5,456
Views
4
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

The World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry guidelines on the assessment and pharmacological treatment of compulsive sexual behaviour disorder

ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon show all
Pages 10-69 | Received 29 Jun 2022, Accepted 03 Oct 2022, Published online: 17 Nov 2022

References

  • Abler B , Seeringer A , Hartmann A , Grön G , Metzger C , Walter M , Stingl J. 2011.Neural correlates of antidepressant-related sexual dysfunction: a placebo-controlled fMRI study on healthy males under subchronic paroxetine and bupropion.Neuropsychopharmacol.36(9):1837–1847.
  • Achterbergh RCA , de Vries HJC , Boyd A , Davidovich U , Drückler S , Hoornenborg E , Prins M , Matser A. 2020.Identification and characterization of latent classes based on drug use among men who have sex with men at risk of sexually transmitted infections in Amsterdam, the Netherlands.Addict.115(1):121–133.
  • Ahmed AK , Weatherburn P , Reid D , Hickson F , Torres-Rueda S , Steinberg P , Bourne A. 2016.Social norms related to combining drugs and sex (“chemsex”) among gay men in South London.Int J Drug Policy.38:29–35.
  • American Psychiatric Association .1987.Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders.3rd ed. revised.Washington (DC):American Psychiatric Association.
  • American Psychiatric Association .1994.Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM IV).Washington (DC):American Psychiatric Association.
  • American Psychiatric Association 2013.Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders.5th ed.Washington (DC):American Psychiatric Association.
  • Anderson AL , Li SH , Markova D , Holmes TH , Chiang N , Kahn R , Campbell J , Dickerson DL , Galloway GP , Haning W ,et al. 2015.Bupropion for the treatment of methamphetamine dependence in non-daily users: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.Drug Alcohol Depend.150:170–174.
  • Andersson HW , Steinsbekk A , Walderhaug E , Otterholt E , Nordfjaern T. 2018.Predictors and dropout from inpatient substance use treatment: a prospective cohort study.Subst Abuse.12:1178221818760551.
  • Arch JJ , Eifert GH , Davies C , Vilardaga JCP , Rose RD , Craske MG. 2012.Randomized clinical trial of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) versus acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) for mixed anxiety disorders.J Consult Clin Psychol.80(5):750–765.
  • Assumpcao AA , Garcia FD , Garcia HD , Bradford JMW , Thibaut F. 2014.Pharmacologcial treatment of paraphilias.Psychiatr Clin North Am.37(2):173–181.
  • Baik JH. 2013.Dopamine signaling in reward-related behaviors.Front Neural Circuits.7:152.
  • Baird AD , Wilson SJ , Bladin PF , Saling MM , Reutens DC. 2007.Neurological control of human sexual behaviour: insights from lesion studies.J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry.78(10):1042–1049.
  • Bala A , Nguyen HMT , Hellstrom WJG. 2018.Post-SSRI sexual dysfunction: a literature review.Sex Med Rev.6(1):29–34.
  • Ball SA , Carroll KM , Canning-Ball M , Rounsaville BL. 2006.Reasons for dropout from drug abuse treatment: symptoms, personality, and motivation.Addict Behav.31(2):320–330.
  • Ballester-Arnal R , Castro-Calvo J , Gil-Julia B , Giménez-García C , Gil-Llario MD. 2019.A validation study of the Spanish version of the Hypersexual Behavior Inventory (HBI): paper-and-pencil versus online administration.J Sex Marital Ther.45(4):283–302.
  • Ballester-Arnal R , Castro-Calvo J , Giménez-García C , Gil-Juliá B , Gil-Llario MD. 2020.Psychiatric comorbidity in compulsive sexual behavior disorder (CSBD).Addict Behav.107:106384.
  • Balodis IM , Kober H , Worhunsky PD , Stevens MC , Pearlson GD , Carroll KM , Potenza MN. 2016.Neurofunctional reward processing changes in cocaine dependence during recovery.Neuropsychopharmacol.41(8):2112–2121.
  • Balon R. 2006.SSRI-associated sexual dysfunction.Am J Psychiatry.163(9):1504–1509; quiz 1664.
  • Banca P , Morris LS , Mitchell S , Harrison NA , Potenza MN , Voon V. 2016.Novelty, conditioning and attentional bias to sexual rewards.J Psychiatr Res.72:91–101.
  • Bancroft J. 2008.Sexual behavior that is “Out of Control”: a theoretical conceptual approach.Psychiatr Clin North Am.31(4):593–601.
  • Bancroft J , Graham C , Janssen E , Sanders S. 2009.The dual control model: current status and future directions.J Sex Res.46(2–3):121–142.
  • Bancroft J , Janssen E. 2000.The dual control model of male sexual response: a theoretical approach to centrally mediated erectile dysfunction.Neurosci Biobehav Rev.24(5):571–579.
  • Bancroft J , Vukadinovic Z. 2004.Sexual addiction, sexual compulsivity, sexual impulsivity, or what? Toward a theoretical model.J Sex Res.41(3):225–234.
  • Barth J , Kinder BN. 1987.The mislabeling of sexual impulsivity.J Sex Marital Ther.13(1):15–23.
  • Basdekis-Jozsa R , Turner D , Briken P. 2013.Pharmacological treatment of sexual offenders and its legal and ethical aspects. In: Harrison K , Rainey B , editors. The Wiley-Blackwell handbook of legal and ethical aspects of sex offender treatment and management.New York:John Wiley & Sons; p. 302–320.
  • Becker J. 1998.The assessment of adolescent perpetrators of childhood sexual abuse.Ir J Psychol.19(1):68–81.
  • Beech AR , Mitchell IJ. 2005.A neurobiological perspective on attachment problems in sexual offenders and the role of selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors in the treatment of such problems.Clin Psychol Rev.25(2):153–182.
  • Benotsch EG , Kalichman SC , Kelly JA. 1999.Sexual compulsivity and substance use in HIV-seropositive men who have sex with men: prevalence and predictors of high-risk behaviors.Addict Behav.24(6):857–868.
  • Beurmanjer H , Kamal RM , de Jong CAJ , Dijkstra BAG , Schellekens AFA. 2018.Baclofen to prevent relapse in gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB)-dependent patients: a multicentre, open-label, non-randomized, controlled trial.CNS Drugs.32(5):437–442.
  • Bijlenga D , Vroege JA , Stammen AJM , Breuk M , Boonstra AM , van der Rhee K , Kooij JJS. 2018.Prevalence of sexual dysfunctions and other sexual disorders in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder compared to the general population.Atten Defic Hyperact Disord.10(1):87–96.
  • Bird MH. 2006.Sexual addiction and marriage and family therapy: facilitating individual and relationship healing through couple therapy.J Marital Fam Ther.32(3):297–311.
  • Black DW , Kehrberg LL , Flumerfelt DL , Schlosser SS. 1997.Characteristics of 36 subjects reporting compulsive sexual behavior.Am J Psychiatry.154(2):243–249.
  • Blomquist PB , Mohammed H , Mikhail A , Weatherburn P , Reid D , Wayal S , Hughes G , Mercer CH. 2020.Characteristics and sexual health service use of MSM engaging in chemsex: results from a large online survey in England.Sex Transm Infect.96(8):590–595.
  • Blum AW , Grant JE. 2022.N-acetylcysteine in the treatment of compulsive sexual behavior disorder: a case series.J Psychiatr Res.154:203–206.
  • Blum AW , Lust K , Christenson G , Grant JE. 2020.Links between sexuality, impulsivity, compulsivity, and addiction in a large sample of university students.CNS Spectr.25(1):9–15.
  • Bohn A , Sander D , Köhler T , Hees N , Oswald F , Scherbaum N , Deimel D , Schecke H. 2020.Chemsex and mental health of men who have sex with men in Germany.Front Psychiatry.11:542301.
  • Bonnet F , Thibaut F , Levillain D , Petit M. 1996.Kleine-Levin syndrome misdiagnosed as schizophrenia.Eur Psychiatry.11(2):104–105.
  • Bostwick JM , Bucci JA. 2008.Internet sex addiction treated with naltrexone.Mayo Clin Proc.83(2):226–230.
  • Bőthe B , Bartók R , Tóth-Király I , Reid RC , Griffiths MD , Demetrovics Z , Orosz G. 2018.Hypersexuality, gender, and sexual orientation: a large-scale psychometric survey study.Arch Sex Behav.47(8):2265–2276.
  • Bőthe B , Tóth-Király I , Zsila A , Griffiths MD , Demetrovics Z , Orosz G. 2018.The development of the Problematic Pornography Consumption Scale (PPCS).J Sex Res.55(3):395–406.
  • Bőthe B , Koós M , Tóth-Király I , Orosz G , Demetrovics Z. 2019.Investigating the associations of adult ADHD symptoms, hypersexuality, and problematic pornography use among men and women on a largescale, non-clinical sample.J Sex Med.16(4):489–499.
  • Bőthe B , Kovác M , Tóth-Király I , Reid RC , Griffiths MD , Orosz G , Demetrovics Z. 2019.The psychometric properties of the Hypersexual Behavior Inventory using a large-scale nonclinical sample.J Sex Res.56(2):180–190.
  • Bőthe B , Tóth-Király I , Potenza MN , Griffiths MD , Orosz G , Demetrovics Z. 2019.Revisiting the role of impulsivity and compulsivity in problematic sexual behaviors.J Sex Res.56(2):166–179.
  • Bőthe B , Potenza MN , Griffiths MD , Kraus SW , Klein V , Fuss J , Demetrovics Z. 2020.The development of the compulsive sexual behavior disorder scale (CSBD-19): an ICD-11 based screening measure across three languages.J Behav Addict.9(2):247–258.
  • Bourne A , Reid D , Hickson F , Torres-Rueda S , Weatherburn P. The Chemsex study: drug use in sexual settings among gay and bisexual men in Lambeth, Southwark and Lewisham.London:Sigma Research, School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine.
  • Bourne A , Ong J , Pakianathan M. 2018.Sharing solutions for a reasoned and evidence-based response: Chemsex/party and play among gay and bisexual men.Sex Health.15(2):99–101.
  • Bourne A , Reid D , Hickson F , Torres-Rueda S , Steinberg P , Weatherburn P. 2015.“Chemsex” and harm reduction need among gay men in South London.Int J Drug Policy.26(12):1171–1176.
  • Brand M , Antons S , Wegmann E , Potenza MN. 2019.Theoretical assumptions on pornography problems due to moral incongruence and mechanisms of addictive or compulsive use of pornography: Are the two “conditions” as theoretically distinct as suggested? Arch Sex Behav.48(2):417–423.
  • Brand M , Rumpf HJ , Demetrovics Z , Müller A , Stark R , King DL , Goudriaan AE , Mann K , Trotzke P , Fineberg NA. 2020.Which conditions should be considered as disorders in the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11) designation of “other specified disorders due to addictive behaviors”? J Behav Addict. 11:150–159.
