472
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Clinical Research Article

Cross-sectional examination of correlates of sexual victimization disclosure via #MeToo

Examen transversal de los correlatos de la divulgación/ revelación de la victimización sexual a través de #MeToo

ORCID Icon, &
Article: 2291932 | Received 03 May 2023, Accepted 28 Nov 2023, Published online: 03 Jan 2024

References

  • Ahrens, C. E. (2006). Being silenced: The impact of negative social reactions on the disclosure of rape. American Journal of Community Psychology, 38(3-4), 31–34. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10464-006-9069-9
  • Ahrens, C. E., Campbell, R., Ternier-Thames, N. K., Wasco, S. M., & Sefl, T. (2007). Deciding whom to tell: Expectations and outcomes of rape survivors’ first disclosures. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 31(1), 38–49. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.2007.00329.x
  • Ahrens, C. E., Stansell, J., & Jennings, A. (2010). To tell or not to tell: The impact of disclosure on sexual assault survivors’ recovery. Violence and Victims, 25(5), 631–648. https://doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.25.5.631
  • Alaggia, R., Collin-Vézina, D., & Lateef, R. (2019). Facilitators and barriers to child sexual abuse (CSA) disclosures: A research update (2000–2016). Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 20(2), 260–283. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838017697312
  • Alaggia, R., & Wang, S. (2020). “I never told anyone until the #MeToo movement”: What can we learn from sexual abuse and sexual assault disclosures made through social media? Child Abuse & Neglect, 103, 104312. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.104312
  • Andalibi, N., Haimson, O. L., De Choudhury, M., & Forte, A. (2016). Understanding social media disclosures of sexual abuse through the lenses of support seeking and anonymity. Proceedings of the 2016 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing systems.
  • Banyard, V. L., Ward, S., Cohn, E. S., Plante, E. G., Moorhead, C., & Walsh, W. (2007). Unwanted sexual contact on campus: A comparison of women’s and men’s experiences. Violence and Victims, 22(1), 52–70. https://doi.org/10.1891/vv-v22i1a004
  • Basile, K. C., Smith, S. G., Breiding, M., Black, M. C., & Mahendra, R. R. (2014). Sexual violence surveillance: Uniform definitions and recommended data elements. Version, 2.0.
  • Beasley, T. M., & Schumacker, R. E. (1995). Multiple regression approach to analyzing contingency tables: Post hoc and planned comparison procedures. The Journal of Experimental Education, 64(1), 79–93. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220973.1995.9943797
  • Bicanic, I. A., Hehenkamp, L. M., van de Putte, E. M., van Wijk, A. J., & de Jongh, A. (2015). Predictors of delayed disclosure of rape in female adolescents and young adults. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 6(1), 25883. https://doi.org/10.3402/ejpt.v6.25883
  • Bogen, K. W., Bhuptani, P. H., Haikalis, M., & Orchowski, L. M. (2022). A qualitative analysis of how individuals utilized the twitter hashtags# NotOkay and# MeToo to comment on the perpetration of interpersonal violence. Social Media+ Society, 8(1), 20563051221086229.
  • Bogen, K. W., Bleiweiss, K. K., Leach, N. R., & Orchowski, L. M. (2021a). # MeToo: Disclosure and response to sexual victimization on Twitter. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 36(17-18), 8257–8288. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260519851211
  • Bogen, K. W., Bleiweiss, K., & Orchowski, L. M. (2019). Sexual violence is# NotOkay: Social reactions to disclosures of sexual victimization on twitter. Psychology of Violence, 9(1), 127. https://doi.org/10.1037/vio0000192
  • Bogen, K. W., Orchowski, L. M., & Ullman, S. E. (2021b). Online disclosure of sexual victimization and social reactions: What do we know? Women & Therapy, 44(3-4), 358–373. https://doi.org/10.1080/02703149.2021.1961448
  • Breiding, M., Basile, K. C., Smith, S. G., Black, M. C., & Mahendra, R. R. (2015). Intimate partner violence surveillance: Uniform definitions and recommended data elements. Version, 2.0.
