrave Pivot, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137500229_2
  • Thorne, S. R., Hegarty, P., & Hepper, E. G. (2019). Equality in theory: From a heteronormative to an inclusive psychology of romantic love. Theory & Psychology, 29(2), 240–257. https://doi.org/10.1177/0959354319826725
  • Vacirca, M. F., Ortega, E., Rabaglietti, E., & Ciairano, S. (2012). Sex as a developmental transition: The direct and indirect roles of peers. Psychology & Sexuality, 3(2), 108–122. https://doi.org/10.1080/19419899.2010.541274
  • Vaillancourt, T. (2005). Indirect aggression among human: Social construct or evolutionary adaptation? In R. Tremblay, W. Hartup, & J. Archer (Eds.), Developmental origins of aggression (pp. 158–177). Guilford.
  • Vaillancourt, T., & Sharma, A. (2011). Intolerance of sexy peers: Intrasexual competition among women. Aggressive Behavior, 37, 569–577. https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.20413
  • Van Dam, M. A. A. (2014). Associations among lesbian disclosure, social support, depression and demographic variables. Journal of Gay & Lesbian Mental Health, 18(4), 375–392. https://doi.org/10.1080/19359705.2014.883584
  • Vrangalova, Z., Bukberg, R. E., & Rieger, G. 2014. (Birds of a feather? Not when it comes to sexual permissiveness). Journal of Social & Personal Relationships, 31 1, 93–113. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407513487638.**
  • Way, N., Cressen, J., Bodian, S., Preston, J., Nelson, J., & Hughes, D. (2014). “It might be nice to be a girl then you wouldn’t have to be emotionless: ” Boys’ resistance to norms of masculinity during adolescence. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 15, 241–252. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0037262
  • Willem C, Araüna N and Tortajada I. (2019). Chonis and pijas : Slut-shaming and double standards in online performances among Spanish teens. Sexualities, 22(4), 532–548. https://doi.org/10.1177/1363460717748620.**
  • Williams, H. (2021). “You can spot them a mile off”: Young women’s negotiations of class and the sexual culture of shame. Sexuality & Culture, 25(4), 1273–1289. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12119-021-09824-x.**
  • World Health Organization. (2018). Violence against women prevalence estimates, 2018: Global, regional and national prevalence estimates for intimate partner violence against women and global and regional prevalence estimates for non-partner sexual violence against women. https://apps.who.int/iris/rest/bitstreams/1347689/retrieve
  • Yamawaki, N. (2007). Rape perception and the function of ambivalent sexism and gender-role traditionality. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 22, 406–423. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260506297210
  • Zaikman, Y., Marks, M. J., Young, T. M., & Zeiber, J. A. (2016). Gender role violations and the sexual double standard. Journal of Homosexuality, 63(12), 1608–1629. https://doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2016.1158007

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.