  • Brand M , Rumpf HJ , King DL , Potenza MN , Wegmann E. 2020.Clarifying terminologies in research on gaming disorder and other addictive behaviors: distinctions between core symptoms and underlying psychological processes.Curr Opin Psychol.36:49–54.
  • Briken P. 2020.An integrated model to assess and treat compulsive sexual behaviour disorder.Nat Rev Urol.17(7):391–406.
  • Briken P , Habermann N , Berner W , Hill A. 2007.Diagnosis and treatment of sexual addiction: a survey among German sex therapists.Sex Addict Compuls.14(2):131–143.
  • Briken P , Hill A , Berner W. 2003.Pharmacotherapy of paraphilias with long-acting agonists of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone: a systematic review.J Clin Psychiatry.64(8):890–897.
  • Briken P , Turner D. 2021.Pharmacotherapy for patients with CSBD. In: Compulsive sexual behavior disorder.Washington (DC):American Psychiatric Association Publishing; p. 95–108.
  • Briken P , Turner D. 2022.What does “sexual” mean in compulsive sexual behavior disorder? J Behav Addict.11(2):222–225.
  • Briken P , Wiessner C , Stuhlhofer A , Klein V , Fuß J , Reed G , Dekker A. 2022.Who feels affected by “out of control” sexual behavior? Prevalence and correlates of indicators for ICD-11 Compulsive Sexual Behavior Disorder in the German Health and Sexuality Survey (GeSiD).J Behav Addict. 11:900–911.
  • Briones M , Shoptaw S , Cook R , Worley M , Swanson AN , Moody DE , Fang WB , Tsuang J , Furst B , Heinzerling K. 2018.Varenicline treatment for methamphetamine dependence: a randomized, double-blind phase II clinical trial.Drug Alcohol Depend.189:30–36.
  • Britton KR. 1998.Case study: medroxyprogesterone in the treatment of aggressive hypersexual behaviour in traumatic brain injury.Brain Inj.12(8):703–707.
  • Brockmeyer T , Skunde M , Wu M , Bresslein E , Rudofsky G , Herzog W , Friederich HC. 2014.Difficulties in emotion regulation across the spectrum of eating disorders.Compr Psychiatry.55(3):565–571.
  • Brogan N , Paquette DM , Lachowsky NJ , Blais M , Brennan DJ , Hart TA , Adam B. 2019.Canadian results from the European men-who-have-sex-with-men internet survey (EMIS-2017).Can Commun Dis Rep.45(11):271–282.
  • Bui H , Zablotska-Manos I , Hammoud M , Jin F , Lea T , Bourne A , Iversen J , Bath N , Grierson J , Degenhardt L ,et al. 2018.Prevalence and correlates of recent injecting drug use among gay and bisexual men in Australia: Results from the FLUX study.Int J Drug Policy.55:222–230.
  • Burri A , Heinrichs M , Schedlowski M , Kruger THC. 2008.The acute effects of intranasal oxytocin administration on endocrine and sexual function in males.Psychoneuroendocrinol.33(5):591–600.
  • Burton DL , Miller DL , Shill CT. 2002.A social learning theory comparison of the sexual victimization of adolescent sexual offenders and nonsexual offending male delinquents.Child Abus Negl.26(9):893–907.
  • Camacho M , Moura AR , Oliveira-Maia AJ. 2018.Compulsive sexual behaviors treated with naltrexone monotherapy.Prim Care Companion CNS Disord.20(1):26143.
  • Campbell WK , Foster CA. 2002.Narcissism and commitment in romantic relationships: an investment model analysis.Pers Soc Psychol Bull.28(4):484–495.
  • Cantor JM , Klein C , Lykins A , Rullo JE , Thaler L , Walling BR. 2013.A treatment-oriented typology of self-identified hypersexuality referrals.Arch Sex Behav.42(5):883–893.
  • Carnes P. 1989.Contrary to love: Helping the sexual addict.Minneapolis, MN: CompCare.
  • Carnes P. 1983.Out of the shadows: understanding sexual addiction.Minneapolis:CompCare Publishers.
  • Carnes P. 1991.Sexual Addiction Screening Test.Tenn Nurse.54(3):29.
  • Carnes P , Green BA , Merlo LJ , Polles A , Carnes S , Gold MS. 2012.PATHOS: a brief screening application for assessing sexual addiction.J Addict Med.6(1):29–34.
  • Carpenter BN , Reid RC , Garos S , Najavits LM. 2013.Personality disorder comorbidity in treatment-seeking men with hypersexual disorder.Sex Addict Compuls.20(1–2):79–90.
  • Carta MG , Massidda D , Moro MF , Aguglia E , Balestrieri M , Caraci F , Dell’Osso L , Di Sciascio G , Drago F , Faravelli C ,et al. 2014.Comparing factor structure of the Mood Disorder Questionnaire (MDQ): in Italy sexual behavior is euphoric but in Asia mysterious and forbidden.J Affect Disord.155:96–103.
  • Castellini G , D'Anna G , Rossi E , Cassioli E , Appignanesi C , Monteleone AM , Rellini AH , Ricca V. 2020.Dysregulated sexuality in women with eating disorders: the role of childhood traumatic experiences.J Sex Marital Ther.46(8):793–806.
  • Castellini G , Rellini AH , Appignanesi C , Pinucci I , Fattorini M , Grano E , Fisher AD , Cassioli E , Lelli L , Maggi M ,et al. 2018.Deviance or normalcy? The relationship among paraphilic thoughts and behaviors, hypersexuality, and psychopathology in a sample of university students.J Sex Med.15(9):1322–1335.
  • Castro-Calvo J , Gil-Llario MD , Giménez-García C , Gil-Juliá B , Ballester-Arnal R. 2020.Occurrence and clinical characteristics of Compulsive Sexual Behavior Disorder (CSBD): a cluster analysis in two independent community samples.J Behav Addict.9(2):446–468.
  • Chagraoui A , Thibaut F. 2016.Should sexual offending be considered an addiction? Implications for prevention and treatment approaches.Curr Addict Rep.3(4):414–425.
  • Chatzittofis A , Arver S , Öberg K , Hallberg J , Nordström P , Jokinen J. 2016.HPA axis dysregulation in men with hypersexual disorder.Psychoneuroendocrinol.63:247–253.
  • Chatzittofis A , Boström AE , Öberg KG , Flanagan JN , Schiöth HB , Arver S , Jokinen J. 2020.Normal testosterone but higher luteinizing hormone plasma levels in men with hypersexual disorder.Sex Med.8(2):243–250.
  • Chatzittofis A , Boström AE , Savard J , Öberg KG , Arver S , Jokinen J. 2022.Neurochemical and hormonal contributors to compulsive sexual behavior disorder.Curr Addict Rep.9(1):23–31.
  • Cheon E , Koo BH , Seo SS , Lee JY. 2013.Two cases of hypersexuality probably associated with aripiprazole.Psychiatry Investig.10(2):200–202.
  • Ciocca G , Nimbi FM , Limoncin E , Mollaioli D , Marchetti D , Verrocchio MC , Simonelli C , Jannini EA , Fontanesi L. 2020.Italian validation of the Hypersexual Behavior Inventory (HBI): psychometric characteristics of a self-report tool evaluating a psychopathological facet of sexual behavior.J Psychopathol.26:169–175.
  • Coffin PO , Santos GM , Hern J , Vittinghoff E , Walker JE , Matheson T , Santos D , Colfax G , Batki SL. 2020.Effects of mirtazapine for methamphetamine use disorder among cisgender men and transgender women who have sex with men: a placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial.JAMA Psychiatry.77(3):246–255.
  • Coleman E. 1991.Compulsive sexual behavior.J Psychol Hum Sex.4(2):37–52.
  • Coleman E , Gratzer T , Nesvacil L , Raymond NC. 2000.Nefazodone and the treatment of nonparaphilic compulsive sexual behavior: a retrospective study.J Clin Psychiatry.61(4):282–284.
  • Cooper A , Boies S , Maheu M , Greenfield D. 2000.Sexuality and the internet: the next sexual revolution. In: Szuchman LT , Muscarella F , editors. Psychological perspectives on human sexuality.New York:John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; p. 519–545.
  • Cooper A , Putnam DE , Planchon LA , Boies SC. 1999.Online sexual compulsivity: getting tangled in the net.Sex Addict Compuls.6(2):79–104.
  • Cooper AJ. 1987.Medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) treatment of sexual acting out in men suffering from dementia.J Clin Psychiatry.48(9):368–370.
  • Cooper ML , Shapiro CM , Powers AM. 1998.Motivation for sex and risky sexual behavior among adolescents and young adults: a functional perspective.J Pers Soc Psychol.75(6):1528–1558.
  • CoreHIV .2018. Lyon: le sexe sous drogue, ou chemsex, une pratique qui inquiète. Available from: https://www.actions-traitements.org/lyon-le-sexe-sous-drogue-ubne-pratique-qui-inquiete/
  • Corkery JM , Loi B , Claridge H , Goodair C , Schifano F. 2018.Deaths in the lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender United Kingdom communities associated with GHB and precursors.Curr Drug Metab.19(13):1086–1099.
  • Corona G , Rastrelli G , Morgentaler A , Sforza A , Mannucci E , Maggi M. 2017.Meta-analysis of results of testosterone therapy on sexual function based on international index of erectile function scores.Eur Urol.72(6):1000–1011.
  • Corponi F , Fabbri C , Serretti A. 2020.Antidepressants: indications, contraindications, interactions, and side effects. In: Riederer P , Laux G , Mulsant B , Le W , Nagatsu T , editors. NeuroPsychopharmacotherapy.Cham:Springer International Publishing; p. 1–38.
  • Craufurd D , Thompson JC , Snowden JS. 2001.Behavioral changes in Huntington disease.Cogn Behav Neurol.14(4):219–226.
  • Crosby JM , Twohig MP. 2016.Acceptance and commitment therapy for problematic internet pornography use: a randomized trial.Behav Ther.47(3):355–366.
  • Cross BS , DeYoung GR , Furmaga KM. 2013.High-dose oral medroxyprogesterone for inappropriate hypersexuality in elderly men with dementia: a case series.Ann Pharmacother.47(1):e1.
  • Davies TS. 1974.Cyproterone acetate for male hypersexuality.J Int Med Res.2(2):159–163.
  • Dawson SJ , Bannerman BA , Lalumière ML. 2016.Paraphilic interests: an examination of sex differences in a nonclinical sample.Sex Abuse.28(1):20–45.
  • Deepmala MD , Agrawal MD 2014.Use of propranolol for hypersexual behavior in an adolescent with autism.Ann J Clin Psychiatry.48(10):1385–1388.
  • Deimel D , Stöver H , Hößelbarth S , Dichtl A , Graf N , Gebhardt V. 2016.Drug use and health behaviour among German men who have sex with men: results of a qualitative, multi-centre study.Harm Reduct J.13(1):36.
  • Dell’Osso B , Altamura AC , Allen A , Marazziti D , Hollander E. 2006.Epidemiologic and clinical updates on impulse control disorders: a critical review.Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci.256(8):464–475.
  • Delmonico DL. 1997.Cybersex: high tech sex addiction.Sex Addict Compuls.4(2):159–167.
  • Dhuffar MK , Pontes HM , Griffiths MD. 2015.The role of negative mood states and consequences of hypersexual behaviours in predicting hypersexuality among university students.J Behav Addict.4(3):181–188.
  • Dickenson JA , Gleason N , Coleman E , Miner MH. 2018.Prevalence of distress associated with difficulty controlling sexual urges, feelings, and behaviors in the United States.JAMA Netw Open.1(7):e184468.
  • Dinkelacker V , Valenti MP , Hirsch E. 2020.Anticonvulsant agents: topiramate. In: Riederer P , Laux G , Nagatsu T , Le W , Riederer C , editors. NeuroPsychopharmacotherapy.Cham:Springer International Publishing; p. 1–15.
  • Dominguez JM , Hull EM. 2005.Dopamine, the medial preoptic area, and male sexual behavior.Physiol Behav.86(3):356–368.
  • Donnadieu-Rigole H , Peyrière H , Benyamina A , Karila L. 2020.Complications related to sexualized drug use: what can we learn from literature? Front Neurosci.14:548704.
  • Draps M , Sescousse G , Potenza MN , Marchewka A , Duda A , Lew-Starowicz M , Kopera M , Jakubczyk A , Wojnar M , Gola M. 2020.Gray matter volume differences in impulse control and addictive disorders – an evidence from a sample of heterosexual males.J Sex Med.17(9):1761–1769.
  • Droubay BA , Butters RP. 2020.Pornography, religiosity, and social work.J Soc Work.20(5):557–575.
  • Drückler S , van Rooijen MS , de Vries HJC. 2018.Chemsex among men who have sex with men: a sexualized drug use survey among clients of the sexually transmitted infection outpatient clinic and users of a gay dating app in Amsterdam, the Netherlands.Sexual Trans Dis.45(5):325–331.
  • Drückler S , Speulman J , van Rooijen M , De Vries HJC. 2021.Sexual consent and chemsex: a quantitative study on sexualized drugs use and non-consensual sex among men who have sex with men in Amsterdam, the Netherlands.Sex Transm Infect.97(4):268–275.
  • Garcia FD , Thibaut F. 2010.Sexual addictions.Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse.36(5):254–260.
  • Edmundson C , Heinsbroek E , Glass R , Hope V , Mohammed H , White M , Desai M. 2018.Sexualised drug use in the United Kingdom (UK): a review of the literature.Int J Drug Policy.55:131–148.
  • Elmore JL. 2000.SSRI reduction of nonparaphilic sexual addiction.CNS Spectr.5(11):53–656.
  • Engel J , Kessler A , Veit M , Sinke C , Heitland I , Kneer J , Hartmann U , Kruger THC. 2019.Hypersexual behavior in a large online sample: individual characteristics and signs of coercive sexual behavior.J Behav Addict.8(2):213–222.
  • Engel J , Veit M , Sinke C , Heitland I , Kneer J , Hillemacher T , Hartmann U , Kruger THC. 2019.Same same but different: a clinical characterization of men with hypersexual disorder in the Sex@Brain Study.JCM.8(2):157.
  • Evans AH , Strafella AP , Weintraub D , Stacy M. 2009.Impulsive and compulsive behaviors in Parkinson’s disease.Mov Disord.24(11):1561–1570.
  • Evers YJ , Hoebe CJPA , Dukers-Muijrers NHTM , Kampman CJG , Kuizenga-Wessel S , Shilue D , Bakker NCM , Schamp SMAA , van Buel H , van der Meijden W. 2020.Sexual, addiction and mental health care needs among men who have sex with men practicing chemsex – a cross-sectional study in the Netherlands.Prev Med Rep.18:101074.
  • Exton NG , Chau Truong T , Exton MS , Wingenfeld SA , Leygraf N , Saller B , Hartmann U , Schedlowski M. 2000.Neuroendocrine response to film-induced sexual arousal in men and women.Psychoneuroendocrinol.25(2):187–199.
  • Fedoroff JP , Peyser C , Franz ML , Folstein SE. 1994.Sexual disorders in Huntington’s disease.J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci.6(2):147–153.
  • Fernández-Guasti A , Escalante AL , Ahlenius S , Hillegaart V , Larsson K. 1992.Stimulation of 5-HT1A and 5-HT1B receptors in brain regions and its effects on male rat sexual behaviour.Eur J Pharmacol.210(2):121–129.
  • Fernandez-Guasti A , Fiedler JL , Herrera L , Handa RJ. 2012.Sex, stress, and mood disorders: at the intersection of adrenal and gonadal hormones.Horm Metab Res.44(8):607–618.
  • Fineberg NA , Chamberlain SR , Goudriaan AE , Stein DJ , Vanderschuren LJMJ , Gillan CM , Shekar S , Gorwood PAPM , Voon V , Morein-Zamir S ,et al. 2014.New developments in human neurocognition: clinical, genetic, and brain imaging correlates of impulsivity and compulsivity.CNS Spectr.19(1):69–89.
  • Finkelhor D. 1984.Child sexual abuse: new theory and research.New York:The Free Press.
  • Flanagan J , Chatzittofis A , Boström ADE , Hallberg J , Öberg KG , Arver S , Jokinen J. 2022.High plasma oxytocin levels in men with hypersexual disorder.J Clin Endocrinol Metab.107(5):e1816–e1822.
  • Fong TW , de La Garza R , Newton TF. 2005.A case report of topiramate in the treatment of nonparaphilic sexual addiction.J Clin Psychopharmacol.25(5):512–514.
  • Fontenelle LF , Oostermeijer S , Harrison BJ , Pantelis C , Yücel M. 2011.Obsessive-compulsive disorder, impulse control disorders and drug addiction.Drugs.71(7):827–840.
  • Füllhase C , Soler R , Gratzke C. 2014.New strategies in treating male lower urinary tract symptoms.Curr Opin Urol.24(1):29–35.
  • Fuss J , Briken P , Stein DJ , Lochner C. 2019.Compulsive sexual behavior disorder in obsessive–compulsive disorder: prevalence and associated comorbidity.J Behav Addict.8(2):242–248.
  • Fuss J , Lemay K , Stein DJ , Briken P , Jakob R , Reed GM , Kogan CS. 2019.Public stakeholders’ comments on ICD-11 chapters related to mental and sexual health.World Psychiatry.18(2):233–235.
  • Galloway GP , Newmeyer J , Knapp T , Stalcup SA , Smith D. 1996.A controlled trial of imipramine for the treatment of methamphetamine dependence.J Subst Abus Treat.13(6):493–497.
  • Garcia FD , Assumpção AA , Malloy-Diniz L , de Freitas AAC , Delavenne H , Thibaut F. 2016.A comprehensive review of psychotherapeutic treatment of sexual addiction.J Groups Addict Recovery.11(1):59–71.
  • Garg A , Sinha P , Kumar P , Prakash O. 2014.Use of naltrexone in ketamine dependence.Addict Behav.39(8):1215–1216.
  • Garrison KA , Yip SW , Balodis IM , Carroll KM , Potenza MN , Krishnan-Sarin S. 2017.Reward-related frontostriatal activity and smoking behavior among adolescents in treatment for smoking cessation.Drug Alcohol Depend.177:268–276.
  • Gaudet L , Crethar HC , Burger S , Pulos S. 2001.Self-reported consequences of traumatic brain injury: a study of contrasting TBI and non-TBI participants.Sex Disabil.19(2):111–119.
  • Geisel O , Panneck P , Hellweg R , Wiedemann K , Müller CA. 2015.Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis activity in patients with pathological gambling and internet use disorder.Psychiatry Res.226(1):97–102.
  • Gendreau KE , Potenza MN. 2014.Detecting associations between behavioral addictions and dopamine agonists in the Food & Drug Administration’s Adverse Event database.J Behav Addict.3(1):21–26.
  • Gendreau KE , Potenza MN. 2016.Publicity and reports of behavioral addictions associated with dopamine agonists.J Behav Addict.5(1):140–143.
  • Gil M , Oliva B , Timoner J , Maciá MA , Bryant V , de Abajo FJ. 2011.Risk of meningioma among users of high doses of cyproterone acetate as compared with the general population: evidence from a population-based cohort study.Br J Clin Pharmacol.72(6):965–968.
  • Giorgetti R , Tagliabracci A , Schifano F , Zaami S , Marinelli E , Busardo FP. 2017.When “chems” meet sex: a rising phenomenon called “ChemSex”.Curr Neuropharmacol.15(5):762–770.
  • Giugliano JR. 2003.A psychoanalytic overview of excessive sexual behavior and addiction.Sex Addict Compuls.10(4):275–290.
  • Gleason N , Finotelli I , Miner MH , Herbenick D , Coleman E. 2021.Estimated prevalence and demographic correlates of compulsive sexual behavior among gay men in the United States.J Sex Med.18(9):1545–1554.
  • Glynn RW , Byrne N , O’Dea S , Shanley A , Codd M , Keenan E , Ward M , Igoe D , Clarke S. 2018.Chemsex, risk behaviours and sexually transmitted infections among men who have sex with men in Dublin, Ireland.Int J Drug Policy.52:9–15.
  • Gola M , Draps M. 2018.Ventral striatal reactivity in compulsive sexual behaviors.Front Psychiatry.9:546.
  • Gola M , Lewczuk K , Potenza MN , Kingston DA , Grubbs JB , Stark R , Reid RC. 2020.What should be included in the criteria for compulsive sexual behavior disorder? J Behav Addict.11(2):160–165.
  • Gola M , Potenza MN. 2016.Paroxetine treatment of problematic pornography use: a case series.J Behav Addict.5(3):529–532.
  • Gola M , Wordecha M , Sescousse G , Lew-Starowicz M , Kossowski B , Wypych M , Makeig S , Potenza MN , Marchewka A. 2017.Can pornography be addictive? An fMRI study of men seeking treatment for problematic pornography use.Neuropsychopharmacology.42(10):2021–2031.
  • Gold SN , Heffner CL. 1998.Sexual addiction: many conceptions, minimal data.Clin Psychol Rev.18(3):367–381.
  • Goldey KL , van Anders SM. 2012.Sexual thoughts: links to testosterone and cortisol in men.Arch Sex Behav.41(6):1461–1470.
  • Goodman A. 1992.Sexual addiction: designation and treatment.J Sex Marital Ther.18(4):303–314.
  • Grant JE , Kim SW. 2002.An open label study of naltrexone in the treatment of kleptomania.J Clin Psychiatry.63(4):349–356.
  • Gregorio Hertz P , Rettenberger M , Turner D , Briken P , Eher R. 2022.Hypersexual disorder and recidivism risk in individuals convicted of sexual offenses.J Forensic Psychiatry Psychol.33(4):572–591.
  • Gregorio Hertz P , Turner D , Barra S , Biedermann L , Retz-Junginger P , Schöttle D , Retz W. 2022.Sexuality in adults with ADHD: results of an online survey.Front Psychiatry.13:868278.
