References

• American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed).
   Google Scholar
• Austin, P. C. (2011). An introduction to propensity score methods for reducing the effects of confounding in observational studies. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 46(3), 399–424. https://doi.org/10.1080/00273171.2011.568786
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beard, C., Hsu, K. J., Rifkin, L. S., Busch, A. B., & Björgvinsson, T. (2016). Validation of the PHQ-9 in a psychiatric sample. Journal of Affective Disorders, 193, 267–273. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2015.12.075
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beck, J. G., Coffey, S. F., Palyo, S. A., Gudmundsdottir, B., Miller, L. M., & Colder, C. R. (2004). Psychometric properties of the posttraumatic cognitions inventory (PTCI): A replication with motor vehicle accident survivors. Psychological Assessment, 16(3), 289–298. https://doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.16.3.289
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernstein, D. P., Stein, J. A., Newcomb, M. D., Walker, E., Pogge, D., Ahluvalia, T., Stokes, J., Handelsman, L., Medrano, M., Desmond, D., & Zule, W. (2003). Development and validation of a brief screening version of the childhood trauma questionnaire. Child Abuse & Neglect, 27(2), 169–190. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0145-2134(02)00541-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernstein, E. M., & Putnam, F. W. (1986). Development, reliability, and validity of a dissociation scale. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 174(12), 727–735. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005053-198612000-00004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bohus, M., Dyer, A. S., Priebe, K., Krüger, A., Kleindienst, N., Schmahl, C., Niedtfeld, I., & Steil, R. (2013). Dialectical behaviour therapy for post-traumatic stress disorder after childhood sexual abuse in patients with and without borderline personality disorder: A randomised controlled trial. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 82(4), 221–233. https://doi.org/10.1159/000348451
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bohus, M., Kleindienst, N., Hahn, C., Müller-Engelmann, M., Ludäscher, P., Steil, R., Fydrich, T., Kuehner, C., Resick, P. A., Stiglmayr, C., Schmahl, C., & Priebe, K. (2020). Dialectical behavior therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder (DBT-PTSD) compared with cognitive processing therapy (CPT) in complex presentations of PTSD in women survivors of childhood abuse: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA Psychiatry, 77(12), 1235–1245. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.2148
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bohus, M., & Priebe, K. (2018). DBT–PTSD: A treatment programme for complex PTSD after childhood abuse. In M. A. Swales (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of dialectical behaviour therapy (pp. 814–828). Oxford University Press. Retrieved January 10, 2022, from http://oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093oxfordhb/9780198758723.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780198758723-e-48.
   Google Scholar
• Brewin, C. R. (2020). Complex post-traumatic stress disorder: A new diagnosis in ICD-11. BJPsych Advances, 26(3), 145–152. https://doi.org/10.1192/bja.2019.48
   Google Scholar
• Carlson, E. B., & Putnam, F. W. (1993). An update on the dissociative experiences scale. Dissociation: Progress in the Dissociative Disorders, 6(1), 16–27.
   Google Scholar
• Cloitre, M. (2020). ICD-11 complex post-traumatic stress disorder: Simplifying diagnosis in trauma populations. The British Journal of Psychiatry. 216(3), 129–131. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.2020.43
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coventry, P. A., Meader, N., Melton, H., Temple, M., Dale, H., Wright, K., Cloitre, M., Karatzias, T., Bisson, J., Roberts, N. P., Brown, J. V. E., Barbui, C., Churchill, R., Lovell, K., McMillan, D., & Gilbody, S. (2020). Psychological and pharmacological interventions for posttraumatic stress disorder and comorbid mental health problems following complex traumatic events: Systematic review and component network meta-analysis. PLOS Medicine, 17(8): e1003262. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1003262. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7446790/
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D’Andrea, W., Ford, J., Stolbach, B., Spinazzola, J., & van der Kolk, B. A. (2012). Understanding interpersonal trauma in children: Why we need a developmentally appropriate trauma diagnosis. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 82(2), 187–200. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-0025.2012.01154.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ehlers, A., Clark, D. M., Hackmann, A., McManus, F., & Fennell, M. (2005). Cognitive therapy for post-traumatic stress disorder: Development and evaluation. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 43(4), 413–431. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2004.03.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foa, E. B., Ehlers, A., Clark, D. M., Tolin, D. F., & Orsillo, S. M. (1999). The posttraumatic cognitions inventory (PTCI): Development and validation. Psychological Assessment, 11(3), 303–314. https://doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.11.3.303
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foa, E., Hembree, E. A., Rothbaum, B. O., & Rauch, S. (2019). Prolonged exposure therapy for PTSDEmotional processing of traumatic experiences - therapist guide: Emotional processing of traumatic experiences - therapist guide. Oxford University Press. https://www.oxfordclinicalpsych.com/view/10.1093med-psych/9780190926939.001.0001/med-9780190926939.
   Google Scholar
• Ford, J. D. (2021). Progress and limitations in the treatment of complex PTSD and developmental trauma disorder. Current Treatment Options in Psychiatry, 8(1), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40501-020-00236-6
   Google Scholar
• Gilbert, P. (2014). The origins and nature of compassion focused therapy. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 53(1), 6–41. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjc.12043
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gold, L. H. (2014). DSM-5 and the assessment of functioning: The World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0 (WHODAS 2.0). Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law Online, 42(2), 173–181.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gross, J. J., & John, O. P. (2003). Individual differences in two emotion regulation processes: Implications for affect, relationships, and well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85(2), 348–362. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.85.2.348
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gyani, A., Shafran, R., Layard, R., & Clark, D. M. (2013). Enhancing recovery rates: Lessons from year one of IAPT. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 51(9), 597–606. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2013.06.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harned, M. S., Korslund, K. E., Foa, E. B., & Linehan, M. M. (2012). Treating PTSD in suicidal and self-injuring women with borderline personality disorder: Development and preliminary evaluation of a dialectical behavior therapy prolonged exposure protocol. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 50(6), 381–386. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2012.02.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harned, M. S., Korslund, K. E., & Linehan, M. M. (2014). A pilot randomized controlled trial of dialectical behavior therapy with and without the dialectical behavior therapy prolonged exposure protocol for suicidal and self-injuring women with borderline personality disorder and PTSD. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 55, 7–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2014.01.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harned, M. S., Schmidt, S. C., Korslund, K. E., & Gallop, R. J. (2021). Does adding the dialectical behavior therapy prolonged exposure (DBT PE) protocol for PTSD to DBT improve outcomes in public mental health settings? A pilot nonrandomized effectiveness trial with benchmarking. Behavior Therapy, 52(3), 639–655. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2020.08.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayes, S. C., Levin, M. E., Plumb-Vilardaga, J., Villatte, J. L., & Pistorello, J. (2013). Acceptance and commitment therapy and contextual behavioral science: Examining the progress of a distinctive model of behavioral and cognitive therapy. Behavior Therapy, 44(2), 180–198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2009.08.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Häuser, W., Schmutzer, G., Brähler, E., & Glaesmer, H. (2011). Maltreatment in childhood and adolescence: Results from a survey of a representative sample of the German population. Deutsches Arzteblatt international, 108(17), 287–294. https://doi.org/10.3238/arztebl.2011.0287
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holzner, B., Giesinger, J. M., Pinggera, J., Zugal, S., Schöpf, F., Oberguggenberger, A. S., Gamper, E. M., Zabernigg, A., Weber, B., & Rumpold, G. (2012). The computer-based health evaluation software (CHES): A software for electronic patient-reported outcome monitoring. BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making, 12(1), Article 126. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6947-12-126
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Karatzias, T., Murphy, P., Cloitre, M., Bisson, J., Roberts, N., Shevlin, M., Hyland, P., Maercker, A., Ben-Ezra, M., Coventry, P., Mason-Roberts, S., Bradley, A., & Hutton, P. (2019). Psychological interventions for ICD-11 complex PTSD symptoms: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychological Medicine, 49(11), 1761–1775. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291719000436
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kendall, P. C. (1998). Empirically supported psychological therapies. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 66(1), 3–6. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.66.1.3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kroenke, K., & Spitzer, R. L. (2002). The PHQ-9: A new depression diagnostic and severity measure. Psychiatric Annals, 32(9), 509–515. https://doi.org/10.3928/0048-5713-20020901-06
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., & Williams, J. B. (2001). The PHQ-9. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 16(9), 606–613. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., Williams, J. B. W., & Löwe, B. (2010). The patient health questionnaire somatic, anxiety, and depressive symptom scales: A systematic review. General Hospital Psychiatry, 32(4), 345–359. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2010.03.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lambert, M. J. (2017). Maximizing psychotherapy outcome beyond evidence-based medicine. PPS, 86(2), 80–89. https://doi.org/10.1159/000455170
   Google Scholar
• Lincoln, T. M., Rief, W., Hahlweg, K., Frank, M., von Witzleben, I., Schroeder, B., & Fiegenbaum, W. (2003). Effectiveness of an empirically supported treatment for social phobia in the field. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 41(11), 1251–1269. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7967(03)00038-X
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Linehan, M. M., Cochran, B. N., & Kehrer, C. A. (2001). Dialectical behavior therapy for borderline personality disorder. In D. H. Barlow (Ed.), Clinical handbook of psychological disorders: A step-by-step treatment manual (3rd ed., pp. 470–522). The Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Liu, X. (2016). Methods for handling missing data. In X. Liu (Ed.), Methods and applications of longitudinal data analysis (pp. 441–473). Elsevier. Retrieved March 15, 2022 from https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/B9780128013427000149.
   Google Scholar
• Maercker, A. (2021). Development of the new CPTSD diagnosis for ICD-11. Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation, 8(1), Article 7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40479-021-00148-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahoney, A., Karatzias, T., & Hutton, P. (2019). A systematic review and meta-analysis of group treatments for adults with symptoms associated with complex post-traumatic stress disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders, 243, 305–321. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2018.09.059
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDonald, S. D., & Calhoun, P. S. (2010). The diagnostic accuracy of the PTSD checklist: A critical review. Clinical Psychology Review, 30(8), 976–987. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2010.06.012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McEvoy, P. M., Nathan, P., Rapee, R. M., & Campbell, B. N. C. (2012). Cognitive behavioural group therapy for social phobia: Evidence of transportability to community clinics. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 50(4), 258–265. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2012.01.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nathan, P. E. (1998). Practice guidelines: Not yet ideal. American Psychologist, 53(3), 290–299. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.53.3.290
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenbaum, P. R., & Rubin, D. B. (1983). The central role of the propensity score in observational studies for causal effects. Biometrika, 70(1), 41–55. https://doi.org/10.1093/biomet/70.1.41
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenbaum, P. R., & Rubin, D. B. (1985). Constructing a control group using multivariate matched sampling methods that incorporate the propensity score. The American Statistician, 39(1), 33–38. https://doi.org/10.2307/2683903
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmider, E., Ziegler, M., Danay, E., Beyer, L., & Bühner, M. (2010). Is it really robust?: Reinvestigating the robustness of ANOVA against violations of the normal distribution assumption. Methodology, 6(4), 147–151. https://doi.org/10.1027/1614-2241/a000016
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shadish, W. R., Matt, G. E., Navarro, A. M., & Phillips, G. (2000). The effects of psychological therapies under clinically representative conditions: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 126(4), 512–529. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.126.4.512
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Southam-Gerow, M. A., Austin, A. A., & Marder, A. M. (2008). Transportability and dissemination of psychological treatments. In D. McKay (Ed.), Handbook of research methods in abnormal and clinical psychology (pp. 203). The SAGE publications.
   Google Scholar
• Spitzer, R. L., Kroenke, K., Williams, J. B. W., & Löwe, B. (2006). A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: The GAD-7. Archives of Internal Medicine, 166(10), 1092–1097. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.166.10.1092
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Der Kolk, B., Ford, J. D., & Spinazzola, J. (2019). Comorbidity of developmental trauma disorder (DTD) and post-traumatic stress disorder: Findings from the DTD field trial. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 10(1), Article 1562841. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2018.1562841
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Ijzendoorn, M. H., & Schuengel, C. (1996). The measurement of dissociation in normal and clinical populations: Meta-analytic validation of the dissociative experiences scale (DES). Clinical Psychology Review, 16(5), 365–382. https://doi.org/10.1016/0272-7358(96)00006-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weathers, F. W., Litz, B. T., Herman, D., Huska, J., & Keane, T. (1994). The PTSD Checklist-Civilian Version (PCL-C) (p. 10). National Center for PTSD.
   Google Scholar
• Wilkins, K. C., Lang, A. J., & Norman, S. B. (2011). Synthesis of the psychometric properties of the PTSD checklist (PCL) military, civilian, and specific versions. Depression and Anxiety, 28(7), 596–606. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.20837
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. (2019). International classification of diseases for mortality and morbidity statistics (11th Revision). https://icd.who.int/browse11/l-m/en
   Google Scholar
• World Medical Association. (2013). World medical association declaration of Helsinki: Ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects. JAMA, 310(20), 2191–2194. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2013.281053
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zanarini, M. C., Vujanovic, A. A., Parachini, E. A., Boulanger, J. L., Frankenburg, F. R., & Hennen, J. (2003). A screening measure for BPD: The McLean screening instrument for borderline personality disorder (MSI-BPD). Journal of Personality Disorders, 17(6), 568–573. https://doi.org/10.1521/pedi.17.6.568.25355
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar