The effect of the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act on the size of outstanding debts in rural India

References

• Ahuja, U. R., D. Tyagi, S. Chauhan, and K. R. Chaudhary. 2011. “Impact of MGNREGA on Rural Employment and Migration: A Study in Agriculturally-backward and Agriculturally-advanced Districts of Haryana.” Agricultural Economics Research Review 24: 495–502.
   Google Scholar
• Ambasta, P., P. Shankar, and M. Shah. 2008. “Two Years of NREGA: The Road Ahead.” Economic and Political Weekly 43 (8): 41–50.
   Google Scholar
• Anderson, S., A. Kotwal, A. Kulkarni, and B. Ramaswami. 2013. “Observations on the Scope of Corruption in NREGA Projects F-7013-INC-1.” https://www.theigc.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/Anderson-Et-Al-2013-Working-Paper.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Azam, M. (2012). “The Impact of Indian Job Guarantee Scheme on Labor Market Outcomes: Evidence from a Natural Experiment.” World Bank and IZA, Discussion Paper No. 6548
   Google Scholar
• Bárcia de Mattos, F. A. D. (2017). “MGNREGA, Paid Work and Women’s Empowerment.” ILO Employment Policy Department Working Paper. No. 230.
   Google Scholar
• Bhatia, R., C. L. Chinoy, B. Kaushish, J. Puri, V. S. Chaher, and H. Waddington. (2016). “Examining the Evidence on the Effectiveness of India’s Rural Employment Guarantee Act.” International Initiative for Impact Evaluation, Working Paper No. 27.
   Google Scholar
• Bhattarai, M., P. Padmaja, and C. Bantilan. (2014). “Impact of MGNREGA on Rural Credit Structure in Andhra Pradesh State of India: Household Level Panel Data Analysis from 2006-2012.” Socioeconomics Discussion Paper Series, International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics Series Paper Number 28.
   Google Scholar
• Breitkreuz, R., C. J. Stanton, N. Brady, J. Pattison-Williams, E. D. King, C. Mishra, and B. Swallow. 2017. “The Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme: A Policy Solution to Rural Poverty in India?” Development Policy Review 35 (3): 397–417. doi:10.1111/dpr.12220.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carswell, G., and G. De Neve. 2014. “MGNREGA in Tamil Nadu: A Story of Success and Transformation?” Journal of Agrarian Change 14 (4): 564–585. doi:10.1111/joac.12054.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chakraborty, B., and D. Anjula Gurtoo. 2014. “MGNREGA Policy and Application.” International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 34 (3/4): 263–300. doi:10.1108/IJSSP-09-2013-0094.
   Google Scholar
• Das, S. 2016. “Impact of MGNREGA on the Livelihood Security of Rural Poor in India: A Study Using National Sample Survey Data.” Oxford Development Studies 44 (4): 420–440.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dasgupta, P. 2004. Employment Generation Programs and Long Term Development: The Case of India’s National Rural Employment Guarantee Act. Published by ProQuest LLC, Mumbai: Mumbai University.
   Google Scholar
• Dasgupta, S., and R. Sudarshan. 2011. Issues in Labour Market Inequality and Women's Participation in India's National Rural. Employment Guarantee Programme.
   Google Scholar
• Deininger, K., and Y. Liu (2013). “Welfare and Poverty Impacts of India’s National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme: Evidence from Andhra Pradesh.” Policy Research Working Papers.
   Google Scholar
• Drèze, J., Ed. 2010. Employment Guarantee and the Right to Work. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Emad, A. 2013. Effects of Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme on Expenditure in Rural Households. New York: Colgate University, NSSO. Employment and Unemployment Situation in India 2009–10.
   Google Scholar
• Ghosh, J., and C. P. Chandrasekhar. (2007). “Economic Growth and Employment Generation in India: Old Problems and New Paradoxes.” IHSN Working Paper.
   Google Scholar
• Ghosh, J. 2014. “Can Employement Schemes Work? the Case of the Rural Employment Guarantee in India.” In Economic Theory, Policy, Development and Finance: Essays in Honour of Jan A. Kregel (145–171). New York: PALGRAVE MACMILLAN.
   Google Scholar
• Grown, C., C. Diana Deere, Z. Catanzarite, A. D. Oduro, J. Y. Suchitra, H. Swaminathan, and L. Boakye-Yiadom (2015). “Who Borrows? an Analysis of Gender, Debt and Assets in Ecuador, Ghana and Karnataka, India.” Economic Empowerment Discussion Papers, United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women.