  • Grey M , Whittemore R , Jeon S , Murphy K , Faulkner MS , Delamater A. 2013.Internet psycho-education programs improve outcomes in youth with type 1 diabetes.Diabetes Care.36(9):2475–2482.
  • Grubbs JB , Kraus SW , Perry SL. 2019.Self-reported addiction to pornography in a nationally representative sample: the roles of use habits, religiousness, and moral incongruence.J Behav Addict.8(1):88–93.
  • Grubbs JB , Perry SL. 2019.Moral incongruence and pornography use: a critical review and integration.J Sex Res.56(1):29–37.
  • Grubbs JB , Hoagland KC , Lee BN , Grant JT , Davison P , Reid RC , Kraus SW. 2020.Sexual addiction 25 years on: a systematic and methodological review of empirical literature and an agenda for future research.Clin Psychol Rev.82:101925.
  • Grubbs JB , Kraus SW , Perry SL , Lewczuk K , Gola M. 2020.Moral incongruence and compulsive sexual behavior: results from cross-sectional interactions and parallel growth curve analyses.J Abnorm Psychol.129(3):266–278.
  • Gulsun M , Gulcat Z , Aydin H. 2007.Treatment of compulsive sexual behaviour with clomipramine and valproic acid.Clin Drug Investig.27(3):219–223.
  • Hald GM , Malamuth NM , Yuen C. 2010.Pornography and attitudes supporting violence against women: revisiting the relationship in nonexperimental studies.Aggress Behav.36(1):14–20.
  • Hall P. 2013.A new classification model for sex addiction.Sex Addict Compuls.20(4):279–291.
  • Hall P , Dix J , Cartin C. 2020.The effectiveness of psycho-educational group work in treating Compulsive Sexual Behavior Disorder (CSBD): clinical outcomes using CORE OM and supplement at three-month and six-month follow up.Sex Addict Compuls.27(1–2):12–22.
  • Hallberg J , Kaldo V , Arver S , Dhejne C , Jokinen J , Öberg KG. 2019.A randomized controlled study of group-administered cognitive behavioral therapy for hypersexual disorder in men.J Sex Med.16(5):733–745.
  • Hallberg J , Kaldo V , Arver S , Dhejne C , Öberg KG. 2017.A cognitive-behavioral therapy group intervention for hypersexual disorder: a feasibility study.J Sex Med.14(7):950–958.
  • Hammoud MA , Vaccher S , Jin F , Bourne A , Haire B , Maher L , Lea T , Prestage G. 2018.The new MTV generation: using methamphetamine, TruvadaTM, and ViagraTM to enhance sex and stay safe.Int J Drug Policy.55:197–204.
  • Hardy SA , Ruchty J , Hull TD , Hyde R. 2010.A preliminary study of an online psychoeducational program for hypersexuality.Sex Addict Compuls.17(4):247–269.
  • Hasan A , Bandelow B , Yatham LN , Berk M , Falkai P , Möller HJ , Kasper S. 2019.WFSBP guidelines on how to grade treatment evidence for clinical guideline development.World J Biol Psychiatry.20(1):2–16.
  • Hayden D. 2013.Total sex addiction recovery: a guide to therapy.Bloomington (IN):Xlibris US.
  • Hayes L , Boyd CP , Sewell J. 2011.Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for the treatment of adolescent depression: a pilot study in a psychiatric outpatient setting.Mindfulness.2(2):86–94.
  • Hayes SC. 2005.Stability and change in cognitive behavior therapy: considering the implications of ACT and RFT.J Rat-Emo Cognitive-Behav Ther.23(2):131–151.
  • Hayes SC , Luoma JB , Bond FW , Masuda A , Lillis J. 2006.Acceptance and commitment therapy: model, processes and outcomes.Behav Res Ther.44(1):1–25.
  • Hecker LL , Trepper TS , Wetchler JL , Fontaine KL. 1995.The influence of therapist values, religiosity and gender in the initial assessment of sexual addiction by family therapists.Am J Fam Ther.23(3):261–272.
  • Heinrichs M , von Dawans B , Domes G. 2009.Oxytocin, vasopressin, and human social behavior.Front Neuroendocrinol.30(4):548–557.
  • Hergüner S , Hergüner A , Cicek E. 2012.Combination of risperidone and paroxetine for inappropriate sexual behaviors in an adolescent with autism and mental retardation.Arch Neuropsychiatry.49:311–313.
  • Hibbert MP , Brett CE , Porcellato LA , Hope VD. 2019.Psychosocial and sexual characteristics associated with sexualised drug use and chemsex among men who have sex with men (MSM) in the UK.Sex Transm Infect.95(5):342–350.
  • Hull EM , Muschamp JW , Sato S. 2004.Dopamine and serotonin: influences on male sexual behavior.Physiol Behav.83(2):291–307.
  • Íncera-Fernández D , Gámez-Guadix M , Moreno-Guillén S. 2021.Mental health dymptoms sssociated with sexualized drug use (chemsex) among men who have dex with men: a systematic review.IJERPH.18(24):13299.
  • Islam RM , Bell RJ , Green S , Page MJ , Davis SR. 2019.Safety and efficacy of testosterone for women: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trial data.Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol.7(10):754–766.
  • Jamison KR , Gerner RH , Hammen C , Padesky C. 1980.Clouds and silver linings: positive experiences associated with primary affective disorders.Am J Psychiatry.137(2):198–202.
  • Jespersen AF , Lalumière ML , Seto MC. 2009.Sexual abuse history among adult sex offenders and non-sex offenders: a meta-analysis.Child Abuse Negl.33(3):179–192.
  • Jhanjee A , Anand KS , Bajaj BK. 2011.Hypersexual features in Huntington’s disease.Singap Med J.52(6):e131.
  • Jokinen J , Boström AE , Chatzittofis A , Ciuculete DM , Öberg KG , Flanagan JN , Arver S , Schiöth HB. 2017.Methylation of HPA axis related genes in men with hypersexual disorder.Psychoneuroendocrinol.80:67–73.
  • Jonason PK , Li NP , Webster GD , Schmitt DP. 2009.The dark triad: facilitating a short‐term mating strategy in men.Eur J Pers.23(1):5–18.
  • Kaess M , Parzer P , Mehl L , Weil L , Strittmatter E , Resch F , Koenig J. 2017.Stress vulnerability in male youth with Internet Gaming Disorder.Psychoneuroendocrinol.77:244–251.
  • Kafka MP. 1991.Successful antidepressant treatment of nonparaphilic sexual addictions and paraphilias in men.J Clin Psychiatry.52(2):60–65.
  • Kafka MP. 1994.Sertraline pharmacotherapy for paraphilias and paraphilia-related disorders: an open trial.Ann Clin Psychiatry.6(3):189–195.
  • Kafka MP. 2001.The paraphilia-related disorders: a proposal for a unified classification of nonparaphilic hypersexuality disorders.Sex Addict Compuls.8(3–4):227–239.
  • Kafka MP. 2010.Hypersexual disorder: a proposed diagnosis for DSM-V.Arch Sex Behav.39(2):377–400.
  • Kafka MP. 2014.What happened to hypersexual disorder? Arch Sex Behav.43(7):1259–1261.
  • Kafka MP. 2015.DSM-IV Axis I psychopathology in males with non-paraphilic hypersexual disorder.Curr Addict Rep.2(3):202–206.
  • Kafka MP , Hennen J. 2000.Psychostimulant augmentation during treatment with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in males with paraphilias and paraphilia-related disorders: a case series.J Clin Psychiatry.61(9):664–670.
  • Kafka MP , Hennen J. 2002.A DSM-IV Axis I comorbidity study of males (n = 120) with paraphilias and paraphilia-related disorders.Sex Abuse.14(4):349–366.
  • Kafka MP , Hennen J. 2003.Hypersexual desire in males: are males with paraphilias different from males with paraphilia-related disorders? Sex Abuse.15(4):307–321.
  • Kafka MP , Prentky R. 1992.Fluoxetine treatment of nonparaphilic sexual addictions and paraphilias in men.J Clin Psychiatry.53(10):351–358.
  • Kafka MP , Prentky R. 1994.Preliminary observations of DSM-III-R Axis I comorbidity in men with paraphilias and paraphilia-related disorders.J Clin Psychiatry.55(11):481–487.
  • Kalichman SC , Johnson JR , Adair V , Rompa D , Multhauf K , Kelly JA. 1994.Sexual sensation seeking: scale development and predicting AIDS-risk behavior among homosexually active men.J Pers Assess.62(3):385–397.
  • Kalichman SC , Rompa D. 1995.Sexual sensation seeking and sexual compulsivity scales: validity, and predicting HIV risk behavior.J Pers Assess.65(3):586–601.
  • Kamal RM , van Noorden MS , Wannet W , Beurmanjer H , Dijkstra BAG , Schellekens A. 2017.Pharmacological treatment in γ-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) and γ-butyrolactone (GBL) dependence: detoxification and relapse prevention.CNS Drugs.31(1):51–64.
  • Kaplan MS , Krueger RB. 2010.Diagnosis, assessment, and treatment of hypersexuality.J Sex Res.47(2):181–198.
  • Kar SK , Dixit S. 2019.Zoophilia and hypersexuality in an adult male with schizophrenia: a case report.Neurol Psychiatry Brain Res.34:41–43.
  • Karila L , Wery A , Weinstein A , Cottencin O , Petit A , Reynaud M , Billieux J. 2014.Sexual addiction or hypersexual disorder: different terms for the same problem? A review of the literature.Curr Pharm Des.20(25):4012–4020.
  • Kastner RM , Sellbom M. 2012.Hypersexuality in college students: the role of psychopathy.Pers Individ Differ.53(5):644–649.
  • Khazaal Y , Zullino DF. 2006.Topiramate in the treatment of compulsive sexual behavior: case report.BMC Psychiatry.6(1):22.
  • Kim W , Jin BR , Yang WS , Lee KU , Juh RH , Ahn KJ , Chung YA , Chae JH. 2009.Treatment with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and mirtapazine results in differential brain activation by visual erotic stimuli in patients with major depressive disorder.Psychiatry Investig.6(2):85–95.
  • Kingston DA , Bradford JM. 2013.Hypersexuality and recidivism among sexual offenders.Sex Addict Compuls.20(1–2):91–105.
  • Kingston DA , Fedoroff P , Firestone P , Curry S , Bradford JM. 2008.Pornography use and sexual aggression: the impact of frequency and type of pornography use on recidivism among sexual offenders.Aggress Behav.34(4):341–351.
  • Kingston DA , Firestone P. 2008.Problematic hypersexuality: a review of conceptualization and ciagnosis.Sex Addict Compuls.15(4):284–310.
  • Kingston DA , Graham FJ , Knight RA. 2017.Relations between self-reported adverse events in childhood and hypersexuality in adult male sexual offenders.Arch Sex Behav.46(3):707–720.
  • Kinsey AC , Pomeroy WB , Martin CE , Sloan S. 1948.Sexual behavior in the human male.Bloomington (IN):Indiana University Press.
  • Klein V , Reininger KM , Briken P , Turner D. 2020.Sexual narcissism and its association with sexual and well-being outcomes.Pers Individ Differ.152:109557.
  • Klein V , Rettenberger M , Boom KD , Briken P. 2014.Eine Validierungsstudie der deutschen Version des Hypersexual Behavior Inventory (HBI) [A validation study of the German version of the Hypersexual Behavior Inventory (HBI)].Psychother Psychosom Med Psychol.64(3–4):136–140.
  • Klein V , Schmidt AF , Turner D , Briken P. 2015.Are sex drive and hypersexuality associated with pedophilic interest and child sexual abuse in a male community sample? PLoS One.10(7):e0129730.
  • Klos KJ , Bower JH , Josephs KA , Matsumoto JY , Ahlskog JE. 2005.Pathological hypersexuality predominantly linked to adjuvant dopamine agonist therapy in Parkinson’s disease and multiple system atrophy.Parkinsonism Relat Disord.11(6):381–386.
  • Klucken T , Wehrum-Osinsky S , Schweckendiek J , Kruse O , Stark R. 2016.Altered appetitive conditioning and neural connectivity in subjects with compulsive sexual behavior.J Sex Med.13(4):627–636.
  • Knight RA , Graham FJ. 2017.Hypersexuality: equifinal, cohesive, clinical presentation or symptom cluster with multiple underlying mechanisms? Arch Sex Behav.46(8):2261–2264.
  • Köhler S , Cierpinsky K , Kronenberg G , Adli M. 2016.The serotonergic system in the neurobiology of depression: relevance for novel antidepressants.J Psychopharmacol.30(1):13–22.
  • Koós M , Bőthe B , Orosz G , Potenza MN , Reid RC , Demetrovics Z. 2021.The negative consequences of hypersexuality: revisiting the factor structure of the Hypersexual Behavior Consequences Scale and its correlates in a large, non-clinical sample.Addict Behav Rep.13:100321.
  • Kopeykina I , Kim HJ , Khatun T , Boland J , Haeri S , Cohen LJ , Galynker II. 2016.Hypersexuality and couple relationships in bipolar disorder: a review.J Affect Disord.195:1–14.
  • Kor A , Djalovski A , Potenza MN , Zagoory-Sharon O , Feldman R. 2022.Alterations in oxytocin and vasopressin in men with problematic pornography use: the role of empathy.J Behav Addict.11(1):116–127.
  • Kor A , Zilcha-Mano S , Fogel YA , Mikulincer M , Reid RC , Potenza MN. 2014.Psychometric development of the Problematic Pornography Use Scale.Addict Behav.39(5):861–868.
  • Kowalewska E , Grubbs JB , Potenza MN , Gola M , Draps M , Kraus SW. 2018.Neurocognitive mechanisms in Compulsive Sexual Behavior Disorder.Curr Sex Health Rep.10(4):255–264.
  • Kowatch RA , Youngstrom EA , Danielyan A , Findling RL. 2005.Review and meta-analysis of the phenomenology and clinical characteristics of mania in children and adolescents.Bipolar Disord.7(6):483–496.
  • Krafft-Ebing R. 1965.Psychopathia sexualis: a medico-forensic study.New York:Putnam.
  • Kraus SW , Krueger RB , Briken P , First MB , Stein DJ , Kaplan MS , Voon V , Abdo CHN , Grant JE , Atalla E ,et al. 2018.Compulsive sexual behavior disorder in the ICD-11.World Psychiatry.17(1):109–110.
  • Kraus SW , Meshberg-Cohen S , Martino S , Quinones LJ , Potenza MN. 2015.Treatment of compulsive pornography use with naltrexone: a case report.Am J Psychiatry.172(12):1260–1261.
  • Kraus SW , Rosenberg H. 2014.The Pornography Craving Questionnaire: psychometric properties.Arch Sex Behav.43(3):451–462.
  • Kraus SW , Sweeney PJ. 2019.Hitting the target: considerations for differential diagnosis when treating individuals for problematic use of pornography.Arch Sex Behav.48(2):431–435.
  • Kraus SW , Voon V , Potenza MN. 2016a.Neurobiology of compulsive sexual behavior: emerging science.Neuropsychopharmacology.41(1):385–386.
  • Kraus SW , Voon V , Potenza MN. 2016b.Should compulsive sexual behavior be considered an addiction? Addiction.111(12):2097–2106.
  • Krueger RB , Kaplan MS. 2000.Disorders of sexual impulse control in neuropsychiatric conditions.Semin Clin Neuropsychiatry.5(4):266–274.
  • Krueger RB , Kaplan MS , First MB. 2009.Sexual and other Axis I diagnoses of 60 males arrested for crimes against children involving the internet.CNS Spectr.14(11):623–631.
  • Kühn S , Gallinat J. 2014.Brain structure and functional connectivity associated with pornography consumption the brain on porn.JAMA Psychiatry.71(7):827–834.
  • Kühn S , Gallinat J. 2016.Chapter three – neurobiological basis of hypersexuality.Int Rev Neurobiol.129:67–83.
  • Kuiper LB , Coolen LM. 2018.Compulsive sexual behavior in humans and preclinical models.Curr Sex Health Rep.10(3):124–131.
  • Kürbitz LI , Briken P. 2021.Is compulsive sexual behavior different in women compared to men? JCM.10(15):3205.
  • Lam L , Anand S , Li X , Tse ML , Zhao JX , Chan EW. 2019.Efficacy and safety of naltrexone for amfetamine and methamfetamine use disorder: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials.Clin Toxicol (Phila)).57(4):225–233.
  • Landgren V , Malki K , Bottai M , Arver S , Rahm C. 2020.Effect of gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist on risk of committing child sexual abuse in men with pedophilic disorder: a randomized clinical trial.JAMA Psychiatry.77(9):897–905.
  • Landgren V , Savard J , Dhejne C , Jokinen J , Arver S , Seto MC , Rahm C. 2022.Pharmacological treatment for pedophilic disorder and compulsive sexual behavior disorder: a review.Drugs.82(6):663–681.
  • Landgren V , Olsson P , Briken P , Rahm C. 2021.Effects of testosterone suppression on desire, hypersexuality, and sexual interest in children in men with pedophilic disorder.World J Biol Psychiatry.10:1–12.
  • Långström N , Hanson RK. 2006.High rates of sexual behavior in the general population: correlates and predictors.Arch Sex Behav.35(1):37–52.
  • Laumann EO , Michael RT , Gagnon JH. 1994.A political history of the national sex survey of adults.Fam Plan Perspect.26(1):34–38.
  • Laux G. 2020.Serotonin reuptake inhibitors: citalopram, escitalopram, fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, paroxetine, and sertraline. In: Riederer P , Laux G , Nagatsu T , Le W , Riederer C , editors. NeuroPsychopharmacotherapy.Cham:Springer International Publishing; p. 1–13.
  • Leach C , Stewart A , Smallbone S. 2016.Testing the sexually abused-sexual abuser hypothesis: a prospective longitudinal birth cohort study.Child Abuse Negl.51:144–153.
  • Leeman RF , Potenza MN. 2013.A targeted review of the neurobiology and genetics of behavioural addictions: an emerging area of research.Can J Psychiatry.58(5):260–273.
  • Lefaucheur JP , Antal A , Ayache SS , Benninger DH , Brunelin J , Cogiamanian F , Cotelli M , de Ridder D , Ferrucci R , Langguth B ,et al. 2017.Evidence-based guidelines on the therapeutic use of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS).Clin Neurophysiol.128(1):56–92.
  • Lev-Ran S. 2012.A case of treating cathinone dependence and comorbid depression using bupropion.J Psychoactive Drugs.44(5):434–436.
  • Levin ME , Heninger ST , Pierce BG , Twohig MP. 2017.Examining the feasibility of acceptance and commitment therapy self-help for problematic pornography viewing: results from a pilot open trial.Fam J.25(4):306–312.
  • Levine MP , Troiden RR. 1988.The myth of sexual compulsivity.J Sex Res.25(3):347–363.
  • Lew-Starowicz M , Draps M , Kowalewska E , Obarska K , Kraus SW , Gola M. 2022.Tolerability and efficacy of paroxetine and naltrexone for treatment of compulsive sexual behaviour disorder.World Psychiatry.21(3):468–469.
  • Lew-Starowicz M , Lewczuk K , Nowakowska I , Kraus S , Gola M. 2020.Compulsive sexual behavior and dysregulation of emotion.Sex Med Rev.8(2):191–205.
  • Lewczuk K , Glica A , Nowakowska I , Gola M , Grubbs JB. 2020.Evaluating pornography problems due to moral incongruence model.J Sex Med.17(2):300–311.
  • Lewczuk K , Nowakowska I , Lewandowska K , Potenza MN , Gola M. 2021.Frequency of use, moral incongruence and religiosity and their relationships with self-perceived addiction to pornography, internet use, social networking and online gaming.Addict.116(4):889–899.
  • Lewis A , Grubin D , Ross CC , Das M. 2017.Gonadotrophin-releasing hormone agonist treatment for sexual offenders: a systematic review.J Psychopharmacol.31(10):1281–1293.
  • Lim DK. 2003.Ketamine associated psychedelic effects and dependence.Singap Med J.44(1):31–34.
  • Lim SH , Akbar M , Wickersham JA , Kamarulzaman A , Altice FL. 2018.The management of methamphetamine use in sexual settings among men who have sex with men in Malaysia.Int J Drug Policy.55:256–262.
  • Malandain L , Blanc JV , Ferreri F , Giorgiadis T , Mosser S , Mouchabac S , Thibaut F. 2020.First case report of tDCS efficacy in severe chemsex addiction.Dialogues Clin Neurosci.22(3):295–297.
  • Malandain L , Blanc JV , Ferreri F , Thibaut F. 2020.Pharmacotherapy of sexual addiction.Curr Psychiatry Rep.22(6):30.
  • Malandain L , Mosser S , Mouchabac S , Blanc J-V , Alexandre C , Thibaut F. 2022.Chemical sex (chemsex) in a population of French university students.Dialogues Clin Neurosci.23(1):39–43.
  • Mann LE , Travers JC. 2020.A systematic review of interventions to address inappropriate masturbation for individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder or other developmental disabilities.Rev J Autism Dev Disord.7(3):205–218.
  • Mann RE , Hanson RK , Thornton D. 2010.Assessing risk for sexual recidivism: some proposals on the nature of psychologically meaningful risk factors.Sex Abuse.22(2):191–217.
  • Marlatt GA , Donovan DM. 2005.Relapse prevention: maintenance strategies in the treatment of addictive behaviors.New York, London:Guilford Press.
  • Marshall LE , Marshall WL. 2006.Sexual addiction in incarcerated sexual offenders.Sex Addict Compuls.13(4):377–390.
  • Marshall WL , Serran GA , Cortoni FA. 2000.Childhood attachments, sexual abuse, and their relationship to adult coping in child molesters.Sex Abuse.12(1):17–26.
  • Martinkova J , Trejbalova L , Sasikova M , Benetin J , Valkovic P. 2011.Impulse control disorders associated with dopaminergic medication in patients with pituitary adenomas.Clin Neuropharmacol.34(5):179–181.
  • Maxwell S , Shahmanesh M , Gafos M. 2019.Chemsex behaviours among men who have sex with men: a systematic review of the literature.Int J Drug Policy.63:74–89.
  • McClellan J , McCurry C , Ronnei M , Adams J , Eisner A , Storck M. 1996.Age of onset of sexual abuse: relationship to sexually inappropriate behaviors.J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry.35(10):1375–1383.
  • McCormack S , Dunn DT , Desai M , Dolling DI , Gafos M , Gilson R , Sullivan AK , Clarke A , Reeves I , Schembri G ,et al. 2016.Pre-exposure prophylaxis to prevent the acquisition of HIV-1 infection (PROUD): effectiveness results from the pilot phase of a pragmatic open-label randomised trial.Lancet.387(10013):53–60.
  • McElhiney MC , Rabkin JG , Rabkin R , Nunes EV. 2009.Provigil (modafinil) plus cognitive behavioral therapy for methamphetamine use in HIV + gay men: a pilot study.Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse.35(1):34–37.
  • Mechelmans DJ , Irvine M , Banca P , Porter L , Mitchell S , Mole TB , Lapa TR , Harrison NA , Potenza MN , Voon V. 2014.Enhanced attentional bias towards sexually explicit cues in individuals with and without compulsive sexual behaviours.PLoS One.9(8):e105476.
  • Mendez MF , Shapira JS. 2013.Hypersexual behavior in frontotemporal dementia: a comparison with early-onset Alzheimer’s Disease.Arch Sex Behav.42(3):501–509.
  • Milrad R. 1999.Coaddictive recovery: early recovery issues for spouses of sex addicts.Sex Addict Compuls.6(2):125–136.
  • Miner MH , Coleman E , Center BA , Ross M , Rosser BRS. 2007.The Compulsive Sexual Behavior Inventory: psychometric properties.Arch Sex Behav.36(4):579–587.
  • Miner MH , Raymond N , Mueller BA , Lloyd M , Lim KO. 2009.Preliminary investigation of the impulsive and neuroanatomical characteristics of compulsive sexual behavior.Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging.174(2):146–151.
  • Montgomery-Graham S. 2017.Conceptualization and assessment of hypersexual disorder: a systematic review of the literature.Sex Med Rev.5(2):146–162.
  • Moore TJ , Glenmullen J , Mattison DR. 2014.Reports of pathological gambling, hypersexuality, and compulsive shopping associated with dopamine receptor agonist drugs.JAMA Intern Med.174(12):1930–1933.
  • Müller JL. 2011.Are sadomasochism and hypersexuality in autism linked to amygdalohippocampal lesion? J Sex Med.8(11):3241–3249.
  • Naglich AC , Brown ES , Adinoff B. 2019.Systematic review of preclinical, clinical, and post-marketing evidence of bupropion misuse potential.Am J Drug Alcohol Abus.45(4):341–354.
  • Nguyen M , Murphy T. 2001.Mirtazapine for excessive masturbation in an adolescent with autism.J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry.40(8):868–869.
  • Nummenmaa L , Saanijoki T , Tuominen L , Hirvonen J , Tuulari JJ , Nuutila P , Kalliokoski K. 2018.μ-opioid receptor system mediates reward processing in humans.Nat Commun.9(1):1500.
  • Nunes KL , Hermann CA , Malcom JR , Lavoie K. 2013.Childhood sexual victimization, pedophilic interest, and sexual recidivism.Child Abuse Negl.37(9):703–711.
  • Nutt DJ , Lingford-Hughes A , Erritzoe D , Stokes PRA. 2015.The dopamine theory of addiction: 40 years of highs and lows.Nat Rev Neurosci.16(5):305–312.
  • Öberg KG , Hallberg J , Kaldo V , Dhejne C , Arver S. 2017.Hypersexual disorder according to the Hypersexual Disorder Screening Inventory in help-seeking Swedish men and women with self-identified hypersexual behavior.Sex Med.5(4):e229–e236.
  • Odlaug BL , Lust K , Schreiber LRN , Christenson G , Derbyshire K , Harvanko A , Golden D , Grant JE. 2013.Compulsive sexual behavior in young adults.Ann Clin Psychiatry.25(3):193–200.
  • Orford J. 1978.Hypersexuality: implications for a theory of dependence.Br J Addict Alcohol Other Drugs.73(3):299–10210.
  • Ott BR. 1995.Leuprolide treatment of sexual aggression in a patient with dementia and the Klüver-Bucy syndrome.Clin Neuropharmacol.18(5):443–447.
  • Pehrson AL , Jeyarajah T , Sanchez C. 2016.Regional distribution of serotonergic receptors: a systems neuroscience perspective on the downstream effects of the multimodal-acting antidepressant vortioxetine on excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission.CNS Spectr.21(2):162–183.
  • Perelman MA. 2009.The Sexual Tipping Point ®: a mind/body model for sexual medicine.J Sex Med.6(3):629–632.
  • Pfaus JG. 2009.Pathways of sexual desire.J Sex Med.6(6):1506–1533.
  • Pincu L. 1989.Sexual compulsivity in gay men: controversy and treatment.J Couns Dev.68(1):63–66.
  • Poole R , Simpson SA , Smith DJ. 2012.Internet-based psychoeducation for bipolar disorder: a qualitative analysis of feasibility, acceptability and impact.BMC Psychiatry.12(1):139.
  • Potenza MN. 2013.How central is dopamine to pathological gambling or gambling disorder? Front Behav Neurosci.7:206.
  • Potenza MN. 2018.Searching for replicable dopamine-related findings in gambling disorder.Biol Psychiatry.83(12):984–986.
  • Prause N , Steele VR , Staley C , Sabatinelli D , Hajcak G. 2015.Modulation of late positive potentials by sexual images in problem users and controls inconsistent with “porn addiction”.Biol Psychol.109:192–199.
  • Prestage G , Hammoud M , Jin F , Degenhardt L , Bourne A , Maher L. 2018.Mental health, drug use and sexual risk behavior among gay and bisexual men.Int J Drug Policy.55:169–179.
  • Prosser JM , Nelson LS. 2012.The toxicology of bath salts: a review of synthetic cathinones.J Med Toxicol.8(1):33–42.
  • Rabe T , Feldmann K , Heinemann L , Runnebaum B. 1996.Cyproterone acetate.Drug Saf.14(1):25–38.
  • Rajasingham R , Mimiaga MJ , White JM , Pinkston MM , Baden RP , Mitty JA. 2012.A systematic review of behavioral and treatment outcome studies among HIV-infected men who have sex with men who abuse crystal methamphetamine.AIDS Patient Care Stds.26(1):36–52.
  • Ray LA , Green R , Roche DJO , Magill M , Bujarski S. 2019.Naltrexone effects on subjective responses to alcohol in the human laboratory: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Addict Biol.24(6):1138–1152.
  • Raymond NC , Coleman E , Miner MH. 2003.Psychiatric comorbidity and compulsive/impulsive traits in compulsive sexual behavior.Compr Psychiatry.44(5):370–380.
  • Raymond NC , Grant JE , Coleman E. 2010.Augmentation with naltrexone to treat compulsive sexual behavior: a case series.Ann Clin Psychiatry.22(1):56–62.
  • Raymond NC , Grant JE , Kim SW , Coleman E. 2002.Treatment of compulsive sexual behaviour with naltrexone and serotonin reuptake inhibitors: two case studies.Int Clin Psychopharmacol.17(4):201–205.
  • Reback CJ , Fletcher JB. 2014.Reductions in HIV prevalence rates among substance-using men who have sex with men in Los Angeles County. 2008–2011.AIDS Educ Prev.26(5):459–470.
  • Reddy B , Das S , Ali M. 2018.A case of hypersexuality probably associated with lurasidone.J Clin Psychopharmacol.38(5):537–539.
  • Reid RC. 2007.Assessing readiness to change among clients seeking help for hypersexual behavior.Sex Addict Compuls.14(3):167–186.
  • Reid RC , Berlin HA , Kingston DA. 2015.Sexual impulsivity in hypersexual men.Curr Behav Neurosci Rep.2(1):1–8.
  • Reid RC , Bramen JE , Anderson A , Cohen MS. 2014.Mindfulness, emotional dysregulation, impulsivity, and stress proneness among hypersexual patients.J Clin Psychol.70(4):313–321.
  • Reid RC , Carpenter BN , Gilliland R , Karim R. 2011.Problems of self-concept in a patient sample of hypersexual men with attention-deficit disorder.J Addict Med.5(2):134–140.
  • Reid RC , Carpenter BN , Hook JN , Garos S , Manning JC , Gilliland R , Cooper EB , McKittrick H , Davtian M , Fong T. 2012.Report of findings in a DSM-5 field trial for hypersexual disorder.J Sex Med.9(11):2868–2877.
  • Reid RC , Cyders MA , Moghaddam JF , Fong TW. 2014.Psychometric properties of the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale in patients with gambling disorders, hypersexuality, and methamphetamine dependence.Addict Behav.39(11):1640–1645.
  • Reid RC , Garos S , Carpenter BN. 2011.Reliability, validity, and psychometric development of the Hypersexual Behavior Inventory in an outpatient sample of men.Sex Addict Compuls.18(1):30–51.
  • Reid RC , Garos S , Fong T. 2012.Psychometric development of the hypersexual behavior consequences scale.J Behav Addict.1(3):115–122.
  • Reid RC , Meyer MD. 2016.Substance use disorders in hypersexual ddults.Curr Addict Rep.3(4):400–405.
  • Rettenberger M , Klein V , Briken P. 2016.The relationship between hypersexual behavior, sexual excitation, sexual inhibition, and personality traits.Arch Sex Behav.45(1):219–233.
  • Rich SS , Ovsiew F. 1994.Leuprolide acetate for exhibitionism in huntington’s disease.Mov Disord.9(3):353–357.
  • Rosenberg KP , Carnes P , O'Connor S. 2014.Evaluation and treatment of sex addiction.J Sex Marital Ther.40(2):77–91.
  • Rosenberger JG , Reece M , Novak DS , Mayer KH. 2011.The internet as a valuable tool for promoting a new framework for sexual health among gay men and other men who have sex with men.AIDS Behav.15(S1):88–90.
  • Rösler A , Witztum E. 2000.Pharmacotherapy of paraphilias in the next millennium.Behav Sci Law.18(1):43–56.
  • Rösler M , Retz W , Turner D. 2020.Pharmacotherapy of ADHD in adults. In: Riederer P , Laux G , Nagatsu T , Le W , Riederer C , editors. NeuroPsychopharmacotherapy.Cham:Springer International Publishing; p. 1–18.
  • Rösner S , Hackl-Herrwerth A , Leucht S , Vecchi S , Srisurapanont M , Soyka M. 2010.Opioid antagonists for alcohol dependence.Cochrane Database Syst Rev.12:CD001867.
  • Ross MW , Månsson SA , Daneback K. 2012.Prevalence, severity, and correlates of problematic sexual internet use in Swedish men and women.Arch Sex Behav.41(2):459–466.
  • Rowland DL , Heiman JR , Gladue BA , Hatch JP , Doering CH , Weiler SJ. 1987.Endocrine, psychological and genital response to sexual arousal in men.Psychoneuroendocrinol.12(2):149–158.
  • Rubey R , Brady KT , Norris GT. 1993.Clomipramine treatment of sexual preoccupation.J Clin Psychopharmacol.13(2):158–159.
  • Rush B. 1812.Medical inquiries and observations, upon the diseases of the mind.Philadelphia:Kimber & Richardson.
  • Ryback RS. 2004.Naltrexone in the treatment of adolescent sexual offenders.J Clin Psychiatry.65(7):982–986.
  • Salter D , McMillan D , Richards M , Talbot T , Hodges J , Bentovim A , Hastings R , Stevenson J , Skuse D. 2003.Development of sexually abusive behaviour in sexually victimised males: a longitudinal study.Lancet.361(9356):471–476.
  • Sander A , Maestas K , Nick T , Pappadis M , Hammond F , Hanks R , Ripley D. 2013.Predictors of sexual functioning and satisfaction 1 year following traumatic brain injury: a TBI model.J Head Trauma Rehabil.28(3):186–194.
  • Sansone RA , Barnes J , Muennich E , Wiederman MW. 2008.Borderline personality symptomatology and sexual impulsivity.Int J Psychiatry Med.38(1):53–60.
  • Sansone RA , Sansone LA. 2011.Sexual behavior in borderline personality: a review.Innov Cli Neurosci.8(2):14–18.
  • Sathe RS , Komisaruk BR , Ladas AK , Godbole SV. 2001.Naltrexone-induced augmentation of sexual response in men.Arch Med Res.32(3):221–226.
  • Savard J. 2021.Compulsive sexual behavior disorder: clinical characteristics and treatment with Naltrexone [dissertation].Umeå:Umeå University.
  • Savard J , Öberg KG , Chatzittofis A , Dhejne C , Arver S , Jokinen J. 2020.Naltrexone in Compulsive sexual behavior disorder: a feasibility study of twenty men.J Sex Med.17(8):1544–1552.
  • Scanavino MDT , Ventuneac A , Abdo CHN , Tavares H , Amaral MLS , Messina B , Reis SC , Martins JPLB , Parsons JT. 2013.Compulsive sexual behavior and psychopathology among treatment-seeking men in São Paulo.Brazil. Psychiatry Res.209(3):518–524.
  • Scanavino MDT , Ventuneac A , Abdo CHN , Tavares H , Amaral MLS , Messina B , Reis SC , Martins JPLB , Parsons JT. 2018.Sexual compulsivity, anxiety, depression, and sexual risk behavior among treatment-seeking men in São Paulo, Brazil.Braz J Psychiatry.40(4):424–431.
  • Schmidt AJ , Bourne A , Weatherburn P , Reid D , Marcus U , Hickson F. 2016.Illicit drug use among gay and bisexual men in 44 cities: findings from the European MSM Internet Survey (EMIS).Int J Drug Policy.38:4–12.
  • Schmidt C , Morris LS , Kvamme TL , Hall P , Birchard T , Voon V. 2017.Compulsive sexual behavior: prefrontal and limbic volume and interactions.Hum Brain Mapp.38(3):1182–1190.
  • Schneider JP. 2000.Effects of cybersex addiction on the family: results of a survey.Sex Addict Compuls.7(1-2):31–58.
  • Schneider JP , Schneider BH. 1996.Couple recovery from sexual addiction/ co addiction: results of a survey of 88 marriages.Sex Addict Compuls.3(2):111–126.
  • Schöttle D , Briken P , Tüscher O , Turner D. 2017.Sexuality in autism: hypersexual and paraphilic behavior in women and men with high-functioning autism spectrum disorder.Dialogues Clin Neurosci.19(4):381–393.
  • Schultz K , Hook JN , Davis DE , Penberthy JK , Reid RC. 2014.Nonparaphilic hypersexual behavior and depressive symptoms: a meta-analytic review of the literature.J Sex Marital Ther.40(6):477–487.
  • Sciarra A , Fasulo A , Ciardi A , Petrangeli E , Gentilucci A , Maggi M , Innocenzi M , Pierella F , Gentile V , Salciccia S ,et al. 2016.A meta-analysis and systematic review of randomized controlled trials with degarelix versus gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists for advanced prostate cancer.Med.95(27):e3845.
  • Seeman P. 2015.Parkinson’s disease treatment may cause impulse–control disorder via dopamine D3 receptors.Synapse.69(4):183–189.
  • Seigfried-Spellar KC , Rogers MK. 2013.Does deviant pornography use follow a Guttman-like progression? Comput Hum Behav.29(5):1997–2003.
  • Seok JW , Sohn JH. 2015.Neural substrates of sexual desire in individuals with problematic hypersexual behavior.Front Behav Neurosci.9:321.
  • Seok JW , Sohn JH. 2018.Gray matter deficits and altered resting-state connectivity in the superior temporal gyrus among individuals with problematic hypersexual behavior.Brain Res.1684:30–39.
  • Serretti A , Chiesa A. 2009.Treatment-emergent sexual dysfunction related to antidepressants: a meta-analysis.J Clin Psychopharmacol.29(3):259–266.
  • Seto MC , Hermann CA , Kjellgren C , Priebe G , Svedin CG , Långström N. 2015.Viewing child pornography: prevalence and correlates in a representative community sample of young Swedish men.Arch Sex Behav.44(1):67–79.
  • Sewell J , Cambiano V , Speakman A , Lampe FC , Phillips A , Stuart D , Gilson R , Asboe D , Nwokolo N , Clarke A ,et al. 2019.Changes in chemsex and sexual behaviour over time, among a cohort of MSM in London and Brighton: findings from the AURAH2 study.Int J Drug Policy.68:54–61.
  • Sewell J , Miltz A , Lampe FC , Cambiano V , Speakman A , Phillips AN , Stuart D , Gilson R , Asboe D , Nwokolo N ,et al. 2017.Poly drug use, chemsex drug use, and associations with sexual risk behaviour in HIV-negative men who have sex with men attending sexual health clinics.Int J Drug Policy.43:33–43.,.
  • Shahani L. 2012.Use of lithium for sexua obsessions in Asperger’s disorder.J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci.24(4):E17.
  • Shimodera S , Furukawa TA , Mino Y , Shimazu K , Nishida A , Inoue S. 2012.Cost-effectiveness of family psychoeducation to prevent relapse in major depression: results from a randomized controlled trial.BMC Psychiatry.12(1):40.
  • Shoptaw S , Huber A , Peck J , Yang X , Liu J , Jeff D , Roll J , Shapiro B , Rotheram-Fuller E , Ling W. 2006.Randomized, placebo-controlled trial of sertraline and contingency management for the treatment of methamphetamine dependence.Drug Alcohol Depend.85(1):12–18.
  • Siefried KJ , Acheson LS , Lintzeris N , Ezard N. 2020.Pharmacological treatment of methamphetamine/amphetamine dependence: a systematic review.CNS Drugs.34(4):337–365.
  • Sklenarik S , Potenza MN , Gola M , Astur RS. 2020.Approach bias for erotic stimuli among heterosexual female college students who use pornography.Addict Behav.108:106438.
  • Sklenarik S , Potenza MN , Gola M , Kor A , Kraus SW , Astur RS. 2019.Approach bias for erotic stimuli in heterosexual male college students who use pornography.J Behav Addict.8(2):234–241.
  • Slavin MN , Scoglio AAJ , Blycker GR , Potenza MN , Kraus SW. 2020.Child sexual abuse and compulsive sexual behavior: a systematic literature review.Curr Addict Rep.7(1):76–88.
  • Snagowski J , Brand M. 2015.Symptoms of cybersex addiction can be linked to both approaching and avoiding pornographic stimuli: results from an analog sample of regular cybersex users.Front Psychol.6:653.
  • Soldati L , Bianchi-Demicheli F , Schockaert P , Köhl J , Bolmont M , Hasler R , Perroud N. 2021.Association of ADHD and hypersexuality and paraphilias.Psychiatry Res.295:113638.
  • Soyka M , Kranzler HR , Hesselbrock V , Kasper S , Mutschler J , Möller HJ. 2017.Guidelines for biological treatment of substance use and related disorders, part 1: alcoholism, first revision.World J Biol Psychiatry.18(2):86–119.
  • Stark R , Klucken T , Potenza MN , Brand M , Strahler J. 2018.A current understanding of the behavioral neuroscience of compulsive sexual behavior disorder and problematic pornography use.Curr Behav Neurosci Rep.5(4):218–231.
  • Stavro K , Rizkallah E , Dinh-Williams L , Chiasson JP , Potvin S. 2013.Hypersexuality among a substance use disorder population.Sex Addict Compuls.20(3):210–216.
  • Stefanou MI , Vittore D , Wolz I , Klingberg S , Wildgruber D. 2020.Recurrent episodes of paraphilic behavior possibly associated with olanzapine and aripiprazole treatment in a patient with schizophrenia.Front Psychiatry.11:318.
  • Stein DJ. 2008.Classifying hypersexual disorders: compulsive, impulsive, and addictive models.Psychiatr Clin North Am.31(4):587–591.
  • Stein DJ , Hollander E , Anthony DT , Schneier FR , Fallon BA , Liebowitz MR , Klein DF. 1992.Serotonergic medications for sexual obsessions, sexual addictions, and paraphilias.J Clin Psychiatry.53(8):267–271.
  • Stekel W. 2013.Onanie und Homosexualität: Die homosexuelle Neurose [Onanism and homosexuality. The homosexual neurosis].Bremen:Bremen University Press
  • Strahler J , Kruse O , Wehrum-Osinsky S , Klucken T , Stark R. 2018.Neural correlates of gender differences in distractibility by sexual stimuli.Neuroimage.176:499–509.
  • Strudwick P. 2022.Four lives: Stephen Port is not the only killer to have used chemsex to find victims but society is in denial. (London, UK). [assessed 2022 May 17]. https://inews.co.uk/news/long-reads/four-lives-stephen-port-killer-chemsex-victims-society-denial-1384334.
  • Stuart D. 2019.Chemsex: origins of the word, a history of the phenomenon and a respect to the culture.DAT.19(1):3–10.
  • Sundar M , Patel D , Young Z , Leong KC. 2021.Oxytocin and addiction: potential glutamatergic mechanisms.IJMS.22(5):2405.
  • Svedin CG , Åkerman I , Priebe G. 2011.Frequent users of pornography. A population based epidemiological study of Swedish male adolescents.J Adolesc.34(4):779–788.
  • Swisher SH. 1995.Therapeutic interventions recommended for treatment of sexual addiction/ compulsivity.Sex Addict Compuls.2(1):31–39.
  • Tang KTY , Kim HS , Hodgins DC , McGrath DS , Tavares H. 2020.Gambling disorder and comorbid behavioral addictions: demographic, clinical, and personality correlates.Psychiatry Res.284:112763.
  • Tan RKJ , Wong CM , Chen MIC , Chan YY , bin Ibrahim MA , Lim OZ , Chio MTW , Wong CS , Chan RKW , Chua LJ ,et al. 2018.Chemsex among gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men in Singapore and the challenges ahead: a qualitative study.Int J Drug Policy.61:31–37.
  • Tenório MCDS , Graciliano NG , Moura FA , Oliveira ACMD , Goulart MOF. 2021.N-acetylcysteine (NAC): impacts on human health.Antioxidants.10(6):967.
  • Thibaut F , Cordier B , Kuhn JM. 1993.Effect of a long-lasting gonadotrophin hormone-releasing hormone agonist in six cases of severe male paraphilia.Acta Psychiatr Scand.87(6):445–450.
  • Thibaut F , Cosyns P , Fedoroff JP , Briken P , Goethals K , Bradford JMW. 2020.The World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) 2020 guidelines for the pharmacological treatment of paraphilic disorders.World J Biol Psychiatry.21(6):412–490.
  • Thomson SR , Patil N , Ommurugan B , Bhandary RK. 2018.A case of hyper sexuality probably associated with clozapine.Psychopharmacol Bull.48(4):20–24.
  • Torres TS , Bastos LS , Kamel L , Bezerra DRB , Fernandes NM , Moreira RI , Garner A , Veloso VG , Grinsztejn B , De Boni RB ,et al. 2020.Do men who have sex with men who report alcohol and illicit drug use before/during sex (chemsex) present moderate/high risk for substance use disorders? Drug Alcohol Depend.209:107908.
  • Turner D , Basdekis-Jozsa R , Briken P. 2013.Prescription of testosterone-lowering medications for sex offender treatment in German forensic-psychiatric institutions.J Sex Med.10(2):570–578.
  • Turner D , Briken P. 2018.Treatment of paraphilic disorders in sexual offenders or men with a risk of sexual offending with luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonists: an updated systematic review.J Sex Med.15(1):77–93.
  • Turner D , Briken P , Schöttle D. 2017.Autism-spectrum disorders in adolescence and adulthood: focus on sexuality.Curr Opin Psychiatry.30(6):409–416.
  • Turner D , Hoyer J , Schmidt AF , Klein V , Briken P. 2016.Risk factors for sexual offending in men working with children: a community-based survey.Arch Sex Behav.45(7):1851–1861.
  • Turner D , Petermann J , Harrison K , Krueger R , Briken P. 2019.Pharmacological treatment of patients with paraphilic disorders and risk of sexual offending: an international perspective.World J Biol Psychiatry.20(8):616–625.
  • Turner D , Schöttle D , Bradford J , Briken P. 2014.Assessment methods and management of hypersexuality and paraphilic disorders.Curr Opin Psychiatry.27(6):413–422.
  • Turner D , Schottle D , Krueger R , Briken P. 2015.Sexual behavior and its correlates after traumatic brain injury.Curr Opin Psychiatry.28(2):180–187.
  • Turner M. 2008.Uncovering and treating sex addiction in couples therapy. In: Hertlein KM , Weeks GR , Gamescia N , editors. Systemic sex therapy.New York:Routledge.
  • Twohig M , Crosby J. 2010.Acceptance and Commitment Therapy as a treatment for problematic internet pornography viewing.Behav Ther.41(3):285–295.
  • van Meter AR , Burke C , Youngstrom EA , Faedda GL , Correll CU. 2016.The bipolar prodrome: meta-analysis of symptom prevalence prior to initial or recurrent mood episodes.J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry.55(7):543–555.
  • Vinson GP , Brennan CH. 2013.Addiction and the adrenal cortex.Endocr Connect.2(3):R1–R14.
  • Volkert J , Gablonski TC , Rabung S. 2018.Prevalence of personality disorders in the general adult population in Western countries: systematic review and meta-analysis.Br J Psychiatry.213(6):709–715.
  • Volpe FM , Tavares A. 2000.Cyproterone for hypersexuality in a psychotic patient with Wilson’s disease.Aust N Z J Psychiatry.34(5):878–879.
  • Voon V , Mole TB , Banca P , Porter L , Morris L , Mitchell S , Lapa TR , Karr J , Harrison NA , Potenza MN ,et al. 2014.Neural correlates of sexual cue reactivity in individuals with and without compulsive sexual behaviours.PLoS One.9(7):e102419.
  • Voon V , Schoerling A , Wenzel S , Ekanayake V , Reiff J , Trenkwalder C , Sixel-Döring F. 2011.Frequency of impulse control behaviours associated with dopaminergic therapy in restless legs syndrome.BMC Neurol.11(1):117.
  • Voon V , Sohr M , Lang AE , Potenza MN , Siderowf AD , Whetteckey J , Weintraub D , Wunderlich GR , Stacy M. 2011.Impulse control disorders in parkinson disease: a multicenter case–control study.Ann Neurol.69(6):986–996.
  • Wainberg ML , Muench F , Morgenstern J , Hollander E , Irwin TW , Parsons JT , Allen A , O'Leary A. 2006.A double-blind study of citalopram versus placebo in the treatment of compulsive sexual behaviors in gay and bisexual men.J Clin Psychiatry.67(12):1968–1973.
  • Waldinger MD , Berendsen HHG , Blok BFM , Olivier B , Holstege G. 1998.Premature ejaculation and serotonergic antidepressants-induced delayed ejaculation: the involvement of the serotonergic system.Behav Brain Res.92(2):111–118.
  • Wallace M , Safer M. 2009.Hypersexuality among cognitively impaired older adults.Geriatr Nurs.30(4):230–237.
  • Walton MT. 2019.Incongruence as a variable feature of problematic sexual behaviors in an online sample of self-reported “sex addiction”.Arch Sex Behav.48(2):443–447.
  • Walton MT , Cantor JM , Bhullar N , Lykins AD. 2017.Hypersexuality: a critical review and introduction to the “sexhavior cycle”.Arch Sex Behav.46(8):2231–2251.
  • Waxman SE. 2009.A systematic review of impulsivity in eating disorders.Eur Eat Disord Rev.17(6):408–425.
  • Weatherburn P , Hickson F , Reid D , Torres-Rueda S , Bourne A. 2017.Motivations and values associated with combining sex and illicit drugs (‘chemsex’) among gay men in South London: findings from a qualitative study.Sex Transm Infect.93(3):203–206.
  • Weerts EM , Kim YK , Wand GS , Dannals RF , Lee JS , Frost JJ , McCaul ME. 2008.Differences in δ- and μ-opioid receptor blockade measured by positron emission tomography in naltrexone-treated recently abstinent alcohol-dependent subjects.Neuropsychopharmacology.33(3):653–665.
  • Weintraub D , Koester J , Potenza MN , Siderowf AD , Stacy M , Voon V , Whetteckey J , Wunderlich GR , Lang AE. 2010.Impulse control disorders in Parkinson disease: a cross-sectional study of 3090 patients.Arch Neurol.67(5):589–595.
  • Weintraub D , Sohr M , Potenza MN , Siderowf AD , Stacy M , Voon V , Whetteckey J , Wunderlich GR , Lang AE. 2010.Amantadine use associated with impulse control disorders in Parkinson disease in cross-sectional study.Ann Neurol.68(6):963–968.
  • Weiss D. 2004.The prevalence of depression in male sex addicts residing in the United States.Sex Addict Compuls.11(1–2):57–69.
  • Wéry A , Vogelaere K , Challet-Bouju G , Poudat FX , Caillon J , Lever D , Billieux J , Grall-Bronnec M. 2016.Characteristics of self-identified sexual addicts in a behavioral addiction outpatient clinic.J Behav Addict.5(4):623–630.
  • Winder B , Lievesley R , Elliot H , Hocken K , Faulkner J , Norman C , Kaul A. 2018.Evaluation of the use of pharmacological treatment with prisoners experiencing high levels of hypersexual disorder.J Forensic Psychiatry Psychol.29(1):53–71.
  • Winder B , Lievesley R , Kaul A , Elliott HJ , Thorne K , Hocken K. 2014.Preliminary evaluation of the use of pharmacological treatment with convicted sexual offenders experiencing high levels of sexual preoccupation, hypersexuality and/or sexual compulsivity.J Forensic Psychiatry Psychol.25(2):176–194.
  • Witjas T , Eusebio A , Fluchère F , Azulay JP. 2012.Addictive behaviors and Parkinson’s disease.Rev Neurol.168(8-9):624–633.
  • Womack SD , Hook JN , Ramos M , Davis DE , Penberthy JK. 2013.Measuring hypersexual behavior.Sex Addict Compuls.20(1–2):65–78.
  • Wu L , Potenza MN , Zhou N , Kober H , Shi X-H , Yip SW , Xu J-H , Zhu L , Wang R , Liu G-Q ,et al. 2021.Efficacy of single-session transcranial direct current stimulation on addiction-related inhibitory control and craving: a randomized trial in males with Internet gaming disorder.J Psychiatry Neurosci.46(1):E111–E118.
  • Wu L , Potenza MN , Zhou N , Kober H , Shi X , Yip SW , Xu J , Zhu L , Wang R , Liu G ,et al. 2020.A role for the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in enhancing regulation of both craving and negative emotions in internet gaming disorder: a randomized trial.Eur Neuropsychopharmacol.36:29–37.
  • Wu L , Zhu L , Shi X , Zhou N , Wang R , Liu G , Song K , Xu L , Potenza MN , Zhang JT. 2020.Impaired regulation of both addiction-related and primary rewards in individuals with internet gaming disorder.Psychiatry Res.286:112892.
  • Yafi FA , Sharlip ID , Becher EF. 2018.Update on the safety of phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors for the treatment of erectile dysfunction.Sex Med Rev.6(2):242–252.
  • Zhang JT , Yao YW , Potenza MN , Xia CC , Lan J , Liu L , Wang LJ , Liu B , Ma SS , Fang XY. 2016b.Altered resting-state neural activity and changes following a craving behavioral intervention for Internet gaming disorder.Sci Rep.6:28109.
  • Zhang JT , Yao YW , Potenza MN , Xia CC , Lan J , Liu L , Wang LJ , Liu B , Ma SS , Fang XY. 2016a.Effects of craving behavioral intervention on neural substrates of cue-induced craving in Internet gaming disorder.Neuroimage Clin.12:591–599.
  • Zhang JF , Wang XX , Feng Y , Fekete R , Jankovic J , Wu YC. 2021.Impulse control disorders in Parkinson’s disease: epidemiology, pathogenesis and therapeutic strategies.Front Psychiatry.12:635494.
  • Zhao S , Sampson S , Xia J , Jayaram MB. 2015.Psychoeducation (brief) for people with serious mental illness.Cochrane Database Syst Rev.4:CD010823.