  • Brown, A. L., Messman-Moore, T. L., Miller, A. G., & Stasser, G. (2005). Sexual victimization in relation to perceptions of risk: Mediation, generalization, and temporal stability. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31(7), 963–976. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167204274101
  • Bry, L. J., Mustanski, B., Garofalo, R., & Burns, M. N. (2017). Management of a concealable stigmatized identity: A qualitative study of concealment, disclosure, and role flexing among young, resilient sexual and gender minority individuals. Journal of Homosexuality, 64(6), 745–769. https://doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2016.1236574
  • Carver, C. S. (1997). You want to measure coping but your protocol’ too long: Consider the brief cope. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 4(1), 92–100. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327558ijbm0401_6
  • Chiavarino, C., Rabellino, D., Ardito, R. B., Cavallero, E., Palumbo, L., Bergerone, S., Gaita, F., & Bara, B. G. (2012). Emotional coping is a better predictor of cardiac prognosis than depression and anxiety. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 73(6), 473–475. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2012.10.002
  • Chong, E. S., Zhang, Y., Mak, W. W., & Pang, I. H. (2015). Social media as social capital of LGB individuals in Hong Kong: Its relations with group membership, stigma, and mental well-being. American Journal of Community Psychology, 55(1-2), 228–238. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10464-014-9699-2
  • Collin-Vézina, D., De La Sablonnière-Griffin, M., Palmer, A. M., & Milne, L. (2015). A preliminary mapping of individual, relational, and social factors that impede disclosure of childhood sexual abuse. Child Abuse & Neglect, 43, 123–134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2015.03.010
  • Cooper, C., Katona, C., & Livingston, G. (2008). Validity and reliability of the brief COPE in carers of people with dementia: The LASER-AD Study. Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease, 196(11), 838–843. https://doi.org/10.1097/NMD.0b013e31818b504c
  • Cusano, J., Kirkner, A., Johnson, L., & McMahon, S. (2023). Sexual violence prevalence and disclosure patterns among college undergraduates: Exploring types of sexual violence and incident-specific characteristics. Journal of American College Health, 71(3), 725–735. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2021.1905648
  • Davis, K. C., Gilmore, A. K., Stappenbeck, C. A., Balsan, M. J., George, W. H., & Norris, J. (2014). How to score the Sexual Experiences Survey? A comparison of nine methods. Psychology of Violence, 4(4), 445. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0037494
  • De Choudhury, M., & De, S. (2014). Mental health discourse on Reddit: Self-disclosure, social support, and anonymity. Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on web and Social media.
  • DeLoveh, H. L. M., & Cattaneo, L. B. (2017). Deciding where to turn: A qualitative investigation of college students’ helpseeking decisions after sexual assault. American Journal of Community Psychology, 59(1-2), 65–79. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajcp.12125
  • Dworkin, E. R. (2020). Risk for mental disorders associated with sexual assault: A meta-analysis. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 21(5), 1011–1028. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838018813198
  • Dworkin, E. R., & Allen, N. (2018). Correlates of disclosure cessation after sexual assault. Violence Against Women, 24(1), 85–100. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801216675743
  • Dworkin, E. R., Brill, C. D., & Ullman, S. E. (2019). Social reactions to disclosure of interpersonal violence and psychopathology: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 72, 101750. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2019.101750
  • Eckstein, J. J. (2021). To harm and heal: Digital disclosure and support-seeking for IPV victims. Open Information Science, 5(1), 175–189. https://doi.org/10.1515/opis-2020-0120
  • Edwards, K. M., Mauer, V. A., Huff, M., Farquhar-Leicester, A., Sutton, T. E., & Ullman, S. E. (2023). Disclosure of sexual assault among sexual and gender minorities: A systematic literature review. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 24(3), 1608–1623. https://doi.org/10.1177/15248380211073842
  • Evans-Polce, R. J., Kcomt, L., Veliz, P. T., Boyd, C. J., & McCabe, S. E. (2020). Alcohol, tobacco, and comorbid psychiatric disorders and associations with sexual identity and stress-related correlates. American Journal of Psychiatry, 177(11), 1073–1081.
  • Filipas, H. H., & Ullman, S. E. (2001). Social reactions to sexual assault victims from various support sources. Violence and Victims, 16(6), 673.
  • Fisher, B. S., Daigle, L. E., Cullen, F. T., & Turner, M. G. (2003). Reporting sexual victimization to the police and others: Results from a national-level study of college women. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 30(1), 6–38. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093854802239161
  • Gallagher, R. J., Stowell, E., Parker, A. G., & Foucault Welles, B. (2019). Reclaiming stigmatized narratives: The networked disclosure landscape of #MeToo. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction, 3(CSCW), 1–30. https://doi.org/10.1145/3359198
  • Garcia-Perez, M. A., & Nunez-Anton, V. (2003). Cellwise residual analysis in two-way contingency tables. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 63(5), 825–839. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164403251280
  • Gorissen, M., van den Berg, C. J., Bijleveld, C. C., Ruiter, S., & Berenblum, T. (2023). Online disclosure of sexual victimization: A systematic review. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 24(2), 828–843. https://doi.org/10.1177/15248380211043831
  • Guerra, C., Arredondo, V., Saavedra, C., Pinto-Cortez, C., Benguria, A., & Orrego, A. (2021). Gender differences in the disclosure of sexual abuse in Chilean adolescents. Child Abuse Review, 30(3), 210–225. https://doi.org/10.1002/car.2672
  • Gueta, K., Eytan, S., & Yakimov, P. (2020). Between healing and revictimization: The experience of public self-disclosure of sexual assault and its perceived effect on recovery. Psychology of Violence, 10(6), 626. https://doi.org/10.1037/vio0000309
  • Gundersen, K. K., & Zaleski, K. L. (2021). Posting the story of your sexual assault online: A phenomenological study of the aftermath. Feminist Media Studies, 21(5), 840–852. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680777.2019.1706605
  • Halstead, V., Williams, J. R., & Gonzalez-Guarda, R. (2017). Sexual violence in the college population: A systematic review of disclosure and campus resources and services. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 26(15-16), 2137–2153. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.13735
  • Harris, J. C., Cobian, K. P., & Karunaratne, N. (2020). Reimagining the study of campus sexual assault. Higher Education: Handbook of Theory and Research, 35, 1–47. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-11743-6_12-1
  • Harvey, J. H., Chwalisz, K. D., Garwood, G., & Orbuch, T. L. (1991). Coping with sexual assault: The roles of account-making and confiding. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 4(4), 515–531.
  • Hawthorne, G. (2006). Measuring social isolation in older adults: Development and initial validation of the friendship scale. Social Indicators Research, 77(3), 521–548. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-005-7746-y
  • Hawthorne, G., & Griffith, P. (2000). The friendship scale: Development and properties. Centre for Health Program Evaluation Melbourne.
  • Ison, J. (2019). ‘It’s Not just Men and women’: LGBTQIA people and #MeToo. In B. Fileborn & R. Loney-Howes (Eds.), #Metoo and the politics of social change. Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-15213-0_10
  • Jackson, M. A., Valentine, S. E., Woodward, E. N., & Pantalone, D. W. (2017). Secondary victimization of sexual minority men following disclosure of sexual assault: “Victimizing me all over again … ”. Sexuality Research and Social Policy, 14, 275–288.
  • Jaffe, A. E., Cero, I., & DiLillo, D. (2021). The #MeToo movement and perceptions of sexual assault: College students’ recognition of sexual assault experiences over time. Psychology of Violence, 11(2), 209–218. https://doi.org/10.1037/vio0000363
  • Jie, B., Feng, Z.-Z., Qiu, Y., & Zhang, Y.-Q. (2019). Association between socio-demographic factors, coping style, illness perceptions and preference for disclosure/nondisclosure of diagnosis in Chinese patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Journal of Health Psychology, 24(11), 1473–1483. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105317707258
  • Johnson, S. M., Murphy, M. J., & Gidycz, C. A. (2017). Reliability and validity of the sexual experiences survey–short forms victimization and perpetration. Violence and Victims, 32(1), 78–92. https://doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.VV-D-15-00110
  • Jonzon, E., & Lindblad, F. (2004). Disclosure, reactions, and social support: Findings from a sample of adult victims of child sexual abuse. Child Maltreatment, 9(2), 190–200. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077559504264263
  • Kagal, N., Cowan, L., & Jawad, H. (2019). Beyond the bright lights: Are minoritized women outside the spotlight able to Say #MeToo? In B. Fileborn & R. Loney-Howes (Eds.), #Metoo and the politics of social change (pp. 133–149). Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-15213-0_9
  • Kilpatrick, D. G., Resnick, H. S., Ruggiero, K. J., Conoscenti, L. M., & McCauley, J. (2007). Drug-facilitated, incapacitated, and forcible rape: A national study. National criminal justice reference service Charleston, SC.
  • Koss, M. P., Abbey, A., Campbell, R., Cook, S., Norris, J., Testa, M., Ullman, S., West, C., & White, J. (2007). Revising the SES: A collaborative process to improve assessment of sexual aggression and victimization. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 31(4), 357–370. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.2007.00385.x
  • Koss, M. P., & Collaboration, S. E. S. (2006). Sexual experiences survey–Long form victimization (SES-LFV).
  • Langenderfer-Magruder, L., Walls, N. E., Kattari, S. K., Whitfield, D. L., & Ramos, D. (2016). Sexual victimization and subsequent police reporting by gender identity among lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer adults. Violence and Victims, 31(2), 320–331. https://doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.VV-D-14-00082
  • Lee, K. T., Noh, M. J., & Koo, D. M. (2013). Lonely people are no longer lonely on social networking sites: The mediating role of self-disclosure and social support. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 16(6), 413–418.
  • Liang, B., Goodman, L., Tummala-Narra, P., & Weintraub, S. (2005). A theoretical framework for understanding help-seeking processes among survivors of intimate partner violence. American Journal of Community Psychology, 36(1-2), 71–84. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10464-005-6233-6
  • Littleton, H. L. (2010). The impact of social support and negative disclosure reactions on sexual assault victims: A cross-sectional and longitudinal investigation. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 11(2), 210–227.
  • Lokot, T. (2018). # IAmNotAfraidToSayIt: Stories of sexual violence as everyday political speech on Facebook. Information, Communication & Society, 21(6), 802–817. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2018.1430161
  • Long, S. M., Ullman, S. E., Long, L. M., Mason, G. E., & Starzynski, L. L. (2007). Women’s experiences of male-perpetrated sexual assault by sexual orientation. Violence and Victims, 22(6), 684–701. https://doi.org/10.1891/088667007782793138
  • Lyngdoh, T., El-Manstrly, D., & Jeesha, K. (2023). Social isolation and social anxiety as drivers of generation Z's willingness to share personal information on social media. Psychology & Marketing, 40(1), 5–26. https://doi.org/10.1002/mar.21744
  • Maryn, A. M., & Dover, T. L. (2022). A rose by any other name: Unacknowledged sexual coercion among Latinx undergraduates. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 31(4), 497–518. https://doi.org/10.1080/10926771.2021.1994500
  • Modrek, S., & Chakalov, B. (2019). The# MeToo movement in the United States: Text analysis of early twitter conversations. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 21(9), e13837. https://doi.org/10.2196/13837
  • Mollet, A. L., & Black, W. (2023). Coercive rape tactics perpetrated against asexual college students: A quantitative analysis considering students’ multiple identities. Journal of College Student Development, 64(1), 96–101. https://doi.org/10.1353/csd.2023.0004
  • Moors, R., & Webber, R. (2013). The dance of disclosure: Online self-disclosure of sexual assault. Qualitative Social Work, 12(6), 799–815. https://doi.org/10.1177/1473325012464383
  • Moschella, E. A., Potter, S. J., & Moynihan, M. M. (2020). Disclosure of sexual violence victimization and anticipated social reactions among lesbian, Gay, and bisexual community college students. Journal of Bisexuality, 20(1), 66–85. https://doi.org/10.1080/15299716.2020.1715910
  • Naresh, E. E., Pothiyil, D. I., & Ravindran, S. K. (2022). Why I said #MeToo: An exploration of the purpose of disclosure Among Indian women. Indian Journal of Gender Studies, 29(1), 98–112. https://doi.org/10.1177/09715215211057958
  • Naslund, J. A., Aschbrenner, K. A., Marsch, L. A., & Bartels, S. J. (2016). The future of mental health care: Peer-to-peer support and social media. Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences, 25(2), 113–122.
  • O'Neill, T. (2018). Today I speak’: Exploring how victim-survivors use Reddit. International Journal for Crime, Justice and Social Democracy, 7(1), 44. https://doi.org/10.5204/ijcjsd.v7i1.402
  • O’Connor, J., Ganson, K. T., Ladonice, S., & Cardenas, I. (2023). Patterns of violence victimization and disclosure among transgender/gender nonconforming and cisgender Latinx college students. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 38(7–8), 6017–6037. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260522112721
  • Ollen, E. W., Ameral, V. E., Palm Reed, K., & Hines, D. A. (2017). Sexual minority college students’ perceptions on dating violence and sexual assault. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 64(1), 112. https://doi.org/10.1037/cou0000180
  • Orchowski, L. M., & Bhuptani, P. H. (2023). Predictors of college women’s disclosure of sexual assault prior to and during college. Journal of Community Psychology, 51(4) 1653–1668. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcop.22946
  • Orchowski, L. M., & Gidycz, C. A. (2012). To whom do college women confide following sexual assault? A prospective study of predictors of sexual assault disclosure and social reactions. Violence Against Women, 18(3), 264–288. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801212442917
  • Park, C. L. (2010). Making sense of the meaning literature: An integrative review of meaning making and its effects on adjustment to stressful life events. Psychological Bulletin, 136(2), 257. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018301
  • Pew Research Center. (2013). A survey of LGBT Americans. Pew Research Center. https://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2013/06/13/a-survey-of-lgbt-americans/ [accessed 2019-05-17].
  • Priebe, G., & Svedin, C. G. (2008). Child sexual abuse is largely hidden from the adult society: An epidemiological study of adolescents’ disclosures. Child Abuse & Neglect, 32(12), 1095–1108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2008.04.001
  • Richardson, H. B., Armstrong, J. L., Hines, D. A., & Reed, K. M. P. (2015). Sexual violence and help-seeking among LGBQ and heterosexual college students. Partner Abuse, 6(1), 29–46. https://doi.org/10.1891/1946-6560.6.1.29
  • Sabina, C., & Ho, L. Y. (2014). Campus and college victim responses to sexual assault and dating violence: Disclosure, service utilization, and service provision. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 15(3), 201–226. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838014521322
  • Sayej, N. (2017, December 1). Alyssa Milano on the #MeToo movement: “We’re not going to stand for it anymore.” https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2017/dec/01/alyssa-milano-mee-too-sexual-harassment-abuse.
  • Shannon, L., Logan, T. K., Cole, J., & Medley, K. (2006). Help-seeking and coping strategies for intimate partner violence in rural and urban women. Violence and Victims, 21(2), 167–181. https://doi.org/10.1891/vivi.21.2.167
  • Siuta, R. L., Martin, R. C., Dray, K. K., Liu, S. N. C., & Bergman, M. E. (2023). Who posted #MeToo, why, and what happened: A mixed methods examination. Frontiers in Public Health, 11, 1060163.
  • Sriwilai, K., & Charoensukmongkol, P. (2016). Face it, don't Facebook it: Impacts of social media addiction on mindfulness, coping strategies and the consequence on emotional exhaustion. Stress and Health, 32(4), 427–434. https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.2637
  • Sun, X., Li, B. J., Zhang, H., & Zhang, G. (2023). Social media use for coping with stress and psychological adjustment: A transactional model of stress and coping perspective. Frontiers in Psychology, 14, 1140312. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1140312
  • Talley, A. E., & Bettencourt, B. A. (2011). The moderator roles of coping style and identity disclosure in the relationship between perceived sexual stigma and psychological distress. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 41(12), 2883–2903. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2011.00863.x
  • Testa, M., VanZile-Tamsen, C., Livingston, J. A., & Koss, M. P. (2004). Assessing women's experiences of sexual aggression using the sexual experiences survey: Evidence for validity and implications for research. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 28(3), 256–265. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.2004.00143.x
  • Ullman, S. E. (1996). Correlates and consequences of adult sexual assault disclosure. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 11(4), 554–571. https://doi.org/10.1177/088626096011004007
  • Ullman, S. E. (1999). Social support and recovery from sexual assault: A review. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 4(3), 343–358.
  • Ullman, S. E., & Filipas, H. H. (2001). Correlates of formal and informal support seeking in sexual assault victims. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 16(10), 1028–1047. https://doi.org/10.1177/088626001016010004
  • Ullman, S. E., & Filipas, H. H. (2005). Gender differences in social reactions to abuse disclosures, post-abuse coping, and PTSD of child sexual abuse survivors. Child Abuse & Neglect, 29(7), 767–782. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2005.01.005
  • Ullman, S. E., O’Callaghan, E., Shepp, V., & Harris, C. (2020). Reasons for and experiences of sexual assault nondisclosure in a diverse community sample. Journal of Family Violence, 35(8), 839–851. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-020-00141-9
  • Ullman, S. E., & Peter-Hagene, L. (2014). Social reactions to sexual assault disclosure, coping, perceived control, and PTSD symptoms in sexual assault victims. Journal of Community Psychology, 42(4), 495–508. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcop.21624
  • Walsh, W. A., Banyard, V. L., Moynihan, M. M., Ward, S., & Cohn, E. S. (2010). Disclosure and service use on a college campus after an unwanted sexual experience. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 11(2), 134–151. https://doi.org/10.1080/15299730903502912
  • Webber, R. (2014). Sexual assault in relationships: Seeking help on a Q&A website. Australian Social Work, 67(3), 363–376. https://doi.org/10.1080/0312407X.2013.834065
  • Webber, R., & Wilmot, J. (2012). Somazone report: Social media and help seeking by young people on sexual assault. Retrieved Jan 18, 2023.
  • Wilson, L. C., & Scarpa, A. (2014). Childhood abuse, perceived social support, and posttraumatic stress symptoms: A moderation model. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 6(5), 512–518. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0032635
  • Zacharek, S., Dockterman, E., & Edwards, H. S. (2017). Time person of the year 2017: The silence breakers. Time. https://time.com/time-person-of-the-year-2017-silence-breakers/.