   Google Scholar
• Guérin, I., B. d’Espallier, and G. Venkatasubramanian. 2013. “Debt in Rural South India: Fragmentation, Social Regulation and Discrimination.” The Journal of Development Studies 49 (9): 1155–1171. doi:10.1080/00220388.2012.720365.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta, P., and F. Blum. 2018. “India’s Remarkably Robust and Resilient Growth Story.” Accessed 19/07/2022. https://blogs.worldbank.org/endpovertyinsouthasia/india-s-remarkably-robust-and-resilient-growth-story
   Google Scholar
• Harish, B. G., N. Nagaraj, M. G. Chandrakanth, P. S. Srikantha Murthy, P. G. Chengappa, and G. Basavaraj. 2011. “Impacts and Implications of MGNREGA on Labour Supply and Income Generation for Agriculture in Central Dry Zone of Karnataka.” Agricultural Economics Research Review 24: 485–494.
   Google Scholar
• Harriss-White, B. A. C. 2004. “Rural Credit and the Collateral Question.” In Rural India Facing the 21st Century: Essays on Long Term Change and Recent Development Policy, edited by B. H.-W. A. S. Janakarajan, 252–283. London: Anthem Press.
   Google Scholar
• Holmes, R., J. Morgan, and J. Hagen-Zanker. 2011. “Progress in Providing Employment to the Poor: The National Public Works Programme in India.” ODI Publications. https://odi.org/en/publications/progress-in-providing-employment-for-the-poor-the-national-public-works-programme-in-india/
   Google Scholar
• “India - Employment and Unemployment: NSS 61st Round.” (2004-2005).
   Google Scholar
• “India - Employment and Unemployment: NSS 66th Round.” (2009-2010).
   Google Scholar
• Jagannath, R. (2014). “The Rs 2,66,000 Crore NREGA Boondoggle: For Every Rs 5 Spent, the Poor Get Re 1. Firstpost.” Retrieved from www.firstpost.com/business/economy/the-rs-266000-crore-nrega-boondoggle-for-every-rs-5-spent-the-poor-get-re-1-1994617.html
   Google Scholar
• Kabeer, N. (2008). “Paid Work, Women’s Empowerment and Gender Justice: Critical Pathways of Social Change.” Pathways of Empowerment working papers. Institute of Development Studies, Brighton., 3.
   Google Scholar
• Kapur, D. 2010. Political Economy of the State. New Delhi: Oxford.
   Google Scholar
• Katyal, A., P. V. Singh, A. Samarth, S. Bergkvist, and M. Rao. 2013. “Using the Indian National Sample Survey Data in Public Health Research.” The National Medical Journal of India 26 (5): 291–294.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaur, S., and C. Kapuria. 2020. “Determinants of Financial Inclusion in Rural India: Does Gender Matter?” International Journal of Social Economics 47 (6): 747–767. doi:10.1108/IJSE-07-2019-0439.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khera, R., and N. Nayak. 2009. “Women Workers and Perceptions of the National Rural Employment Guarantee Act.” Economic and Political Weekly 44 (43): 49–57.
   Google Scholar
• Khera, R. 2011. The Battle for Employment Guarantee. India: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• “MGNREGA Operational Guidelines.” (2005).
   Google Scholar
• MGNREGA Sameeksha. 2012. “An Anthology of Research Studies on the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, 2005, 2006–2012.” 'ORIENT Blackswan Private LIMITED', Hyderabad, India. https://nrega.nic.in/Circular_Archive/archive/MGNREGA_SAMEEKSHA.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Mitra, S. 2018. “The Indian Employment-Unemployment Surveys: Why Should It Continue?” Accessed 19/07/2022. https://www.cbgaindia.org/blog/indian-employment-unemployment-surveys-continue/
   Google Scholar
• Mukundan, N. 2009. Rural Development and Poverty Eradication in India. New Delhi: New Century Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Nagaraj, N., C. Bantilan, L. Pandey, and N. S. Roy. 2014. Impact of MGNREGA on Rural Agricultural Wages in SAT India. New Delhi. Accessed 19/07/2022. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Lal-Mani-Pandey/publication/309557598_Impact_of_MNREGA_on_Agricultural_Labour_Scarcity_and_Wages_in_SAT_India/links/58171b3208aeffbed6c1b492/Impact-of-MNREGA-on-Agricultural-Labour-Scarcity-and-Wages-in-SAT-India.pdf
   Google Scholar
• National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (2005) “Report of the Second Year. (2006-07).” New Delhi
   Google Scholar
• Niehaus, P. A. S., and S. Sukhtankar. 2013. “The Marginal Rate of Corruption in Public Programs: Evidence from India.” Journal of Public Economics 104: 52–64. doi:10.1016/j.jpubeco.2013.05.001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Panagariya, A., and M. Mukim. 2014. “A Comprehensive Analysis of Poverty in India.” Asian Development Review 31 (1): 1–52. doi:10.1162/ADEV_a_00021.
   Google Scholar
• Pankaj, A. A. T. 2010. “Empowerment Effects of the NREGS on Women Workers: A Study in Four States.” Economic and Political Weekly XLV 45 (30): 45-55.
   Google Scholar
• Parida, J. 2016. “MGNREGS, Distress Migration and Livelihood Conditions: A Study in Odisha.” Journal of Social and Economic Development 18 (1–2): 17–39. doi:10.1007/s40847-016-0021-z.
   Google Scholar
• Radhakrishna, R., K. Subbarao, S. Indrakant, and C. Ravi (1997). “India’s Public Distribution System: A National and International Perspective.” World Bank Discussion Papers.
   Google Scholar
• Ramesh, G., and T. Krishnakumar. 2009. “A Study in Karimnagar District in Andhra Pradesh, Kurukshetra.” International Journal of Advanced Research 58 (2): 29–30.
   Google Scholar
• Ramesh, B. P. 2017. “Does Employment Guarantee Support A Social Protection Floor?: A Case Study of Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS) in India.” In Recommendations on Social Protection Floors: Basic Principles for Innovative Solutions, edited by T. A. M. Dijkhoff. The Netherlands: Kluwer Law International, Chapter 10.
   Google Scholar
• Ranjan, R. 2015. Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA): A Critical Appraisal of Its Performance since Its Inception. IIM, Indore, India: Indian Institute of management Indore.
   Google Scholar
• Reboul, E., I. Guérin, and C. J. Nordman. 2021. “The Gender of Debt and Credit: Insights from Rural Tamil Nadu.” World Development 142: 105363. doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105363.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reddy, D. N., A. A. Reddy, and C. Bantilan. 2014. “The Impact of Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) on Rural Labor Markets and Agriculture.” India Review 13 (3): 251–273. doi:10.1080/14736489.2014.937271.
   Google Scholar
• Sajjad, H., C. Chauhan, and M. Jamil. 2016. “Indebtedness and Its Causal Factors among Farmers in Sangroor District, Punjab: A Household Level Analysis.” Transactions of the Institute of Indian Geographers 38 (1): 101-115.
   Google Scholar
• Sarkar, P., J. Kumar, and Supriya. 2011. “Impact of MGNREGA on Reducing Rural Poverty and Improving Socio-economic Status of Rural Poor: A Study in Burdwan District of West Bengal.” Agricultural Economics Research Review 24: 437–448.
   Google Scholar
• Sarkar, A., and J. Islary. 2017. “Wage and Earnings from Participation in MGNREGA Works in Jharkhand.” International Journal of Rural Management 13 (1): 20–53. doi:10.1177/0973005217696129.
   Google Scholar
• Sarsons, H. 2015. “Rainfall and Conflict: A Cautionary Tale.” Journal of Development Economics 115: 62–72. doi:10.1016/j.jdeveco.2014.12.007.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saxena, N. C., and J. Farrington (2003). “Trends and Prospects for Poverty Reduction in Rural India: Context and Options.” Overseas Development Institute, London, UK.(Working Paper 198), 77.
   Google Scholar
• Shome, S., R. Shetty, T. J. Joseph, and M. Dash. 2012. “Impact of Workfare Programmes on Quality of Life: A Case Study of National Rural Employment Guarantee Act in India.” Stirling International Journal of Postgraduate Research 1 (1): 17-45.
   Google Scholar
• Singh, K., S. Singh, and H. S. Kingra. 2009. “Agrarian Crisis and Depeasantisation in Punjab: Status of Small/Marginal Farmers Who Left Agriculture.” Indian Journal of Agricultural Economics 64 (4): 1–19.
   Google Scholar
• Solinski, T. 2012. “NREGA and Labour Migration in India: Is Village Life What the ‘Rural’ Poor Want?” The South Asianist 1 (1): 17–30.
   Google Scholar
• Srivastava, P. (2004). “Poverty Targeting in Asia: Country Experience of India.” ADB Institute Discussion Papers(4).
   Google Scholar
• Srivastava, N., and R. Srivastava. 2010. “Women, Work and Employment Outcomes in Rural India.” Economic and Political Weekly 45 (28): 49–63.
   Google Scholar
• Surendran Padmaja, S., and J. Ali. 2019. “Correlates of Agrarian Indebtedness in Rural India.” Journal of Agribusiness in Developing and Emerging Economies 9 (2): 125–138. doi:10.1108/JADEE-07-2017-0074.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turnbull, P., and S. Weston. 1992. “Employment Regulation, State Intervention and the Economic Performance of European Ports.” Cambridge Journal of Economics 16: 385–404.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Varman, P. M., and N. Kumar. 2020. “Impact of MGNREGA on Consumption Expenditure of Households.“ Economic & Political Weekly 55(39): 49–54.
   Google Scholar
• Zeldow, B., and L. A. Hatfield. 2021. “Confounding and Regression Adjustment in difference-in-differences Studies.” Health Services Research 56 (5): 932–941. doi:10.1111/1475-6773.13666.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar